Sustainability and Consumer Preference of Wild Caught Ornamental Fishes from Kerala: Scope of Certification

The Indian ornamental fish industry is divided into two-the domestic market and the export market. 90% of the freshwater ornamental fish exported from India are wild caught indigenous species. The study formed the criteria and indicators assessing the sustainability of wild caught ornamental fish exported from India. These indicators were then analyzed for their interactions, connections, linkages and relationships using cognitive mapping. The work is first of its kind in the ornamental fisheries

Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen und molekularen Mechanismus der Biofilm-Bildung bei Enterokokken aus verschiedenen klinischen Bereichen

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine größere Anzahl an E. faecalis Isolaten aus Vaginalabstrichen, erstmals insbesondere von Patientinnen, die an Bakterieller Vaginose litten, untersucht und mit E. faecalis Stämme aus verschiedenen anderen klinischen Bereichen auf das Vorkommen von Virulenzfaktoren verglichen. Weiterhin wurden Korrelationen zwischen bestimmten Faktoren und der Menge an produziertem Biofilm erstellt, um mögliche Zusammenhänge zum Mechanismus der Biofilm-Bildung zu erfassen. Mittels statistischer Analysen konnte hinsichtlich der 150 untersuchten E. faecalis Isolate nachgewiesen werden, dass keine signifikanten Unterschiede der Inzidenzen von Virulenzfaktoren (esp, asa1, gelE, GelE, cylA, β-Hämolyse) zwischen den Stämmen der verschiedenen Herkunftsbereiche bestanden. In Bezug auf das Auftreten von Biofilm-Bildung zeigte sich ein erhöhtes Vorkommen bei Stämmen aus Urin sowie invasiver Herkunft (insgesamt jeweils ca. 70 % mäßige und starke Biofilm-Bildner) im Vergleich zu E. faecalis Isolaten aus Wunden oder Faeces (je ca. 40 %). Statistische Auswertungen bzgl. des Zusammenhangs eines oder einer Kombination von Virulenzfaktoren mit der Menge an gebildetem Biofilm wiesen darauf hin, dass Isolate, die das esp Gen besaßen, in erhöhtem Maße zur Biofilm-Bildung befähigt waren. Dies zeigte einen gewissen Einfluss des Zellwandproteins auf die Fähigkeit zur Biofilm-Bildung bei E. faecalis. Allerdings wurden stets auch Stämme identifiziert, die die Fähigkeit zur Biofilm-Bildung trotz des Fehlens der jeweils untersuchten genetischen Determinante bzw. der Determinanten aufwiesen, so dass auf das Vorhandensein weiterer, unbekannter Einflussfaktoren auf den Mechanismus der Biofilm-Bildung bei E. faecalis geschlossen werden konnte. Unter 78 untersuchten E. faecium Isolaten aus verschiedenen klinischen Bereichen konnte lediglich ein Stamm (1,3 %) als mäßiger Biofilm-Bildner charakterisiert werden, so dass die Fähigkeit bei dieser Spezies in der hier untersuchten Region unter diesen Bedingungen kaum nachgewiesen werden konnte. Einen Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildete die Untersuchung zum Vorkommen von Virulenzfaktoren und Biofilm-Bildung bei E. faecalis Isolaten aus Vaginalabstrichen. Bzgl. des Auftretens von Virulenzfaktoren und Biofilm-Produktion konnte kein Unterschied zwischen Stämmen assoziiert mit Bakterieller Vaginose und Isolaten einer Vergleichsgruppe festgestellt werden. Allerdings zeigte eine Gegenüberstellung mit den untersuchten E. faecalis Stämmen aus anderen klinischen Bereichen, dass die 80 Isolate aus Vaginalabstrichen eine ähnlich hohe Inzidenz bestimmter Virulenzfaktoren wie Stämme aus Faeces, Urin, Wunden oder invasiver Herkunft sowie eine mit den Isolaten aus Urin und invasiver Herkunft vergleichbar hohe Fähigkeit zur Biofilm-Bildung aufwiesen (ca. 75 % mäßige und starke Biofilm-Bildner). Dies deutete auf eine Verbreitung der Biofilm-Bildungsfähigkeit bei E. faecalis Stämmen der Vaginalflora und somit auf eine große Bedeutung der Eigenschaft für Isolate dieser Herkunft hin. Die statistische Auswertung der Korrelationen von Virulenzfaktoren mit der Menge an gebildetem Biofilm lieferte ähnliche Ergebnisse wie die Analysen bzgl. der 150 E. faecalis Isolate aus anderen klinischen Bereichen und untermauerte die Annahme, dass zusätzliche Faktoren zu den hier untersuchten Determinanten bei E. faecalis vorhanden sein müssen, die Einfluss auf den Mechanismus der Biofilm-Bildung nehmen. Deshalb konzentrierte sich ein weiterer Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit auf die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von E. faecalis Biofilm-Spontanmutanten, um bisher noch ungeklärte Mechanismen oder neue Faktoren zu erkennen, die Einfluss auf die Biofilm-Bildung bei E. faecalis nehmen. Die Untersuchung einer Mutante (1.10.16) und ihres Wildtypstamms lieferte erstmals den phänotypischen Nachweis des HMW-Komplexes der drei Bee-Proteine sowie die Identifizierung konservierter Pili-Motive dieser Proteine. Des Weiteren schien die in diesem Cluster ebenfalls codierte Sortase-1 dasjenige Enzym zu sein, das höchstwahrscheinlich die Bindung des Proteins Bee-2 innerhalb dieses HMW-Komplexes katalysiert. Insofern lieferten diese Untersuchungen neue, konkrete Hinweise zur Rolle des bee Genclusters bei der Pili-Biogenese und Biofilm-Bildung von E. faecalis. Darüber hinaus stellen Erkenntnisse aus der Charakterisierung von zwei weiteren hergestellten Biofilm-Spontanmutanten viel versprechende Ausgangspunkte für zukünftige Untersuchungen dar, die ein weitergehendes Verständnis der molekularen Mechanismen der Biofilm-Bildung bei E. faecalis erzielen könnten.

Genetic variation of and environmental effects on inducibility of resistance in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary

Many plant strengtheners are promoted for their supposed effects on nutrient uptake and/or resistance induction (IR). In addition, many organic fertilizers are supposed to enhance plant health and several studies have shown that tomatoes grown organically are more resistant to late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans to tomatoes grown conventionally. Much is known about the mechanisms underlying IR. In contrast, there is no systematic knowledge about genetic variation for IR. Therefore, the following questions were addressed in the presented dissertation: (i) Is there genetic variation among tomato genotypes for inducibility of resistance to P. infestans? (ii) How do different PS compare with the chemical inducer BABA in their ability to IR? (iii) Does IR interact with the inducer used and different organic fertilizers? A varietal screening showed that contrary to the commonly held belief IR in tomatoes is genotype and isolate specific. These results indicate that it should be possible to select for inducibility of resistance in tomato breeding. However, isolate specificity also suggests that there could be pathogen adaptation. The three tested PS as well as two of the three tested organic fertilisers all induced resistance in the tomatoes. Depending on PS or BABA variety and isolate effects varied. In contrast, there were no variety and isolate specific effects of the fertilisers and no interactions with the PS and fertilisers. This suggests that the different PS should work independent of the soil substrate used. In contrast the results were markedly different when isolate mixtures were used for challenge inoculations. Plants were generally less susceptible to isolate mixtures than to single isolates. In addition, the effectiveness of the PS was greater and more similar to BABA when isolate mixtures were used. The fact that the different PS and BABA differed in their ability to induce resistance in different host genotype -pathogen isolate combinations puts the usefulness of IR as a breeding goal in question. This would result in varieties depending on specific inducers. The results with the isolate mixtures are highly relevant. On the one hand they increase the effectiveness of the resistance inducers. On the other hand, measures that increase the pathogen diversity such as the use of diversified host populations will also increase the overall resistance of the hosts. For organic tomato production the results indicate that it is possible to enhance the tomato growing system with respect to plant health management by using optimal fertilisers, plant strengtheners and any measures that increase system diversity.

Contradictions within the Modern Food System: Nutritional Disbalance across the Globe, Its Main Drivers and Possible Ways Out

Contemporary food production, given the degree of technology being applied in it and the present state of scientific knowledge, should be able to feed the world. Corresponding statistics show that in fact the volumes of modern food production confirm this statement. Yet, the present nutritional situation across the globe leaves much to be desired: on the one hand the numbers of undernourished and malnourished people are still high and even growing in some regions, and on the other hand there is an increasing number of overweight and obese people who are experiencing (or are at risk of) adverse health impacts as consequences. The question arises how this situation is possible given the present state of food production and knowledge, and also in terms of nutrition basics when talking about the latter. When arguing about the main causes of the present situation with nutrition across the globe, it is the modern food system with its distortions that is often criticised with emphasis placed on inappropriate food distribution as one of the key problems. However it is not only food distribution that shapes inequalities in terms of food availability and accessibility – there is a number of other factors contributing to this situation including political influences. Each of the drivers of the present situation might affect more than one part and have outcomes in different dimensions. Therefore it makes sense to apply a holistic approach when viewing the modern food system, embracing all the elements and existing relationships between them for this will facilitate taking appropriate actions in order to target the desired outcome in the best possible way. Applying a systematic approach and linking various elements with corresponding interactions among them allows for picturing all the possible outcomes and hence finding the way for a better solution on global level – a solution to the present problem with nutritional disbalance across the globe.

Wild food trees in Eastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan: Use diversity and threatening factors

This study was conducted in 2010 in Eastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan to investigate ethnobotanical food and non-food uses of 16 wild edible fruit producing trees. Quantitative and qualitative information was collected from 105 individuals distributed in 7 villages using a semi-structured questionnaire. Also gathering of data was done using a number of rapid rural appraisal techniques, including key informant interviews, group discussion, secondary data sources and direct observations. Data was analysed using fidelity level and informant consensus factor methods to reveal the cultural importance of species and use category. Utilizations for timber products were found of most community importance than food usages, especially during cultivated food abundance. Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus spina-christi and Tamarindus indica fruits were asserted as most preferable over the others and of high marketability in most of the study sites. Harvesting for timber-based utilizations in addition to agricultural expansion and overgrazing were the principal threats to wild edible food producing trees in the area. The on and off prevailing armed conflict in the area make it crucial to conserve wild food trees which usually play a more significant role in securing food supply during emergency times, especially in times of famine and wars. Increasing the awareness of population on importance of wild food trees and securing alternative income sources, other than wood products, is necessary in any rural development programme aiming at securing food and sustaining its resources in the area.

Magnetic interactions between transition metal impurities and clusters mediated by low-dimensional metallic hosts: A first principles theoretical investigation

The magnetic properties and interactions between transition metal (TM) impurities and clusters in low-dimensional metallic hosts are studied using a first principles theoretical method. In the first part of this work, the effect of magnetic order in 3d-5d systems is addressed from the perspective of its influence on the enhancement of the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). In the second part, the possibility of using external electric fields (EFs) to control the magnetic properties and interactions between nanoparticles deposited at noble metal surfaces is investigated. The influence of 3d composition and magnetic order on the spin polarization of the substrate and its consequences on the MAE are analyzed for the case of 3d impurities in one- and two-dimensional polarizable hosts. It is shown that the MAE and easy- axis of monoatomic free standing 3d-Pt wires is mainly determined by the atomic spin-orbit (SO) coupling contributions. The competition between ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AF) order in FePtn wires is studied in detail for n=1-4 as a function of the relative position between Fe atoms. Our results show an oscillatory behavior of the magnetic polarization of Pt atoms as a function of their distance from the magnetic impurities, which can be correlated to a long-ranged magnetic coupling of the Fe atoms. Exceptionally large variations of the induced spin and orbital moments at the Pt atoms are found as a function of concentration and magnetic order. Along with a violation of the third Hund’s rule at the Fe sites, these variations result in a non trivial behavior of the MAE. In the case of TM impurities and dimers at the Cu(111), the effects of surface charging and applied EFs on the magnetic properties and substrate-mediated magnetic interactions have been investigated. The modifications of the surface electronic structure, impurity local moments and magnetic exchange coupling as a result of the EF-induced metallic screening and charge rearrangements are analysed. In a first study, the properties of surface substitutional Co and Fe impurities are investigated as a function of the external charge per surface atom q. At large inter-impurity distances the effective magnetic exchange coupling ∆E between impurities shows RKKY-like oscillations as a function of the distance which are not significantly affected by the considered values of q. For distances r < 10 Å, important modifications in the magnitude of ∆E, involving changes from FM to AF coupling, are found depending non-monotonously on the value and polarity of q. The interaction energies are analysed from a local perspective. In a second study, the interplay between external EF effects, internal magnetic order and substrate-mediated magnetic coupling has been investigated for Mn dimers on Cu(111). Our calculations show that EF (∼ 1eV/Å) can induce a switching from AF to FM ground-state magnetic order within single Mn dimers. The relative coupling between a pair of dimers also shows RKKY-like oscillations as a function of the inter-dimer distance. Their effective magnetic exchange interaction is found to depend significantly on the magnetic order within the Mn dimers and on their relative orientation on the surface. The dependence of the substrate-mediated interaction on the magnetic state of the dimers is qualitatively explained in terms of the differences in the scattering of surface electrons. At short inter-dimer distances, the ground-state configuration is determined by an interplay between exchange interactions and EF effects. These results demonstrate that external surface charging and applied EFs offer remarkable possibilities of manipulating the sign and strength of the magnetic coupling of surface supported nanoparticles.

Recycling urban waste as possible use for rooftop vegetable garden

Urban authorities in Europe are confronted with increasing demands by urban dwellers for allotment gardens, but vacant urban soil tends to be scarce and/or polluted by past industrial activities. A possible solution for local authorities could therefore be to promote rooftop gardening. However little technical information exists on certain forms of rooftop urban agriculture, called Z-Farming. In 2012, a pilot experiment was run in Paris (France). Simple and cheap systems of rooftop gardening were tested on a rooftop using as crop substrates only local urban organic waste so as to contribute to the urban metabolism. Production levels and heavy metal contents in cropping substrates and edible vegetables were measured. Available results show (i) high levels of crop production with limited inputs compared to land professional gardening, (ii) low levels of heavy metal pollutants in the edible parts of the crops, especially for Cd and Pb with respect to EU norms for vegetables and (iii) positive influence on yields on organizing the substrate in layers and enhancing the biological activity through earthworm inoculation. These encouraging results allow us to consider that rooftop gardening is feasible and seem to have a great potential to improve urban resiliency. It will nevertheless be necessary to identify more precisely the types of roof that can be used and to assess more fully the generic result of the low level of pollution, as well as the global sustainability of these cropping systems.

Possible solution of some essential zero problems in compositional data analysis

One of the tantalising remaining problems in compositional data analysis lies in how to deal with data sets in which there are components which are essential zeros. By an essential zero we mean a component which is truly zero, not something recorded as zero simply because the experimental design or the measuring instrument has not been sufficiently sensitive to detect a trace of the part. Such essential zeros occur in many compositional situations, such as household budget patterns, time budgets, palaeontological zonation studies, ecological abundance studies. Devices such as nonzero replacement and amalgamation are almost invariably ad hoc and unsuccessful in such situations. From consideration of such examples it seems sensible to build up a model in two stages, the first determining where the zeros will occur and the second how the unit available is distributed among the non-zero parts. In this paper we suggest two such models, an independent binomial conditional logistic normal model and a hierarchical dependent binomial conditional logistic normal model. The compositional data in such modelling consist of an incidence matrix and a conditional compositional matrix. Interesting statistical problems arise, such as the question of estimability of parameters, the nature of the computational process for the estimation of both the incidence and compositional parameters caused by the complexity of the subcompositional structure, the formation of meaningful hypotheses, and the devising of suitable testing methodology within a lattice of such essential zero-compositional hypotheses. The methodology is illustrated by application to both simulated and real compositional data

Compositional data analysis of archaeological glass: problems and possible solutions

Presentation in CODAWORK'03, session 4: Applications to archeometry

Exploration of geological variability and possible processes through the use of compositional data analysis: an example using scottish metamorphosed

Developments in the statistical analysis of compositional data over the last two decades have made possible a much deeper exploration of the nature of variability, and the possible processes associated with compositional data sets from many disciplines. In this paper we concentrate on geochemical data sets. First we explain how hypotheses of compositional variability may be formulated within the natural sample space, the unit simplex, including useful hypotheses of subcompositional discrimination and specific perturbational change. Then we develop through standard methodology, such as generalised likelihood ratio tests, statistical tools to allow the systematic investigation of a complete lattice of such hypotheses. Some of these tests are simple adaptations of existing multivariate tests but others require special construction. We comment on the use of graphical methods in compositional data analysis and on the ordination of specimens. The recent development of the concept of compositional processes is then explained together with the necessary tools for a staying- in-the-simplex approach, namely compositional singular value decompositions. All these statistical techniques are illustrated for a substantial compositional data set, consisting of 209 major-oxide and rare-element compositions of metamorphosed limestones from the Northeast and Central Highlands of Scotland. Finally we point out a number of unresolved problems in the statistical analysis of compositional processes

És possible una Universitat 2.0?

Conferència emmarcada dins el 2on Workshop Biblioteca UdG: La Universitat de Girona davant els reptes del nou Espai Europeu d'Educació Superior, on es reflexiona sobre el concepte d’Universitat 2.0. El conferenciant proporciona diferents claus del que entén que hauria de ser una Universitat 2.0, i les possibilitats que ofereix aquest concepte per a la Universitat de Girona

Maurras a Catalunya: un debat possible i necessari

Article en motiu del seminari "Maurras a Catalunya: elements per a un debat" organitzat pel Grup de Literatura Contemporània de l'Institut de Llengua i Cultura Catalanes de la Universitat els dies 4 i 5 de març

Pròxima promoció. Educar en la diversitat : és possible educar en la diversitat?.'Próxima promoción. Educar en la diversidad : ¿es posible educar en la diversidad?

Contiene bibliografía en la última página

Educació compensatòria centrada en la persona : una experiència possible d'atenció a la diversitat. 'Educación compensatoria centrada en la persona : una experiencia posible de atención a la diversidad'.

El Instituto de Santa Margalida escolariza alumnado procedente de los núcleos urbanos de Santa Margalida y Ariany y de la zona costera del municipio. Esta última está habitada por un número importante de familias de origen peninsular que, de forma permanente o temporal, trabajan en el sector turístico, el cual en los últimos años ha generado en la zona una importante oferta laboral. El centro ha vivido ciertos problemas con la escolarización de un determinado colectivo de alumnos en el primer ciclo de ESO, que manifiestan una actitud apática y de rechazo hacia el profesorado y todo lo que supone la escuela como educación formal, con problemas de comportamiento, bajo rendimiento académico y una elevada tasa de absentismo escolar, especialmente a partir de marzo y abril, debido a las oportunidades de ocupación e inserción laboral que la zona propicia. El artículo ofrece las pautas de intervención sobre 14 alumnos y los resultados de un programa de educación compensatoria, realmente centrado en el alumno. Se concluye con algunas preguntas sobre este tipo de experiencias, como el perfil de profesores requerido, las necesidades de formación permanente y las ventajas e inconvenientes de estas iniciativas.

Escoletes de Menorca : qu?? ho ha fet i ho fa possible?. 'Escuelas infantiles de Menorca : ??qu?? lo ha hecho y lo hace posible?''

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Incluye gr??ficas y tablas de datos