A pesquisa em psicologia: ensaio sobre a Psicologia enquanto ciência, a pesquisa qualitativa e o uso da entrevista como principal instrumento de coleta de dados

For constituting itself a science, Psychology has coursed along way. From the time he was considered a Philosophy’s discipline until to be recognized as a legitimate science, Psychology had to devoteto the definition of its object of study, the development and refinement of theoretical-methodological frameworks and, in particular, to consolidation process of their research strategies and knowledge construction. Therefore, in order to regard the demands of the classical scientific paradigm, which is very influenced by Positivism, Psychology made use, initially, of quantitative methodology and laboratory research. This article presents some of the process of identity construction of Psychology as a science, focusing on its transition path between the quantitativist paradigm of scientific knowledge production to the qualitativist paradigm, until that is more commonly practiced nowadays: the collaborative use of these methodological strategies. For presenting the qualitative researching Psychology, we discussed, beyond its proposal and differentiation elements in relation to quantitative research, the different methods used for this mode and, in particular, the interview - which is considered the main way of data collection in surveys conducted by psychologists and, therefore, it is an important element the process of knowledge building that science, in addition to being the most qualified space for dialogue between there searcher and the research subject.

A criança difícil do século algumas configurações do esporte no velho e no novo milênio

The purpose of this article is through a brief review of some studies about the sport, check that the commodification of sporting activity, a process intensified in the late twentieth century, would corrupt its secularized and playful essence. In this sense, it discusses how athletes have left the "love for the shirt", and the sport, his romantic practice in exchange for the interests of advertisers and investors.

A criança com necessidades especiais no projeto de equoterapia da UNESP

O Projeto de Extensão Universitária “EQUOTERAPIA: uma atividade motora para o desenvolvimento de Pessoas com deficiências” tem como objetivo oferecer atividades motoras para pessoas com deficiências, promovendo o desenvolvimento dos aspectos neuropsicomotor com a utilização do cavalo. Os resultados encontrados até o momento foram: em relação a praticante do sexo feminino (6 anos) com paralisia cerebral teve como objetivo do programa controle motor, equilíbrio e interação, encontrando-se como resultados parciais: avaliação da postura – evolução de ruim para regular; melhora no posicionamento de cabeça e realinhamento do tronco; controle de tônus muscular; interação - diminuiu a insegurança e aumentou o contato tátil com o cavalo. O praticante do sexo masculino de 10 anos sem quadro clínico conclusivo teve como objetivo controle de tronco, diminuição dos reflexos patológicos, diminuição da hipotonia. Os resultados parciais apresentaram: diferenças quanto aos reflexos patológicos; controle de tronco; equilíbrio; coordenação motora; diminuição da hipotonia. A praticante do sexo feminino de 12 anos com distúrbio emocional teve como objetivo auto-confiança, auto-estima, aprendizagem, relacionamento interpessoal. Em seus resultados parciais observou-se superação da dificuldade com a fase de aproximação e montaria. O praticante do sexo masculino de 12 anos com deficiência visual objetivou em seu programa maiores interesses pelas atividades escolares e equilíbrio corporal. Foi possível analisar nos resultados parciais: melhor relacionamento com familiares; melhora no equilíbrio e coordenação motora; melhora na utilização do Braille. Pudemos assim verificar que a mudança de ambiente (casa e/ou escola – ambiente equoterápico) teve relação com a capacidade de aprendizagem dos praticantes, além disto, analisamos diferenças no comportamento motor dos praticantes, sendo observadas evoluções posturais, coordenação motora, equilíbrio. Conclui-se a importância de desenvolver o projeto de equoterapia, sendo possível aprimorar conhecimentos científicos e analisar diferentes casos.

Inserção de conceitos e experimentos físicos nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental: uma análise à luz da teoria de vigotski

In this paper, we analyze the educational importance of teaching Physics in the early grades of elementary school from a teaching experience with students of 5th grade, using five experiments on electricity and magnetism. The theoretical framework used was the socio-historical psychology, especially Vigotski's studies on concept formation. It can be stated that the teaching of Physics and the use of experimental activities in the early grades cannot be simply associated to the teaching of certain scientific concepts, but should be explored bearing in mind the child's development.

A crítica da Psicologia e a tarefa da crítica na Psicologia

This article discusses the need to deepen Psychology criticism as a science, unveiling its ideological commitment to the demands posed by the capitalism development and, at the same time, develop the critical thinking in Psychology. Taking the dialectical historical materialism as a basis, the main elements which should be contemplated by the critical thinking are presented: the dialectical reflection; the knowledge criticism; the denounce of degradation, alienation and human heteronomy in the conditions posed by capitalism and the possibility of being used as an instrument in the social transformation process. The incorporation of these elements can guide the constitution process of psychological knowledge which will be able to provide more satisfactory answers to questions concerning the dialectical relationship between individuals and society and the possibilities of human emancipation in nowadays society.

O ensino colaborativo como facilitador da inclusão da criança com deficiência intelectual na educação infantil

This paper presents aspects of Early Childhood Education in the perspective of Inclusive Education, considering collaborative teaching as a relevant strategy in this mode. Thus, had been aimed to review the literature on collaborative learning in kindergarten and verify the knowledge of teachers on this pedagogical strategy. The survey was conducted in Child Education Centers and Schools municipal daycare, totaling 4 units and 45 participants. Empirical data were collected through a closed questionnaire, tabulated and analyzed qualitative and qualitatively. The results indicate the recognition of preschool teachers in need of support and assistance regarding collaborative teaching, highlighting the need for continuous training in the performance of special education teacher in this context.

Por que aprender isso, professora? Sentido pessoal e atividade de estudo na psicologia histórico-cultural

This research investigated the process of personal sense attribution to the study activity of students in Elementary School. The theoretical reference is the Historical-Cultural Psychology. It was conducted with students from 4th grade in a public school. The methodological procedures were: observation the daily life of a classroom; learning oriented situations; focus groups; interviews. As a result, we sought to define the analysis unit: the relation between the study activity motives and the objectives of study actions. It is defended the thesis that for the scholar learning to happen, the study actions of the students must have a personal sense correspondent to the motives and to the social meanings of the study activity, towards the human development promotion.

O sofrimento psíquico contemporâneo no imaginário coletivo de estudantes de psicologia

Profound socio‑cultural transformations that the world has undergone have been followed by new subjective configurations and manifestations of psychic suffering, whose impact and resonance in the psychology clinic, demand especial understanding and management. The aim of this study was to investigate the collective imaginary of Psychology students about contemporary psychic suffering. In the light of the psychoanalytic method, this research utilized the procedure of drawings‑stories with theme in group interview. The set of productions of the drawings‑stories, based on the psychoanalytic narratives written after each group interview, was interpretatively analyzed and allowed the apprehension of the following fields of affective‑emotional meaning: "Loneliness", “Essays on suffering", "Agony of non‑being", "Human contact with suffering", "Avoidance: the great defense", "Non lived lives", "Human despair" and "Multifacetated suffering". The set of analyses allowed the understanding of a collective imaginary in which suffering, that occurs nowadays, consists mainly of feelings of loneliness, for‑ saking, uselessness, spuriousness and existential void.

Artes orientais de movimentos: alternativas às terapias do campo da saúde. uma possibilidade de investigação para a psicologia do esporte. um exemplo de pesquisa fenomenológica

This research analyzes the discourse of teachers of ancient oriental arts, namely: Yoga, Tai Chi Chuan, Kung Fu, Lian Gong, Qwan Ki Do, reveals the meaning that subjects have about what are the benefits to health of those already considered practical alternatives conventional treatment of health. The research uses the phenomenological method specifically the method of the phenomenon. The method first provides a pre-reflection on the oriental arts, exposing not systematically, some curiosities changing between aspects of oriental arts: historical, main teaching methods, styles, the character of struggle, why are linked to health, the benefits of their practices, movements, philosophy, concepts, ways of acting, the roots, the basics. In this article the pre-reflection does not appear to meet the standards of Congress page limit. Rather concentrate on the next step of the research and present the phenomenon situated in the experience of those who have experienced it in the case of the five arts teachers mentioned above. The method performs individual analysis or ideographic analysis of the five discourses of teachers from each oriental art and then conducts the general or nomothetic. The result is presented an analysis of generalities, convergence, divergence and individuality of meanings expressed by the subject, to finally develop a discussion of these data and weave a synthesis. The analyzes reveal that Eastern practices currently as some of these five analyzed here, those involving aspects of struggle and concentration are excellent allied health development and well-being. Understanding the philosophical aspect is inherent in the practice of the movements, although the character of the struggle, which they transmit through knowledge of their origins and roots is the current thinking routine that generates a life philosophy of selfhelp, self-enabling and tranquility preparation to overcome the tensions, disputes, everyday challenges. The speeches also reveal that the psychophysical aspects of diseases are real, because the practices of movements and the physical drilling of these oriental arts have enabled visible improvements in health by working the mental and the physical in an integrated manner. Masters must have all the knowledge to better meet today's society, preserving these cultures, passing them through the generations.

A internalização de signos como intermediação entre a psicologia histórico-cultural e a pedagogia histórico-crítica

This article highlights the theoretical and methodological unity existing between the culturalhistorical psychology and the historical-critical pedagogy, taking the category of mediation as a central element of analysis. This fact is justified since that category is emerging as an essential premise of the historical-materialist dialectical method; and this method, in turn, is the foundation of both the historicalcultural psychology and the pedagogy historical-critical. For achieving the stated aim, the text is organized around two themes. The first goes back to the historical-cultural conception of psychism, highlighting of internalization of signs as a condition for the development of that psychism; the second brings into focus the relationship between internalization of signs and concept formation, in order to demonstrate that the quality of the concepts in the training school is the intervening variable in the psychological development. By the way of concluding remarks, it is said the internalization of signs as a central element of mediation between historical-cultural psychology and historical-critical pedagogy.

A dialética singular-particular-universal: implicações do método materialista dialético para a psicologia

Considering that Cultural-Historical theory has been gaining importance within Brazilian Psychology in the last decades, this essay aims at contributing to understanding its ontological and epistemological foundations, introducing the concepts of singularity, particularity and universality of the dialectics that exists between them. The analysis looks to explore the implications to Psychology, both as a science and as a professional practice, of the lukacsian indication about the need to apprehend the connections between singularity, particularity and universality as a condition for understanding the essence of phenomena. In that sense, this analysis brings light to the individual/society dynamics unity affirmed by historical-dialectical materialism, which contributes to overcoming of the dichotomies usually established between the poles of this relationship.