覇権維持か越権是正か -- トルコにおける違憲立法審査

新興民主主義の定着の大きな障害のひとつは，水平的説明責任の欠如，特に行政府による三権分立侵害といわれてきた。水平的説明責任を遵守させるために重要な制度は違憲立法審査である。しかし近年，「中心・周辺」亀裂の深い社会において違憲立法審査が「中心」を代表するエリートの覇権維持を最優先しているとの議論が台頭している。もしこの議論が新興民主主義国にも妥当するならば，違憲立法審査は民主主義の定着に貢献しないことになる。本稿は，「中心・周辺」亀裂が顕著であるとともに過去半世紀にわたり違憲立法審査が制度化されてきたトルコにおいて，憲法裁判所が，（中心を代表する）国家エリートの覇権維持と水平的説明責任維持のうち，どちらをより重視しているのかを問いかけた。そして1984～2007年の憲法裁判所判決録をコード化したデータを用いた定量・定性分析により，審査請求者（国家エリート，非国家エリート）および審査請求理由（国家原則，水平的説明責任）の種類が違憲判決確率に与える影響を検証した。その結果，トルコにおける違憲立法審査制度では，国家エリートの覇権維持というよりは水平的説明責任を維持するという側面が強いことを明らかにした。

Growth and public finance in Bihar

This paper explores the causal links between the role of public finance and Bihar's growth and development in the last decade; and argues that these links are tenuous. Bihar's growth acceleration precedes the ‘policy reforms' in public finance based on the ‘good governance' agenda initiated since 2005-06. However, the constraints on sustaining efforts to close Bihar's development gap with the rest of India stems from the nature of the growth process in its regional, sectoral and social dimensions and the contradictory means and ends of the ‘policy reforms' in public finance. Together, this has not only prevented the economic growth to add to public coiffeurs of the state but also occluded the role of tax institutions.

Development strategy in Bihar through revitalizing the agricultural sector : a preliminary analysis

Based mainly on secondary data and partly on primary information obtained through field surveys in selected rural areas in Bihar in 2011, this paper firstly argues the critical importance of agricultural growth for overall economic development, and then reviews the sluggish growth of agriculture in Bihar in the past and examines the major reasons for this. The long-term negligence of agricultural research (especially development and diffusion endeavors for improved rice varieties suitable to the local conditions of Bihar) by the state government and some sort of ‘backwardness’ in tube-well irrigation technology can be pointed out as important constraints. There is, in particular, the ‘paradox’ in Bihar agriculture of why rice and wheat yields have remained so low in spite of the relatively well-developed irrigation by tube-wells. Finally, by showing the process of a rapid increase in autumn and winter rice yields during the 1990s in West Bengal, it is suggested that Bihar farmers and policy-makers should learn from the experience of West Bengal in order to get some hints for the development of the rice sector in Bihar.

Progress and issues in rural electrification in Bihar, India : a preliminary analysis

Rural electrification has been an important part of government policy since India gained independence. However, despite the number of electrified villages expanding rapidly in recent years, there are many that still remain un-electrified. This paper addresses the issue of intra-state disparity in access to electricity and examines the determinants of electrification at the village level using data from a survey conducted in rural Bihar, one of the underdeveloped states in India. An econometric analysis demonstrates that small villages in remote locations tend to be considered a low priority in the process of electrification. Electrification at the village level in the more advanced states is no longer an issue, though the challenge of access to electrification at the household level remains. This paper also discusses issues that emerged from interviewing villagers and visiting rural areas, and shows that the actual progress of rural electrification may not be as advanced as government statistics indicate.

Caste, land, and migration : a preliminary analysis of a village survey in an underdeveloped state in India

This paper explores migration from Bihar, one of the most underdeveloped states in India, by paying particular attention to social class (caste) and landholdings. After describing details of individual migrants, we present our preliminary findings on the determinants of migration, based on our field survey of 200 households in four villages in 2011. In terms of social class, Muslims are more likely to migrate, but Scheduled Castes do not show a high propensity to migrate as is stated in some of the existing literature where the underclass is said to be more mobile. In terms of landholdings, the probability that someone will migrate is high among the landless and smaller landholders but it decreases as the size of the landholding increases. However, as the size of the landholding increases still further, a reverse effect of landholding on decisions regarding migration moves in, with the decline in probability becoming less and less. This result confirms a non-linear relationship between landholdings and the decision to migrate. Some further research questions are raised in the paper.

トルコの公的扶助と都市貧困層 -- 「真の困窮者」をめぐる解釈の政治

政治的リベラリズムによれば，貧困は公共的に定義され対応されるべきものであり，ニーズ解釈の政治への参加が民主主義にとって必要とされる。本稿は，トルコの代表的な公的扶助制度である連帯基金を事例に，援助の受給者が，政治的リベラリズムが想定するニーズ解釈の政治とは異なる形ではあるが，あるべき援助が定義される過程に一定の制約のもとで参加していることを，フィールド調査の結果にもとづいて論じる。調査地の人々の多くは援助について，言説や概念を用いた政治の言葉を語ることはできない。しかし「無知で怠惰な移動者＝困窮者」であると同時に「伝統に忠実なアナトリア出身者」という二律背反的な視線を内面化することで，語り口を制約されつつもあるべき貧困救済について語り，援助行政関係者に一定の圧力を加えることができた。