Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños (CELAC): procedimientos para el funcionamiento orgánico de la CELAC (Archivos)

Se establece los órganos y procedimientos de funcionamiento de la CELAC: 1.- Cumbre de Jefas y Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno; 2.- Reunión de Ministras y Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores; 3.- Presidencia Pro Témpore; 4.- Reunión de Coordinadores Nacionales; 5.- Reuniones especializadas; 6.- Troika.

Integración andina y convergencia suramericana

El 19 de septiembre de 2013 los ministros de relaciones exteriores de los cuatro países miembros de la Comunidad Andina (CAN) expidieron la Decisión 792, norma comunitaria jurídicamente vinculante, mediante la cual pusieron en marcha un proceso de “reingeniería” del Sistema Andino de Integración2 (SAI). El aspecto más resaltado por la prensa fue una supuesta determinación de suprimir al Parlamento Andino, órgano deliberante del SAI. En realidad, la norma aprobada plantea su paulatina salida del Sistema, presumiblemente con miras a su migración hacia el Parlamento Suramericano por establecerse en el marco de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR)3, pero también dispone evaluar la permanencia en el SAI de la Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF), el Fondo Latinoamericano de Reservas (FLAR) y el Organismo Andino de Salud. Sin subestimar la trascendencia e implicaciones de estas resoluciones que afectan a cuatro importantes instituciones comunitarias, lo que importa destacar aquí es que la Decisión 792 marca el inicio de un proceso de amplias reformas al esquema y al proceso andino de integración.

Institucionalidad Estatal para el manejo del comercio exterior en el caso del Ecuador en el periodo 2007 - 2013

A partir de 2013, la gestión de la política comercio en el Ecuador está a cargo del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior. La creación de este nuevo Ministerio respondió a las dinámicas y necesidades del contexto ecuatoriano, caracterizado por la fragmentación entre lo político y técnico, que no permitió que las políticas exterior y comercial estén alineadas en una misma institución. Esta investigación se centrará en el desarrollo institucional del manejo del comercio exterior en el Ecuador y sus cambios más significativos en los últimos años, de manera particular en el periodo 2007-2013. En la primera parte de esta investigación, se buscó establecer a través de un parámetro comparativo la gestión del comercio exterior en la región, por lo que se analizó los casos de Chile y Brasil que junto con el ecuatoriano, permitieron determinar las tres categorías institucionales para la gestión del comercio exterior: transversal, adscrita al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, y la especializada. Se determinó cuáles eran los componentes principales en cada una de ellas con sus ventajas y desventajas. En la siguiente sección, con el objetivo de realizar un análisis institucional de la gestión del comercio exterior se realizó un recuento histórico desde 1986 hasta la actualidad, lo que permitió examinar cuales han sido las instancias ministeriales y sus competencias sobre este tema y las principales dinámicas y problemáticas que presentaban. De manera particular se estudió la creación del reciente Ministerio, así como cuáles son sus principales retos y desafíos.

Modelos de governança e organizações esportivas: uma análise das federações e confederações esportivas brasileiras

Esta Tese tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre as práticas de governança para Federações esportivas e a sua efetividade no Brasil, utilizando a Teoria dos Stakeholders e teorias sobre organizações esportivas. Ela sugere práticas de governança para as entidades esportivas que podem aumentar a sua efetividade - em um contexto em que o esporte é relevante para o Estado e a sociedade. São identificados os principais Stakeholders no esporte e em seguida apresentados parâmetros para uma boa governança, divididos nos campos: regulação, resultados, profissionalismo, transparência e participação. A confecção da presente Tese abrangeu uma pesquisa qualitativa, onde foram entrevistados 26 atores do mundo do esporte e analisados Estatutos e outros documentos de Confederações esportivas. Isso foi facilitado pelo envolvimento do autor com o assunto, pois exerce a direção de Federação Esportiva desde 2005 (Vice Presidente da Federação de Vela do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2005/2010 e Presidente da mesma entidade 2011/2012). A solução aqui proposta ajuda a conferir mais transparência e controle sobre as organizações esportivas, criando uma racionalidade instrumental que melhor atenda aos interesses objetivos do conjunto de seus Stakeholders.

Contribuição da avifauna como indicador da integridade ambiental na estação experimental de Holambra - SP

Os agricultores têm o importante papel de alimentar uma população crescente, fornecer matéria prima para inúmeras indústrias e para a geração de energia, tudo de forma saudável e sustentável. Também está nas mãos dos agricultores a grande responsabilidade de manter uma área de preservação em suas propriedades para garantir a qualidade do solo e água e conservação da flora e fauna. O novo código florestal - Lei nº. 12.651 de 25 de maio de 2012 - estabelece que todas as propriedades rurais devem manter áreas de reserva legal e de preservação permanente. A Estação Experimental de Holambra, estudada nesta dissertação, segue a Lei vigente. Esta Estação Experimental é uma pequena propriedade da multinacional Syngenta, localizada no município de Holambra, onde são testados agrotóxicos e sementes para fins de registro e pesquisa. Nesta propriedade são seguidas as boas práticas agrícolas, de tal forma que não ocorram contaminações de solo e água ou erosão. As áreas de preservação são de mata nativa e reflorestamento e são mantidas sem perturbações antrópicas. Foram feitos levantamentos da avifauna nas áreas de preservação permanente e de reserva legal nos anos de 2003, 2005, 2010 e 2013. Os dados de levantamento da avifauna indicaram uma tendência de aumento de diversidade e riqueza específica no decorrer dos anos. Além disso, foi visto um aumento de aves florestais, de cerrado e aquáticas, assim como aves com um perfil menos oportunista e de média sensibilidade às alterações antrópicas. Estes dados indicam uma evolução no índice ambiental da área. Apesar do uso intenso de insumos agrícolas na Estação Experimental, não foram encontradas aves mortas ou com sinais de intoxicação. Além disso, foram encontradas diversas aves de topo da cadeia alimentar, que poderiam estar acumulando toxinas, mas que cresceram em riqueza específica durante os levantamentos. Estes dados demonstram que as atividades da estação experimental não estão impactando a avifauna e que a manutenção e cuidado criterioso da área de preservação e seus arredores podem contribuir para a conservação da biodiversidade local.

Trabalho e formação docente na rede municipal de ensino de natal

The study Teacher work and education in the municipal schools of Natal objectifies the analysis of the education and work conditions of the teachers in the municipal schools of Natal, placing them within the scenario of the public policies outlined for Basic Education (2005-2010). The thesis is based on the perspective that the educational reforms implemented by the Brazilian government in an attempt to answer to the new contextual demands originated from the world of work and globalization, demanding increasingly higher levels of qualification and constant extension of the teaching functions in school from the teachers, have been configured withal as a strategy for intensifying the teacher s work. The empirical field of study was constituded by thirteen municipal schools that offer basic education. Four hundred and seventeen teacher subjects that work in the municipal school system of Natal, two representatives of the Secretaria Municipal de Educação de Natal (SME)1 that work in the pedagogical team and one representative of the Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Educação do Rio Grande do Norte2 took part in the study. The procedures/instruments used in the research were: bibliographic review, document research, questionnaires and recording of information in a field journal. The study confirmed that the majority of the teachers that work in the municipal school system were admitted by means of public entry exams, therefore meeting the requirements set by Law 9.394/96. Most of the teachers have the initial education demanded to work in basic education, although with some limitations due to the fact that they do not correspond to the needs of the educational system. The SME has a plan for continued training of the teachers in accordance to the current ideas defended by researchers of this field. There is, although, a disconnection between the purpose of the plan and the training strategies, because, in truth, predominate repetitive and specific actions that do not contemplate the training needs of the teachers, nor the demands of the system. Although the work conditions are evaluated, by the teachers, as relatively good, limits in relation to the physical structure of the schools are observed (dirty walls with holes in them, broken ceiling fans, old chairs and desks, old and stained black boards, inadequate restroom installations, poor maintenance of the computers, amongst other items). It was also verified the an increase in the functions of the teachers and an intensification of their work, materialized through an overburden of activities undertaken daily at school (and outside of it) and through the demand in taking part in activities that go beyond those inherent to the teaching process, such as the elaboration of political-pedagogical projects, participation in collegiate, registration of student information solicited by the SME and the participation in commissions, has been happening

Em cantos de reis: a tradição discursiva em Autos de Natal

This study incorporates many areas of knowledge to the Linguistics field, as it centers the social historicity of Brazilian and autos potiguares on two analytical proposes: the presence of linguistic formulas - in its macrostructure - into the paradigm of discursive traditions, following Kabatek (2006), Koch and Oesterreicher (2007), besides the theory of Speech Acts, in its microstructure, proposed by Austin (1990) and Searle (1995). Under Zumthor (1993; 1997; 2000; 2005; 2010), the idea of textual variability (mouvance) was alluded, highlighting that the text is always modifying, according to the performance and reception of the language uses. Considering this theoretical framework, we focus on the trinomial linguistic formulas, orality and performance, in order to describe the dynamics of stability, variation and change, emphasizing yet how extra-linguistic social-historic cultural relations influence its composition. Such discuss is inherent more precisely to Textual Analysis in enhancing the orality tradition as a linguistic support. The text, in its turn, becomes effective as an evocation, motivated by the transmission, reception and variability from its conservation and reiteration. Naturally, a methodological support based on quali-quantitative research was chosen, based on Flick (2009), who justifies the corpus composed by Brazilian Folias de Reis chants and Bois de Reis potiguares . Thereby Language dynamics, subjacent to tradition which takes effect by the use of a common social memory, are observed from two dimensions: on the first, it evocates the sacralization (religious) in which they stand their devotion to biblical History; secondly, a dissacralization with identified and ideological values, inherent to a people culture. The chant shows, in this ludic impulse, a contextualized activity which results in the following conclusion: the changing and stability processes in textual macro and microstructures occur, at the same time, by the adjustment to the use of the text accomplishing a social-political function and an ethical-pedagogic one; supposedly, social relationships arise the tradition and it, on its turn, evocates the variability and the nomadism in the text

O Uso de operações linguístico-discursivas da crítica genética na reescritura de textos

As a professor in Curso de Licenciatura em Letras, from Campus Avançado Profa Maria Eliza Albuquerque Maia (CAMEAM),do Estado do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), in the town of Pau do Ferros, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, we had the chance to carry out several writing activities , as well as guiding re-writing activities for the texts produced. From this experience, we started looking at the need of reflecting upon the writing process in higher education. Thus, we aim at analyzing, in this research, the methodology used in the moment of carrying out the writing practices activities in higher education, investigating, in particular, the rewriting practices, concerning the operations used for carrying out such activities, as well as the sense effects produced from the alterations which were made in the texts. Our theoretical foundation is grounded on a conception of text as a verbal action , what reveals a socio-interactional view of the language (MARCUSCHI, 2008; SAUTCHUK, 2003). As the production of written texts, our research focus, we assume that, for this activity, we deal with distinct figures (active writer and internal reader), so that we can, apart from writing, reflecting upon our writing and, this way, deciding about operations which are carried out to make the alterations which are necessary to the rewriting of our texts (SAUTCHUK, 2003). Still about the theoretical foundations used in this research, we made use of the theories from the Textual Analysis of Discourse (TAD) which discusses the belief on the evidence on the existence of the texts, which is opposite to the fixist view of textuality which believes that the texts exist by themselves. (ADAM, 2008; [2005]2010). Under this perspective, we have also adopted, the concepts which come from genetics criticism which is concerned about the relation between text and genesis, using as objects documents which bring traits of the text in progress, on the ground that the text is the result of work in progress, and the writing practice, on the other hand, as an activity in a continuous movement (HAY, [1975]2002; DE BIASI, [2000]2010; GRÉSILLON, 1989; [1990]2008; [1992]2002; SALLES, 2008a). The methodology in this research is an ethnography-based one, an approach which focuses on the process, as well as is meaning-based. To understand the objectives proposed in our research, we made use of different procedures of collecting data which include an ethnographic study, such as: observation, note-taking, document analysis. The data which were analyzed were collected during the semester of 2008.2, in a first term classroom of Curso de Letras from CAMEAM, when we were able to collect twenty-one written texts and all of them were rewritten based on rewriting activities, what provides a corpus of forty-two texts which will be analyzed based on the linguistics operations identified by Generative Grammar and adopted by Lebrave and Grésillon (2009). From these analyses, we were able to confirm that writing is a process, and rewriting has become an extremely important activity for this process. Still due to these data, we observed that substitution was the most used operation by text authors. We believe that this result is justified by the fact that the substitution, according to what proposes the Genetic Criticism, constitutes the source of all erasure, from which one can easily make a change in writing. Regarding the operations of addition and deletion, we found that they were used in quantitative terms, almost equivalently, which can be explained when we see that the two operations require, by the author of the text, different strategies from those used for the replacement, what includes , respectively, adding or removing a segment. Finally, we found out that the shift operation was the least used, since it works with a segment that will not be replaced, added or deleted, but transferred to another place of text, which requires a greater ability of the author to perform this operation and not compromising the meaning of his/her writing. As a result, we hope to contribute to the reflection on the teaching of writing, considering, in a particular way, those with a Bachelor in Arts. Our analysis will contribute to the teaching of Portuguese language, specifically for activities that guide the production of texts in order to explore with students the ability to rewrite their own text

Fontes orgânicas e inorgânicas de zinco e cobre como melhoradores de desempenho em leitões desmamados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)