Rebelión en Galápagos: la hacienda "Progreso" de Manuel J. Cobos en la isla San Cristóbal, 1879-1904

El presente artículo es una investigación histórica, y una lectura desde el mirador de la teoría de los movimientos sociales, de la rebelión de los trabajadores de la hacienda “Progreso” de la isla San Cristóbal (Chatham) en Galápagos. La hipótesis que guía este trabajo es saber si el sistema socio-económico y de gobierno determinan o no el carácter violento de la acción colectiva. Se trata de un estudio de caso, para lo cual presentamos una aproximación al sistema socio-económico de la hacienda “Progreso” como forma social de producción supeditada al modo de producción capitalista, en el cual se inscribe la rebelión de Chatham. Seguidamente echamos mano del instrumental teórico de los movimientos sociales para elaborar una interpretación y exponer algunas reflexiones acerca de la violencia colectiva.

De Panamá a San Andrés: mutaciones de la política exterior colombiana (Coyuntura)

Colombian foreign policy has gone through important transformations in its formulation and implementation. Through a Neoclassical Realist (NCR) analysis, this article discusses the domestic and systemic factors that have influenced the Foreign Policy Executive (FPE) in Colombia. It makes a historical journey through different presidential terms, ranging from the loss of Panama in 1903, to the adverse decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2012, which stripped Bogotá of a significant portion of its Caribbean Sea. This analysis reveals problems in the formulation of Colombian foreign policy due to a weak foreign service, a complex relationship with the United States and the country’s internal conflict; it is argued that if these factors were to be reduced or disappear, a new form of foreign policy in the country would be facilitated in the twenty-first century.

La importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de los servicios ambientales para la toma de decisiones en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático: estudio de caso; valoración económica de servicios ambientales de fijación de carbono en los bosques de la parroquia San Francisco de Borja, Napo-Ecuador

Los ecosistemas forestales cumplen un importante rol en la supervivencia de la especie humana, en la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas y en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, pese a sus grandes bondades, estos están siendo amenazados. Debido a ello, la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, ha establecido tomar medidas urgentes para prevenir interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas, con énfasis en el cuidado de los bosques. Es así que se ha llevado a cabo una serie de programas y proyectos para su conservación. Sin embargo, se ha establecido también la necesidad de contar con herramientas apropiadas que permitan generar información sobre el verdadero estado de los recursos forestales y las necesidades de financiamiento para su protección. En ese sentido, la valoración económica ha logrado un gran avance conceptual, metodológico y político en el Marco de esta Convención. Es así que este trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad demostrar la importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de bienes y servicios ambientales en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático; constituyendo un elemento clave a ser incorporado en las propuestas que el país fomenta ante dicha Convención. Esta investigación contempla un estudio de caso práctico: Valoración Económica de Servicios Ambientales de Fijación de Carbono en los Bosques de la Parroquia San Francisco de Borja, siendo esta parroquia, uno de los sitios que mayor deterioro ambiental presenta dentro de la zona de amortiguamiento norte de la Reserva de Biósfera Sumaco; el mismo que pudiese ser solucionado de cierta forma, si se lograse un desarrollo económico bien planificado. Dicho estudio pretende demostrar que la valoración económica es una herramienta útil para optimizar el manejo de información, que permita tomar decisiones en los procesos de negociaciones de cambio climático. Asimismo, se demuestra que la valoración económica coadyuvaría al fortalecimiento de la planificación local y regional; sirviendo como una guía que permita a los planificadores y decisores la toma de decisiones.

Etiquetado semáforo: estudio del hábito de compras en jugos procesados, en el barrio de San Carlos de la ciudad de Quito

Este estudio presenta una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa del hábito de compra de jugos y bebidas de frutas envasadas, en el canal tiendas y micro mercados en el barrio San Carlos, parroquia la Concepción de la ciudad de Quito, luego de un año de la vigencia del Reglamento Sanitario Sustitutivo de Etiquetado de Alimentos Procesados para el Consumo Humano desde el mes de agosto del 2014. El objetivo general conocer si los compradores de jugos y bebidas de frutas procesadas del barrio investigado, se fijan en las etiquetas semáforos y si estas influyen en la decisión de su compra. Entre los objetivos específicos propuestos estuvieron: elaborar una síntesis teórica que justifique el estudio del hábito de compra de jugos procesados; adquirir información relevante sobre criterios de elección que utilizan los compradores de jugos y bebidas de frutas procesadas, conocer si observan y cómo reaccionan ante la etiqueta semáforo, saber cuánto influye ésta en el proceso de compra y por último conocer si están conscientes del objetivo del Reglamento Sanitario Sustitutivo de Etiquetado de Alimentos Procesados para el Consumo Humano y si este está cumpliendo con el objetivo por el cual fue emitido. Se aplicaron herramientas de investigación para obtener información clara y concisa, se utilizaron procesos cualitativos como entrevistas, grupos focales y una mesa de análisis sobre el la aplicación del Reglamento, en la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, cuyo aporte radicó en medir y registrar la conducta de todas las partes interesadas respecto del tema. Como método cuantitativo, que demostró los resultados de la investigación de manera descriptiva. El estudio determinó que el público objetivo realiza compras de jugos y bebidas de frutas en las tiendas y micro mercados motivados por factores definidos como el sabor, la comodidad y poder adquirirlo rápidamente en una presentación adecuada, la etiqueta semáforo se ha convertido en un instrumento poco visto y de poca utilidad de acuerdo al comprador. La medida ha significado la reformulación de contenidos de grasas, sal y azúcar en productos procesados y la elaboración de nuevas líneas de alimentos y bebidas light, aumentando la oferta al consumidor. Se propone una “Guía para el estudio de los hábitos de compra de un producto procesado respecto a la etiqueta semáforo”, por la importancia de fortalecer el objetivo de la etiqueta semáforo, con programas de educación en alimentación sana, eliminación del sedentarismo en niños y adultos, entre otros.

Assessing the sources and magnitude of diurnal nitrate variability in the San Joaquin River (California) with an in-situ optical nitrate sensor and dual nitrate isotopes

We investigated diurnal nitrate (NO3-) concentration variability in the San Joaquin River using an in situ optical NO3- sensor and discrete sampling during a 5-day summer period characterized by high algal productivity. Dual NO3- isotopes (delta N-15(NO3) and delta O-18(NO3)) and dissolved oxygen isotopes (delta O-18(DO)) were measured over 2 days to assess NO3- sources and biogeochemical controls over diurnal time-scales. Concerted temporal patterns of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and delta O-18(DO) were consistent with photosynthesis, respiration and atmospheric O-2 exchange, providing evidence of diurnal biological processes independent of river discharge. Surface water NO3- concentrations varied by up to 22% over a single diurnal cycle and up to 31% over the 5-day study, but did not reveal concerted diurnal patterns at a frequency comparable to DO concentrations. The decoupling of delta N-15(NO3) and delta O-18(NO3) isotopes suggests that algal assimilation and denitrification are not major processes controlling diurnal NO3- variability in the San Joaquin River during the study. The lack of a clear explanation for NO3- variability likely reflects a combination of riverine biological processes and time-varying physical transport of NO3- from upstream agricultural drains to the mainstem San Joaquin River. The application of an in situ optical NO3- sensor along with discrete samples provides a view into the fine temporal structure of hydrochemical data and may allow for greater accuracy in pollution assessment.

"To strive for economic and social justice": welfare, sexuality, and party politics in San Francisco in the 1960s

This article explores how liberal politicians like Phil Burton of San Francisco joined with welfare rights lobbyists and bureaucrats to embrace late twntieth-century notions of sexual equality through a broader reconception of economic equality brought about by the expansion of the California welfare state in the early 1960s.

Assessment the Health Hazard from (222)Rn in Old Metalliferous Mines in San Luis, Argentina

Radon levels in two old mines in San Luis, Argentina, are reported and analyzed. The radiation dose and environmental health risk of (222)Rn concentrations to both guides and visitors were estimated. CR-39 nuclear track detectors were used for this purpose. The values for the (222)Rn concentration at each monitoring site ranged from 0.43 +/- 0.04 to 1.48 +/- 0.12 kBq m(-3) in the Los Cndores wolfram mine and from 1.8 +/- 0.1 to 6.0 +/- 0.5 kBq center dot m(-3) in the La Carolina gold mine, indicating that, in this mine, the radon levels exceed up to four times the action level of 1.5 kBq m(-3) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The patterns of the radon transport process revealed that the La Carolina gold mine can be interpreted as a gas confined into a single tube with constant cross-section and air velocity. Patterns of radon activity, taking into account the chimney-effect winds, were used to detect tributary currents of air from shafts or larger fissures along the main adit of the Los Cndores mine, showing that radon can be used as an important tracer of tributary air currents stream out from fissures and smaller voids in the rock of the mine.

Occupational exposure to radon and natural gamma radiation in the La Carolina, a former gold mine in San Luis Province, Argentina

Radon and gamma radiation level measurements were carried out inside the La Carolina mine, one of the oldest gold mining camps of southern South America, which is open for touristic visits nowadays. CR-39 track-etch detectors and thermoluminescent dosimeters of natural CaF(2) and LiF TLD-100 were exposed at 14 points along the mine tunnels in order to estimate the mean (222)Rn concentration and the ambient dose equivalent during the summer season (November 2008 to February 2009). The values for the (222)Rn concentration at each monitoring site ranged from 1.8 +/- 0.1 kBq m(-3) to 6.0 +/- 0.5 kBq m(-3), with a mean value of 4.8 kBq m(-3), indicating that these measurements exceed in about three times the upper action level recommended by ICRP for workplaces. The correlations between radon and gamma radiation levels inside the mine were also investigated. Effective doses due to (222)Rn and gamma rays inside the mine were determined, resulting in negligible values to tourists. Considering the effective dose to the mine tourist guides, values exceeding 20 mSv of internal contribution to the effective doses can be reached, depending on the number of working hours inside the mine. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Rondonian-San Ignacio Province in the SW Amazonian Craton: An overview

The Rondonian-San Ignacio Province (1.56-1.30 Ga) is a composite orogen created through successive accretion of arcs, ocean basin closure and final oblique microcontinent-continent collision. The effects of the collision are well preserved mostly in the Paragua Terrane (Bolivia and Mato Grosso regions) and in the Alto Guapore Belt and the Rio Negro-Juruena Province (Rondonia region), considering that the province was affected by later collision-related deformation and metamorphism during the Sunsas Orogeny (1.25-1.00 Ga). The Rondonian-San Ignacio Province comprises: (1) the Jauru Terrane (1.78-1.42 Ga) that hosts Paleoproterozoic basement (1.78-1.72 Ga), and the Cachoeirinha (1.56-1.52 Ga) and the Santa Helena (1.48-1.42 Ga) accretionary orogens, both developed in an Andean-type magmatic arc; (2) the Paragua Terrane (1.74-1.32 Ga) that hosts pre-San Ignacio units (>1640 Ma: Chiquitania Gneiss Complex, San Ignacio Schist Group and Lomas Manechis Granulitic Complex) and the Pensamiento Granitoid Complex (1.37-1.34 Ga) developed in an Andean-type magmatic arc; (3) the Rio Alegre Terrane (1.51-1.38 Ga) that includes units generated in a mid-ocean ridge and an intra-oceanic magmatic arc environments; and (4) the Alto Guapore Belt (<1.42-1.34 Ga) that hosts units developed in passive marginal basin and intra-oceanic arc settings. The collisional stage (1.34-1.32 Ga) is characterized by deformation, high-grade metamorphism, and partial melting during the metamorphic peak, which affected primarily the Chiquitania Gneiss Complex and Lomas Manechis Granulitic Complex in the Paragua Terrane, and the Colorado Complex and the Nova Mamore Metamorphic Suite in the Alto Guapore Belt. The Paragua Block is here considered as a crustal fragment probably displaced from its Rio Negro-Juruena crustal counterpart between 1.50 and 1.40 Ga. This period is characterized by extensive A-type and intra-plate granite magmatism represented by the Rio Crespo Intrusive Suite (ca. 1.50 Ga), Santo Antonio Intrusive Suite (1.40-1.36 Ga), and the Teotonio Intrusive Suite (1.38 Ga). Magmatism of these types also occur at the end of the Rondonian-San Ignacio Orogeny, and are represented by the Alto Candeias Intrusive Suite (1.34-1.36 Ga), and the Sao Lourenco-Caripunas Intrusive Suite (1.31-1.30 Ga). The cratonization of the province occurred between 1.30 and 1.25 Ga. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Petrology and geochemistry of the banded iron formation in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas of San Luis (Argentina): Implications for the evolution of the Nogoli Metamorphic Complex

The metamorphosed banded iron formation from the Nogoli Metamorphic Complex of western Sierra de San Luis, Eastern Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina (Nogoli area, 32 degrees 55`S-66 degrees 15`W) is classified as an oxide facies iron formation of Algoma Type, with a tectonic setting possibly associated with an island arc or back arc, on the basis of field mapping, mineral and textural arrangements and whole rock geochemical features. The origin of banded iron formation is mainly related to chemical precipitation of hydrogenous sediments from seawater in oceanic environments. The primary chemical precipitate is a result of solutions that represent mixtures of seawater and hydrothermal fluids, with significant dilution by maficultramafic volcanic and siliciclastic materials. Multi-stage T(DM) model ages of 1670, 1854 and 1939 Ma and positive, mantle-like xi Nd((1502)) values of +3.8, +1.5 and +0.5 from the banded iron formation are around the range of those mafic to ultramafic meta-volcanic rocks of Nogoli Metamorphic Complex, which are between 1679 and 1765 Ma and +2.64 and +3.68, respectively. This Sm and Nd isotopic connection suggests a close genetic relationship between ferruginous and mafic-ultramafic meta-volcanic rocks, as part of the same island arc or back arc setting. A previous Sm-Nd whole rock isochron of similar to 1.5 Ga performed on mafic-ultramafic meta-volcanic rocks led to the interpretation that chemical sedimentation as old as Mesoproterozoic is possible for the banded iron formation. A clockwise P-T path can be inferred for the regional metamorphic evolution of the banded iron formation, with three distinctive trajectories: (1) Relict prograde M(1)-M(3) segment with gradual P and T increase from greenschist facies at M(1) to amphibolite facies at M(3). (2) Peak P-T conditions at high amphibolite-low granulite facies during M(4). (3) Retrograde counterpart of M(4), that returns from amphibolite facies and stabilizes at greenschist facies during M(5). Each trajectory may be regarded as produced by different tectonic events related to the Pampean? (1) and the Famatinian (2 and 3) orogenies, during the Early to Middle Paleozoic. The Nogoli Metamorphic Complex is interpreted as part of a greenstone belt within the large Meso- to Neoproterozoic Pampean Terrane of the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.