As armas da política. Os levellers e o exército parlamentar

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Frequência da Anafilaxia Induzida pelo Exercício numa Consulta de Imunoalergologia

Introdução: A anafilaxia induzida pelo exercício (AIE) é uma forma rara de alergia física que ocorre na sequência de esforços físicos. A verdadeira incidência e prevalência da AIE permanecem por esclarecer, não existindo até à data dados publicados a nível nacional. Objectivos: Estimar a frequência da AIE no ambulatório de um serviço de Imunoalergologia e incrementar o conhecimento em relação a esta patologia. Métodos: De 7699 doentes observados na consulta de Imunoalergologia durante o período de um ano, incluímos os correspondentes a quadros de anafilaxia notificados pelo corpo clínico (“pelo menos um episódio de reacção sistémica grave”). Resultados: A AIE foi reportada em 5 de 103 doentes com história de anafilaxia; correspondendo a uma frequência de 0,06% na população observada na consulta. A média etária destes doentes era de 20,2 ± 10,3 anos (entre 10 e 37 anos) e a distribuição por sexo masculino/feminino de 4:1. Todos tinham história pessoal de atopia e de rinite alérgica; dois doentes (40%) tinham asma. As actividades desencadeantes das crises foram a corrida, o futebol, a natação e a dança. Todos os doentes tinham sintomas com o exercício dependente da ingestão prévia de alimentos: cereais em três doentes (trigo – dois, cevada – um), leguminosas em dois (amendoim – um, feijão -frade e feijão -verde – um); com teste cutâneo por picada positivo para os referidos alimentos. Conclusões: A AIE representa 5% dos casos de anafi laxia reportados. Todos os casos identifi cados apresentavam AIE dependente de alimentos, encontrando-se os doentes controlados com a evicção dos alimentos referidos 6 horas antes da prática de exercício e sendo portadores de dispositivo para autoadministração de adrenalina.

Analysis of the genetic polymorphism of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides cerebriformis "Moore" by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 28S ribosomal DNA sequencing: Paracoccidioides cerebriformis revisited

Our purpose was to compare the genetic polymorphism of six samples of P. brasiliensis (113, 339, BAT, T1F1, T3B6, T5LN1), with four samples of P. cerebriformis (735, 741, 750, 361) from the Mycological Laboratory of the Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis (RAPD). RAPD profiles clearly segregated P. brasiliensis and P. cerebriformis isolates. However, the variation on band patterns among P. cerebriformis isolates was high. Sequencing of the 28S rDNA gene showed nucleotide conservancy among P. cerebriformis isolates, providing basis for taxonomical grouping, and disclosing high divergence to P. brasiliensis supporting that they are in fact two distinct species. Moreover, DNA sequence suggests that P. cerebriformis belongs in fact to the Aspergillus genus.

Scalable and Efficient Configuration of TimeDivision Multiplexed Resources

Consumer-electronics systems are becoming increasingly complex as the number of integrated applications is growing. Some of these applications have real-time requirements, while other non-real-time applications only require good average performance. For cost-efficient design, contemporary platforms feature an increasing number of cores that share resources, such as memories and interconnects. However, resource sharing causes contention that must be resolved by a resource arbiter, such as Time-Division Multiplexing. A key challenge is to configure this arbiter to satisfy the bandwidth and latency requirements of the real-time applications, while maximizing the slack capacity to improve performance of their non-real-time counterparts. As this configuration problem is NP-hard, a sophisticated automated configuration method is required to avoid negatively impacting design time. The main contributions of this article are: 1) An optimal approach that takes an existing integer linear programming (ILP) model addressing the problem and wraps it in a branch-and-price framework to improve scalability. 2) A faster heuristic algorithm that typically provides near-optimal solutions. 3) An experimental evaluation that quantitatively compares the branch-and-price approach to the previously formulated ILP model and the proposed heuristic. 4) A case study of an HD video and graphics processing system that demonstrates the practical applicability of the approach.

Fitas Suburetrais Transobturadoras na Incontinência Urinária de Esforço Feminina. Resultados a Médio Prazo

Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico mini-invasivo da incontinência urinária de esforço feminina com próteses suburetrais aplicadas por via transobturadora é consensualmente aceite na actualidade. O objectivo deste estudo é avaliar eficácia e segurança das próteses suburetrais transobturadoras a médio prazo, comparando a abordagem outside-in com a inside-out. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 298 doentes com diagnóstico de incontinência urinária de esforço submetidas entre 2003 e 2006 a cirurgia por via transobturadora. Destas doentes 113 mulheres realizaram a abordagem outside-in e 185 a abordagem insideout. Resultados: A média etária das doentes foi de 57.2 ± 10.3 anos, em que 69.1% se encontravam na menopausa. A paridade média foi de 2.2 ± 1.1. A técnica outside-in foi utilizada com maior frequência em associação com outra(s) cirurgia(s) do pavimento pélvico (83.2% versus 37.8% na técnica inside-out). O tempo médio de follow-up foi de 14.35 ± 13.75 meses nas doentes com prótese aplicada outside-in e de 11.79 ± 10.39 meses no grupo inside-out. Os resultados globais de eficácia obtidos foram idênticos nos dois grupos com taxas de cura e cura ou melhoria, respectivamente, de 76.9% e 92.9% no grupo outside-in e de 82.7% e 93.5% no grupo inside-out (diferença não significativa). A duração média da cirurgia para incontinência urinária de esforço isolada foi significativamente menor no grupo inside-out (14.77 ± 5.37 minutos versus 21.21 ± 7.48 minutos, p < 0.05). No pós-operatório a frequência de incontinência por imperiosidade de novo e de erosões da prótese foi idêntica em ambos as técnicas, contudo as erosões foram mais frequentes nas próteses microporosas do que nas macroporosas (p < 0.05). Discussão e conclusões: As próteses transobturadoras usadas no tratamento da I.U.E. são eficazes e seguras. As taxas de cura e melhoria são elevadas, com diferenças não significativas em função da técnica utilizada. A técnica inside-out associa-se a um significativo menor tempo cirúrgico.

Clinical and histological characteristics of HIV and hepatitis C virus-co-infected patients in Brazil: a case series study

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important factor contributing to morbidity and mortality in patients co-infected with HIV and HCV. In addition, liver biopsy is an important tool in the clinical management of these patients. Although liver biopsy is controversial, it is recommended for all patients. Data regarding the clinical and histological characteristics of these patients are scarce not only in Brazil but in Latin America as a whole. With the goal of better understanding these characteristics and the benefit of liver biopsy indications in this disease setting, data collected from 234 patients followed from 1996 to 2004 at Casa da AIDS, São Paulo, were analyzed. The following variables were extracted from the patients' medical files at the time of liver biopsy: sex, age, hepatitis C infection risk factors, hepatitis C infection duration, ALT levels, CD4+ T cell counts, history of alcohol abuse, history of antiretroviral therapy, HCV genotype, and liver histological alterations. CONCLUSIONS: 1 - Hepatitis C virus 1 and 3 were the most frequently identified genotypes and were diagnosed in 72% and 25.5% of cases respectively; 2 - Structural liver alterations were found to be mild or absent in 48.2% (113/234) of the analyzed patients; 3 - Fifty-three patients (23%) had normal ALT levels and 4 - Significant liver architectural changes (F2-F3) were evident in 22.5% of the patients with normal ALT levels.

Results of Endovascular Procedures Performed in Dysfunctional Arteriovenous Accesses for Haemodialysis

Aim. Percutaneous endovascular procedures have become the standard treatment of arteriovenous fistulae and graft stenosis. This study evaluates the immediate results of angiographic procedures performed by nephrologists in patients with dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous graft stenosis. Patients and Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients referred to the three Interventional Nephrology units between April and June, 2010. Clinical data were recorded. Results. A total of 113 procedures were performed: 59 in arteriovenous fistulae and 54 in arteriovenous graft stenosis. The main reasons for referral were increased venous pressure (21%), limb oedema (21%) and decreased intra-access flow (20%). Stenoses were detected in 85% of the procedures, mostly in patients with arteriovenous graft stenosis (56%). The main locations of stenosis were the outflow vein (cephalic/basilic) in arteriovenous fistulae (34%) and venous anastomosis in arteriovenous graft stenosis(48%). Angioplasty was performed in 73% of procedures where stenoses were detected. The immediate success rate was 91% for arteriovenous fistulae and 83% for arteriovenous graft stenosis. Partial success was obtained in 11% of angiographies. The complication rate was 7%. Conclusions. Physical examination findings led, in at least half the cases, to angiography referral and enabled the diagnosis and treatment of stenoses. For this reason, we advocate that this tool should be included in any vascular access monitoring programme. Our results support the safety of these procedures performed by nephrologists and their efficacy in the recovery of dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous graft stenosis.

Antibiotics Utilization Ratio in a Nicu

Introduction: Antibiotics are one of the most common prescribed drugs in the NICU; despite this, studies on its use are scarce. Aim: To assess antibiotics utilization ratio in a medical surgical NICU. Methods: Prospective, observational study. Daily registry of antibiotics given to newborn infants; two periods of two months, 2010; data collected every day after the second medical round. Variables: treated patients, days on antibiotics, treatment/patient days, number of courses, number of antibiotics. Antibiotics utilization ratio – ratio days on antibiotics/days at the NICU. Results: Patients enrolled - 113; admission days – 1722; length of stay - 15.2 days; 85 newborn infants were given antibiotics; days on antibiotics - 771; antibiotics utilization ratio – 44.8; 292 antibiotics were prescribed; 61.8% of patients were given more than two antibiotics and 15.3% had more than one course. The most frequents were gentamicin, cefotaxime, ampicillin, vancomycin and metronidazole. Conclusion: Antibiotics utilization ratio should be subject of audits and a quality criteria on NICUs evaluation.