Otimização de procedimentos de controle de qualidade em equipamentos radiográficos convencionais do Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia - USP

Radiography is currently an important method of diagnosis, both medical, dental and veterinary. The image in this type of survey is obtained using an X-ray beam, where the radiologist can possibly view structures of interest. It isn't always possible to get the desired images due to various factors, such as equipment limitations. The Administrative Law 453/98, the State Resolution SS 625/94, and other standards require testing and quality control acceptance limits that guarantee a good performance of the equipment for the security and quality of care, giving service users greater effectiveness in exams. This study were performed in the accompaniment of testing procedures for quality control established by Administrative Law 453/98 in several X-ray equipment to make a comparison and optimization in the descriptions of the procedures used by the Institute for Electrical Energy and the University of São Paulo (IEE / USP / SP).The optimization of the procedures were performed with the aid of a current literature, the Resolution 453/98, State Resolution SS 625/94 and other international standards. On this basis it was possible to observe the importance of regular monitoring of tests for an update, following the technological development of instruments used in the service

Estudo de doses e otimização de carta técnica na transição de radiologia convencional para computacional em diagnósticos veterinários

This project aims the verification of doses in canines and felines to chest and coxal exams due to the transition from screen-film to computed radiography system. It also seeks a possible optimization of the new techniques employed in this new system. The study was carried out in Diagnostic Imaging service in Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo using a conventional x-ray equipment. Initially, data about the physical characteristics of animals and the technique currently used in computed radiography was collected for each of 80 chest and 16 coxal X-ray examinations. The animals were divided into different groups according to the body weight. For each group, were calculated the averages of each item: thickness of the region to be imaged, voltage, current, exposure time, current-time product, size of film used, presence or absence of bucky and focus (small or large). The techniques have been reproduced in phantoms (representative of the thickness of the animal) in order to collect the air kerma entrance. Based on the average of intermediate size M group (weights less than 5 kg for cats and from 10.1 kg and 20 kg for dogs) analysis of image quality using three devices test patterns were made consisting of the evaluation of spatial resolution, low-contrast resolution and contrast-detail. In general, the results showed the dose animals decreased with the use of computed radiography and was possible to preliminary optimization of some techniques used currently in CR

Distribuição e dispersão dos níveis radiométricos do setor técnico de medicina nuclear do hospital das clínicas da faculdade de medicina de botucatu

Nuclear medicine uses non-sealed sources for exams and treatments, because the movement of these sources, source of patients injected or not, involve a wide range of environmental radiometric levels. To better control of these levels this study was aimed at monitoring points strategically distributed in all environments Sector Technical Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the Botucatu Medical School, performing two measurements at random times daily for a period of three months, sampling the normal routine of the sector. The detector Geiger-Muller was used for the acquisition of exposure rates of the points, efficiency and reprodutibility test have shown good performance of this equipment for this purpose. The results allowed to make a projection of annual dose for each environment indicating higher risks for Occupationally Exposed Individuals as well as Public Individuals compared with the limits established by the National Commission of Nuclear Energy. Was developed a spatial map of dose that can be used as a visual warning to the regions with the highest exposure to ionizing radiation, enabling reduced risk of a potential exposure

Análise dos procedimentos metodológicos de dimensionamento e execução de parede diafragma

The present paper conducts an analysis of all steps for the construction of diaphragm walls, from obtaining the soil parameters until its execution. Construction stages of diaphragm wall are detailed. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the main available calculation methods to obtain the soil parameters and the design of the diaphragm wall. A case history extensively documented in previous research and present in international symposiums was chosen for an analysis of construction process and excavation’s instrumentations, as well as emphasizing the importance of temporary works and construction sequence for deep excavation with cast in-situ diaphragm walls. In general, it is possible to conclude the main difficulty and uncertainty of the dimensioning are obtaining the soil parameter for diaphragm wall design. And, it is also possible to conclude the monitoring and execution control are paramount to the success of the diaphragm wall construction

Motivação em equipes de futebol e futsal: a influência do técnico

O comportamento de um atleta de futebol ou de futsal dentro de um jogo ou até mesmo nos treinos pode ser influenciado de diversas formas. Uma dessas refere-se às situações e condições impostas pelo treinador de uma equipe que facilitem ao atleta motivar-se, sendo este um fator bastante relevante para o sucesso da mesma. Com isso, propõe-se a idéia de que a oportunização de condições favoráveis à motivação seja indispensável. Em virtude da necessidade de tentar descrever e analisar a motivação e suas manifestações em equipes de ambos os esportes, o estudo vem analisar a influência do técnico perante seus atletas em relação à motivação das equipes tanto antes quanto no decorrer dos jogos. Este trabalho foi de natureza qualitativa com revisão bibliográfica, na qual será utilizado um questionário aplicado a uma amostra intencional composta por indivíduos atletas (total de vinte atletas) e técnicos (três) de futebol e de futsal, da cidade de Rio Claro, interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para a coleta, optamos pela abordagem direta, em períodos de treinamento, não levando em conta se antes, durante ou depois destes, mas apenas a possibilidade de coletar os dados. Constatamos que há interferência do nervosismo do técnico sobre o rendimento atlético e que a amizade do técnico com seus atletas e o conhecimento daquele é benéfico para o equilíbrio grupal.

Estudo teórico da contribuição do espalhamento nuclear não elástico na trajetória de prótons de energias entre 50 e 250 MeV em materiais de interesse em radiologia: aplicação em tomografia com prótons

The goal of this work is to study the process of interaction of protons with matter through Monte Carlo simulation. For this purpose, it was employed the SRIM program (Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter ) and MCNPX (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended) v2.50. This work is going to support the development of a tomography system with protons. It was studied the interaction of proton with the follow materials: Polimethyl Mehacralate (PMMA), MS20 Tissue Substitute and water. This work employed energies in range of 50 MeV and 250 MeV, that is the range of clinical interest. The energy loss of proton after cross a material layer, the decreasing of its intensity, the angular and lateral de ection of incident beam, including and excluding nuclear interactions. This work is related with Medical Physics and Material Physics, like interaction of radiation with matter, particle transport phenomena, and the experimental methods in Nuclear Physics like simulation and computational by Monte Carlo method

Procedimentos para análise de lucratividade de produtos no setor de autopeças metálicas

In a globalized world, organizations face an increasingly dynamic, innovative and competitive environment, so that this condition requires continuous adaptation to market developments. Intense competition requires organizations to further improve their performance, making productive efficiency a key factor for survival. A methodology that has added value to the product through a reconfiguration of the production method is the implementation of a management philosophy called Lean Six Sigma. The main objective of this work is, in the light of the Lean Six Sigma philosophy, intervene in a critical-collaborative way to develop procedures for analyzing the profitability of products in a company specializing in steel processing. To achieve this goal, were applied the method of action-research to intervene in a group of professionals for the study of the profitability of products in a auto parts industry. The interaction of practical and theoretical knowledge provided by the action-research allowed the business program was enhanced. The procedures proposed in this study were able to identify the current profitability of the product, the main causes of inefficiency and productive for solutions to reduce production inefficiencies, when the productive systems planned and actual production system were compared. The results indicate that current profitability of -3%, while the parameter provided during budget was 10%. Thus, it is concluded that the low profitability of the products may compromise the company's financial results and affect their competitiveness in the market. To address this problem, the Lean Six Sigma presents itself as a versatile and high applicability philosophy, providing relevant results for characterization and troubleshooting. It was also observed that the evidence presented in this paper can be adapted to other companies in the metal auto parts segment to identify and recover the profitability of products

Manual de procedimentos técnicos para manutenção preventiva em empilhadeiras na área de prestação de serviços

The service area is in full development in the world, and it is proven the benefits of outsourcing services to large companies, which deliver services and manufacturing experts can focus only on production of their products. In the case of cargo handling is no different, many factories hire specialized companies to reduce fixed costs and factory overhead. And with the intense competition in the market, service providers are increasingly seeking to reduce costs in order to offer services at competitive prices. So if we see a growing need to train its employees to perform services faster and with better quality. In this work, will be a handbook of technical procedures for preventive maintenance, as well as a catalog of parts required to perform the same for Toyota 8 Series forklifts. Will be developed also tools to control and carry out the preventive maintenance of these trucks, such as Check-list and a manual of tools needed for each procedure. The results show that service quality has improved considerably and the cost of wrong parts decreases more than 15%

Aplicação do regulamento técnico da qualidade do nível de eficiência energética em edificações residenciais

The research shows that increasing the consumption of energy by households is growing rapidly and without adequate planning, due to population growth and therefore an increase in energy consumption. With the current concerns of sustainability and energy efficiency by industry, there is the need to prove to population that there are many ways to incorporate sustainable practices to their daily lives, starting from by their own residence. The quality certification of the energy efficiency level in residential buildings, shows how one can influence and improve housing issues on sustainable actions as rooted in our country

A imagem do técnico Bernardinho na opinião de alunos graduandos e professores de Educação Física escolar

A importância da mídia no mundo atual é evidente, pois ela exerce muita influência no âmbito da cultura corporal de movimento, que engloba lutas, danças, ginástica, conhecimento sobre o corpo, esporte e jogos, conteúdos de extrema importância para a formação do cidadão, ditando fazeres sobre as diversas práticas corporais e criando novos modelos de consumo. Dentro desse contexto o ídolo esportivo é intercambiável, negociável e consumível como imagem. Sendo assim a representação que um ídolo exerce sobre o indivíduo (telespectador) é referência de atitudes e a mídia contribui para a construção dessa imagem. Por causa dessa exposição, o técnico de vôlei Bernardo Rocha de Rezende passou a ter maior ascensão no cenário esportivo nacional, resolvi realizar esse estudo para investigar a opinião de alunos graduandos em Educação Física e professores da Educação Física escolar sobre a imagem do técnico Bernardinho. Objetivo: O objetivo do trabalho é investigar como a imagem do técnico Bernardo de Souza Rezende (Bernardinho), influenciada pela mídia, é interpretada por alunos graduandos em Educação Física e professores de Educação Física Escolar. Metodologia: A metodologia desta pesquisa de natureza qualitativa será realizada em duas etapas, sendo a primeira referente a uma pesquisa bibliográfica, e a segunda etapa relativa ao trabalho é entrevista semi-estruturada. A entrevista foi realizada com 10 alunos de graduação nos cursos de Bacharelado e Licenciatura em Educação Física da Universidade Estadual Paulista – Campus Rio Claro e 5 professores de Educação Física escolar. Resultados e Discussões: Com as respostas obtidas podemos ver que o imaginário, dos alunos e professores entrevistados, em relação à imagem do Bernardo é de um técnico extremamente participativo, comprometido e o melhor técnico de vôlei. Porém, um técnico nervoso... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Avaliação das doses de cães submetidos a exames radiográficos de pulmão

This study aims to determine surface skin doses in dogs (with suspected pulmonary metastasis) submitted to chest X-rays using the technique of thermoluminescence dosimetry. Twenty seven exams from different dogs were performed at the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Paulista (FMVZ-UNESP/Botucatu). The doses were evaluated using thermoluminescent dosimeters of calcium sulphate doped with dysprosium (CaSO4:Dy) produced by the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN). The pulmonary metastasis exams are carried out in three projections, one dorsal-ventral and two lateral-lateral. During the procedures the projection thicknesses and source-skin surface distances were registered. To simulate the dog phantom the dosimeters were positioned in a cubic simulator (30x30x30 cm) of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) filled with water and irradiated according to the parameters of projections with the X-ray energies ranging from 45 to 70 kV. To estimate the surface skin dose the dose-response curves were obtained for X-ray energies of 50 and 70 kV using the diagnostic X-ray beam machine of the Instruments Calibration Laboratory of IPEN for doses of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.0 mGy. The main difficulty of this work was the dog immobilization that is reflected in poor-quality diagnostic imaging and, consequently, demands the repetition of the exams, which contributes to the increase of the doses received by the animals being studied and the clinical staff. The doses evaluated in this type of procedure are between 0.43 and 4.22 mGy. This research has shown to be extremely important for the assessment of doses involved in veterinary diagnostic radiology procedures, and as a parameter in the individual monitoring of pet’s owners who assist the animal positioning and occupationally exposed workers of the Department of Veterinary Radiology

O significado do trabalho com o texto dissertativo-argumentativo escrito em sala de aula

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

A magia em um texto técnico agronômico da antiguidade romana: o 'Opus agriculturae', de Paládio

This work analyses the chapter 35, book I, of the agricultural treatise Opus agriculturæ, written by Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius (V C.E.). In that chapter the author presents some recipes, called remedia, to protect the farm and the garden against weeds and weather phenomena, as blight and fogs. The magical practices are identified according to both the fundamental principles of magic (similarity, contiguity, contrariety), which rule magical thought, and some elements of magical symbology. As the author seems not to distinguish magic and science, for he brings together both kinds of recipes, the analysis of some remedia emphasizes a specific study on the materials and substances employed in those recipes and their value in Science today. This leads to the discussions of how magical thought works, what are the limits (if they actually exist) between Magic and Science and between Magic and Religion. This work covers the subjects above and it has the following pourposes: demonstrate the characteristics that authorize the remedia described by Palladius to be classified as folk magic; identify the relations between this kind of practice with more complex forms of magic, as with religion, with science; demonstrate the contribution of the folk magic in ancient Rome farming for the formulation of more apropriated criteria of evaluating magic in comparison to religious and scientific thought.

Avaliação da Taxa de Exposição em Exames Radiológicos Realizados em Procedimentos Cirúrgicos - Minimização dos Riscos em Indivíduos Ocupacionalmente Expostos

This paper consists in the evaluation of the exposure rate to ionizing radiation to which professionals working in surgical procedures which require radiological examinations are subjected. Were initially performed real-time readings of exposure rate within four distinct operating rooms during the execution of four surgical procedures that made use of fluoroscopy equipment (including three orthopedic surgeries, one in the shoulder, one in the arm, another for deployment of metal pin in the leg region, and a fourth for vascular procedure); in these surgeries were used ionization chamber detector and an electrometer. In order to check the values achieved, was made a re-evaluation of the distribution of the rate of exposure to radiation, from the surgical procedures, now with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). For this, thirty TLDs were distributed in the operating rooms, arranged in points of interest as occupation by professionals. The TLDs were prepared for thirty consecutive days, after which they were removed and replaced with new dosimeters not exposed yet. The dosimeters were subjected to reading of the rate of exposure; this procedure was repeated for four months without interruption. The quantification of the results sought primarily to convert the rate of exposure for equivalent dose rate, both in measurements with ionization chamber as in measurements with TLDs, in order to highlight the presence of the biological effect of ionizing radiation for comparisons within scientific context. Then, the results were plotted to establish the relationship between the values of equivalent dose and the distance to the central axis of the x -ray source, confirming the inverse square law for distance. Finally, the values were associated with the maximum limit recommended by the legislation for occupationally exposed individuals. The methodology for the analysis and quantification of the data in this work aims at implementing a work plan that meets ...

Procedimentos para a formulação da estratégia competitiva de empresas

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG