节水农业研究中的土壤物理问题学术讨论会在西安举行

节水农业研究中的土壤物理问题学术讨论会在西安举行中国土壤学会土壤物理专业委员会与西安理工大学水资源研究所共同组织的“节水农业研究中的土壤物理问题学术讨论会”于１９９４年１０月１９日至２２日在西安理工大学召开。会上就节水农业研究中的土壤物理问题进行了广...

过去300年中国土地利用、土地覆被变化与碳循环研究

历史时期的土地利用与土地覆被变化是影响陆地生态系统碳循环的重要因素.过去300年间,我国土地利用与覆被发生了较大变化,林地面积迅速减小,垦殖扩张明显,均对陆地生态系统的碳循环产生了重要的影响.采用通过第一手历史文献资料重建的历史土地数据,分析了过去300年我国土地利用变化的主要特征,研究表明:在研究时段,耕地面积持续增加,从清前期1661年的60.78×106hm2增加到20世纪末的96.09×106hm2;森林面积从1700年的248.13×106hm2降至1949年的109.01×106hm2.受土地

Characterization of the structural and functional changes of hemoglobin in dimethyl sulfoxide by spectroscopic techniques

Circular dichroism (CD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to explore the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the structure and function of hemoglobin (Hb). The native tertiary structure was disrupted completely when the concentration of DMSO reached 50% (v/v), which was determined by loss of the characteristic Soret CD spectrum. Loss of the native tertiary structure could be mainly caused by breaking the hydrogen bonds, between the heme propionate groups and nearby surface amino acid residues, and by disorganizing the hydrophobic interior of this protein. Upon exposure of Hb to 52% DMSO for ca. 12 h in a D2O medium no significant change in 1652 cm(-1) band of the FTIR spectrum was produced, which demonstrated that alpha-helical structure predominated. When the concentration of DMSO increased to 57%: (1) the band at 1652 cm(-1) disappeared with the appearance of two new bands located at 1661 and 1648 cm(-1); (2) another new band at 1623 cm(-1) was attributed to the formation of intermolecular beta-sheet or aggregation, which was the direct consequence of breaking of the polypeptide chain by the competition of S=O groups in DMSO with C=O groups in amide bonds. Further increasing the DMSO concentration to 80%, the intensity at 1623 cm(-1) increased, and the bands at 1684, 1661 and 1648 cm(-1) shifted to 1688, 1664 and 1644 cm(-1), respectively. These changes showed that the native secondary structure of Hb was last and led to further aggregation and increase of the content of 'free' amide C=O groups. In pure DMSO solvent, the major band at 1664 cm(-1) indicated that almost all of both the intermolecular beta-sheet and any residual secondary structure were completely disrupted. The red shift of the fluorescence emission maxima showed that the tryptophan residues were exposed to a greater hydrophilic environment as the DMSO content increased. GO-binding experiment suggested that the biological function of Hb was disrupted seriously even if the content of DMSO was 20%. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

苯基稀土钆配合物的成键性质研究

苯基稀土钆配合物具有Ln-Cσ键,由于这类配合物不稳定且分离困难,故其研究工作开展得很少~[1,2],其电子结构的研究尚未见报道.最近,我们合成了新型的苯基稀土配合物C_6H_5LnCl_2·nTHF(Ln=Pr、Sm、Gd,n=3,4)并测定了其晶体结构~[3],本文报道了苯基稀土钆配合物的电子结构和成键性质,并与中性苯稀土配合物的成键性质~[4]进行了比较.

Comparative expression analysis of transcription factor genes in the endostyle of invertebrate chordates

The endostyle of invertebrate chordates is a pharyngeal organ that is thought to be homologous with the follicular thyroid of vertebrates. Although thyroid-like features such as iodine-concentrating and peroxidase activities are located in the dorsolateral part of both ascidian and amphioxus endostyles, the structural organization and numbers of functional units are different. To estimate phylogenetic relationships of each functional zone with special reference to the evolution of the thyroid, we have investigated, in ascidian and amphioxus, the expression patterns of thyroid-related transcription factors such as TTF-2/MoxE4 and Pax2/5/8, as well as the forkhead transcription factors FoxQ1 and FoxA. Comparative gene expression analyses depicted an overall similarity between ascidians and amphioxus endostyles, while differences in expression patterns of these genes might be specifically related to the addition or elimination of a pair of glandular zones. Expressions of Ci-FoxE and BbFoxE4 suggest that the ancestral FoxE class might have been recruited for the formation of thyroid-like region in a possible common ancestor of chordates. Furthermore, coexpression of FoxE4, Pax2/5/8, and TPO in the dorsolateral part of both ascidian and amphioxus endostyles suggests that genetic basis of the thyroid function was already in place before the vertebrate lineage. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

南海新生代碱性玄武岩的特征及其地球动力学意义

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一，位于欧亚板块、印-澳板块以及太平洋板块之间。南海海底扩张停止(15.5Ma, Briais et al., 1993) 后的板内火山作用，影响着中国南部、中南半岛、大洋基底和分裂的微大陆片段的广大地区。对南海新生代玄武岩进行地球化学研究，不仅对于理解南海板内火山作用的深部地幔过程有着重要意义，而且对南海形成演化及含油气盆地形成的深部动力学机制有着深远意义。 南海新生代玄武岩K-Ar/Ar-Ar年龄为3.8-7.9Ma, 表明为晚中新世以来的岩浆活动产物，与周边地区的碱性火山岩在年龄上的一致性。岩石学特征表明，南海新生代玄武岩的矿物组合为橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜长石，与特征的碱性玄武岩的矿物组合一致。由橄榄石所计算的南海底潜在地幔温度(Tp)平均值为1661℃, 暗示南海地区下的地幔可能存在热量异常，为海南地区存在地幔柱的观点提供了证据。单斜辉石富钙、钛，由单斜辉石-熔体平衡温压计计算的岩浆房深度分别为：碱玄岩岩浆房深度约49km（对应压力为1.46～1.48 GPa）；粗面玄武岩岩浆房约25km（对应压力为0.76 GPa）；玄武岩岩浆房约15km（对应压力为0.44GPa）。由碱玄岩→粗面玄武岩→玄武岩，平衡温度(K)依次降低:从1535～1498→1429→1369。由斜长石微晶所计算的岩浆喷出地表的温度为989℃。 主量元素特征表明，岩石类型主要为碱玄岩，有少量的粗面玄武岩和玄武岩，属于碱性系列。微量元素方面，大离子亲石元素(LILE)以及高场强元素（HFSE）特别是Nb、Ta、Ti、Y等元素均呈现富集现象，Yb、Sc、Sr以及K、U、Th等生热元素相对亏损，微量元素及稀土元素分布岩石类似板内OIB微量元素的全球平均值。同位素地球化学研究表明，源区存在两个混合端员并具Dupal Pb异常：一个为DMM，位于软流圈或岩石圈地幔中；另一个为EM2源区，可能来自位于核-幔边界处的海南地幔柱而非大陆底岩石圈地幔。研究表明，南半球Dupal异常不存在全球范围内的地区专属性，本区存在的Dupal异常与南半球Dupal异常可能不存在联系。在南海新生代玄武岩的成因过程中，海南地幔柱在为岩石圈地幔的部分熔融作用提供所需的热量同时，也在物质上作出了贡献。南海盆新生代碱性玄武岩由不同程度的部分熔融作用，以及岩浆在上升期间或者在高位岩浆房中的橄榄石等矿物分离结晶作用所形成，同时还可能发生了堆晶作用。构造环境判别表明，玄武岩浆在上升到地表过程中几乎未受到地壳混染。 南海新生代玄武岩的地球化学研究表明，在玄武质岩浆的深部地幔演化过程中，海南地幔柱可能起着重要的作用。通过引入海南岛地幔柱这个概念，本文建立了一个新的有关南海形成演化的初步的概念性模型：（1）50-32Ma，印度洋板块-欧亚板块碰撞及其所导致的太平洋板块后退的综合效应为南海地区提供了一个伸展环境，此伸展环境为地幔柱物质的上升提供了通道；（2）32-21Ma，当地幔柱柱头到达软流圈时, 通过侧向物质流开始同扩张中心发生相互作用，促进了南海的扩张，并在26-24Ma期间发生了洋脊重新就位事件，使扩张中心从原来的18°N附近(即现今西北海盆的中心)调整到15.5°N附近（即现今的东部亚盆）；（3）21-15.5Ma, 随着地幔柱效应的逐渐增强，热点-洋脊相互作用越来越强烈，在大约21Ma发生了洋脊的再次重新就位事件，诱发了西南海盆的扩张；（4）15.5-现在，由于印澳板块前缘与巽他大陆碰撞，使得南海大约在15.5Ma停止扩张,并沿着南沙海槽及吕宋海沟向菲律宾岛弧及巴拉望地块之下俯冲，而南海热点继续活动，在地表处直到第四纪还有碱性玄武岩喷出。

牙鲆rag基因的克隆及表达研究

牙鲆在中国北方沿海地区形成了大规模的工厂化养殖，成为我国海水养殖的一大重要产业。然而疾病的频繁发生严重阻碍了这一产业的发展，为了保证牙鲆产业稳定、健康、持续地发展，开展鱼类免疫系统的基础研究，提高鱼类抵抗病原菌侵害的能力，本研究从牙鲆免疫系统的个体发育过程入手，克隆了其rag（recombination activating gene）基因，在此基础上对其组织特异性表达进行了分析。 研究结果表明牙鲆rag1基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成，第一个外显子位于5’非翻译区，这一外显子存在两种不同的剪切方式。牙鲆rag1基因编码1068个氨基酸。牙鲆rag2基因的编码区序列长为1602 bp，编码533个氨基酸，没有在牙鲆rag2基因编码区内发现内含子的存在。rag基因间序列长为3128 bp，两个基因共用一段3’非编码区。 本试验通过RT-PCR检测发现，牙鲆的rag1和rag2基因在头肾和体肾中均有表达。整装原位杂交结果表明，牙鲆在受精后第8天开始起有rag1和rag2基因的表达，主要在胸鳍前面，腮背部的部位表达，这个区域与后来胸腺出现的位置相一致。冰冻切片结果显示，rag是在靠近咽部的区域有表达。石蜡切片原位杂交结果显示，rag基因在胸腺中的表达显示出不均一性，着色较深的为皮层区，而着色比较浅的为髓部。 将牙鲆rag1基因的一部分（编码559个氨基酸）和rag2全基因序列（编码533个氨基酸）插入到表达质粒pProEXTM HTa上，在大肠杆菌E. coli BL-21中进行体外表达与分析，结合BD TALONTM Metal Affinity Resins亲和柱纯化了RAG2蛋白。

Dibenzyl bromophenols with diverse dimerization patterns from the brown alga Leathesia nana

Six novel dibenzyl bromophenols (1-6) with different dimerization patterns and two propyl bromophenol derivatives (7 and 8), together with 11 known bromophenol derivatives, were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the brown alga Leathesia nana. On the basis of spectroscopic methods the structures of the new compounds were determined as 5,6'-diethyloxymethyl-3,4,2'-tribromo-2,3',4'-trihydroxydiphenyl ether (1), 2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (2), 6-(2,3-dibromo-4,5dihydroxybenzyl)-2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy benzyl methyl ether (3), 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-3,4,7,8-tetrabromo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroxyanthracene (4), (+)-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-bromo-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran (5), rel-(4aS*,10aR*)-(+/-)-6,7-dibromo-4a-hydroxy-3,8-dihydroxymethyl-10a-methoxy- 1,4,4a, 10a-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin-1-one (6), (E)-2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propenal (7), and 2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol (8). Some compounds including 3 showed in vitro selective cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. This is the first brown alga to be reported containing bromophenols.

Mining expressed sequences for single nucleotide polymorphisms in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai

Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are important resources for population genetics, pedigree analysis and genomic mapping, such loci have not been reported in Pacific abalone so far. In this study, a bioinformatics strategy was adopted to discover SNPs within the expressed sequences (ESTs) of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, and furthermore, polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing (PCR-DS) and allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) were used for SNPs detection and genotype scoring respectively. A total of 5893 ESTs were assembled and 302 putative SNPs were identified. The average density of SNPs in ESTs was 1%. Fifty-two sets of sequencing primers were designed from SNPs flanking ESTs to amplify the genomic DNA, and 13 could generate products of expected size. Polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing of the amplification products from pooled DNA samples revealed 40 polymorphic SNP loci. Using a modified tetra-primer AS-PCR, seven mitochondrial and six nuclear SNPs were typed and characterized among 37 wild abalones. In conclusion, it is feasible to discover SNPs from number limited ESTs and the AS-PCR as a simple, robust and reliable assay could be a primary method for small- and medium-scale SNPs detection in abalones as well as other non-model organisms.

机器人多级自适应控制器鲁棒性分析

本文给出了机器人关节系统多级自适应控制器的鲁棒性分析.分析表明机器人多级自适应控制系统即使子系统间存在相互关联项和子系统存在未建模特性.采用σ-修正法也能保证系统的输出有界.

乍得西南部中新生代火山作用与盆地演化

Located in the Central and West African, Chad, which is not well geological explored, is characterized by Mesozoic- Cenozoic intra-continental rift basins. The boreholes exposed that, during Mesozoic-Cenozoic times, volcanic activities were intense in these basins, but study on volcanic rocks is very weak, especially on those embedded in rift basins, and so far systematic and detailed work has still no carried out. Based on the project of China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Corporation, “The analysis of reservoir condition and the evaluation of exploration targets of seven basins in block H in Chad”, and the cooperative project between Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS and CNPC International (Chad) Co. Ltd., “Chronology and geochemistry studies on Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad Basins”, systematic geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry studies on volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad basins have been done in the thesis for the first time. Detailed geochronological study using whole-rock K-Ar and Ar-Ar methods shows the mainly eruption ages of these volcanic rocks are Late Cretaceous- Paleogene. Volcanic rocks in the well Nere-1 and Figuier-1 from Doba basin are products of the Late Cretaceous which majority of the K-Ar (Ar-Ar) ages fall in the interval 95-75 Ma, whereas volcanic rocks in the well Ronier-1 from Bongor Basin and the Well Acacia-1 from Lake Chad Basin formed in the Paleogene which the ages concentrated in 66-52Ma. Two main periods of volcanic activity can be recognized in the study area, namely, the Late Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period. Volcanic activities have a general trend of south to north migration, but this may be only a local expression, and farther future studies should be carried on. Petrology study exhibits these volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad basins are mainly tholeiitic basalt. Major- and trace elements as well as Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry studies show that the late Cretaceous and the Paleogene basalts have a definitely genetic relationship, and magmas which the basalts in southwestern Chad basins derived from were produced by fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene and had not do suffered from crustal contamination. These basalts are prominently enriched light rare earth elements (LREE), large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) and depleted compatible elements. They have positive Ba, Pb, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf anomalies and negative Th, U, P,Y anomalies. It is possible that the basalts from southwestern Chad basins mainly formed by mixing of depleted mantle (DM) and enriched mantle (EMⅡ) sources. The late Cretaceous basalts have higher (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios than the Paleogene basalts’, whereas have lower (143Nd/144Nd)i ratios than the latter, showing a significant temporal evolution. The mantle sources of the Late Cretaceous basalts may have more enriched mantle(EMⅡ) compositions, whereas those of the Paleogene basalts are relatively more asthenospheric mantle (DM) components. The mantle components with temporal change observed in basalts from Chad basins were probably correlated with the asthenospheric mantle upwelling and lithospheric thinning in Central and Western Africa since Mesozoic. Mesozoic- Cenozoic Volcanism in Chad basins probably is a product of intra- plate extensional stress regime, corresponded to the tectonic setting of the whole West and Central African during Cretaceous. Volcanism is closely correlated with rifting. As time passed from early period to late, the basaltic magma of Chad basins, characterized with shallower genetic depth, higher density and smaller viscosity, probably indicates the gradual strengthening evolution of the rifting. In the initial rife stage, volcanic activities are absent in the study area. Volcanic activities are basiccally corresponded with the strong extensional period of Chad basins, and the eruption of basalts was slightly lagged behind the extensional period. In the post-rift stage (30-0Ma), these basins shifted to the thermal sag phase, volcanic activities in the study area significantly decreased and then terminated.

贵州省务川地区土法炼汞工人汞蒸汽暴露调查及健康影响评价

为探讨土法炼汞过程中汞蒸汽暴露对炼汞工人健康的影响，测定了贵州省务川土法炼汞区和对照区（贵州省长顺县）人群的尿汞、尿常规参数（pH、葡萄糖、尿胆红素原、潜血、尿蛋白）、尿肌酐和尿B2微球蛋白含量，并对两地区人群进行了详细的健康检查。测定结果显示，土法炼汞区人群尿汞和尿B2微球蛋白的平均含量分别高达779μg·g^-1Cr和208．5μg·g^-1Cr，远远高于对照区人群的尿汞1．24μg·g^-1Cr和尿B2微球蛋白75．4μg·g^-1Cr．分析表明，务川地区土法炼汞人群遭受了较严重的汞蒸汽暴露，部分暴露人群已经表现出轻度慢性汞中毒的症状，其肾脏已经遭受到一定程度的损伤.

云南兰坪金顶超大型铅锌矿区镉的环境地球化学研究

矿产资源开采利用过程中导致的重金属环境污染问题日益严重。我国铅锌矿资源丰富，其开采利用过程中镉的环境污染也日益突出。本文通过对云南兰坪金顶Pb-Zn矿区矿床开采利用过程中镉等重金属元素的环境地球化学行为及矿区生态环境的研究，得出如下主要结论。 1. 矿石淋滤实验表明矿区部分氧化铅锌矿石可以很快被再次氧化或者被溶解并释放出大量镉等有害元素，滤出元素可以迅速发生沉淀或被沉淀物包裹，其释放能力表现为Zn>Pb>Cd。铅锌氧化矿石中菱锌矿组分含量是影响镉淋失的主要因素。在开放体系的水-岩作用下，矿区岩石、矿物的自然风化极易造成当地水系统中镉污染。 2. 矿区不同岩（矿）石中镉含量分布差异比较大，围岩中镉含量为50-650 ppm，平均310 ppm，原生矿中镉含量为14-2800 ppm，平均767 ppm，氧化矿中镉含量为110-8200 ppm，平均1661 ppm，其平均值最高。Zn、Cd地球化学性质的差异导致了二者在原生矿和氧化矿中的不同地球化学分配特点，原生矿Zn/Cd高于氧化矿Zn/Cd，表明氧化环境中镉更容易在氧化矿中富集，而锌更容易被氧化析出到环境中。氧化矿中Cd与Ca呈负相关，这表明Cd的富集和Ca的氧化淋失是同时进行的，并且还可能有Cd对Ca的类质同像代替存在。 3. 矿区上游对照区土壤中的高含量Cd浓度是因土壤母质层重金属高背景值造成的，而非人为污染。矿区中心区土壤受到严重Cd污染，可能与选厂、采场废石堆、尾矿库和露采矿山大范围暴露有关。矿区沿沘江下游两岸土壤中Cd含量远远超出上游土壤背景值和金顶全区土壤背景值，这可能是与污水灌溉有关。通过加权综合污染指数评价法发现矿区土壤污染的主要因子是Cd，其次是Zn和Pb，矿区土壤重金属污染贡献顺序为：Cd>Zn>Pb。矿区土壤污染主要表现为：矿区土壤污染有从中心区向沘江下游扩散区土壤中蔓延的趋势。 4. 矿区水体中出现较高含量的镉，高出天然河流中镉含量的50-100倍。矿区架崖山、北厂和跑马坪等采矿区水体中镉浓度范围在15-30 µg/L之间。矿区水体中镉含量水平表现为：矿山浅层地下水>矿山溪流水>沘江河水。研究结果表明，矿区沘江下游河段水体明显受镉污染，其中水体中镉的平均含量为15.7 µg/L，悬浮物中镉含量为49.3 mg/kg，沉积物中镉含量为203.7 mg/kg。矿区载镉岩石和矿物的自然风化是造成矿区水环境中镉污染的直接原因。 5. 跑马坪采场的废弃石具有较低的Cd含量，而北厂、架崖山采场的废弃石具有较高的Cd浓度，可能与废弃矿石类型本身差异有关。尾矿剖面中的Cd含量，在表层中随剖面深度呈递减趋势，在中层随剖面深度变化不明显，而在底层中明显富集。尾矿库表层尾矿样品中弱酸提取态和可还原态Cd高于底层尾矿样品，相比之下，表层尾矿中Cd等重金属元素易于释放到环境中，对环境的潜在危害大。老尾矿库尾矿砂中Cd金属总量高于新尾矿库尾矿砂，可能还是因为选矿工艺、技术的差异造成的。 6. 矿区污染段水体中硫同位素值较低，远远低于上游非污染区硫同位素值。矿区水体中δ34S值保持了金顶铅锌矿山源区矿山物质硫同位素的特征，显示了矿山来源物质的影响。根据水体硫酸盐中硫同位素稀释原理，研究发现沘江下游水体SO42-中85 %的硫来源于矿山物质。 7. 从矿区筛选出Cd、Zn、Pb的超富集植物共有4种：其中Cd超富集植物有2种，分别是本地生条裂萎陵菜（Potentilla lancinata Card. In Lecomte）和辣子草（Galinsoga parviflora Cav.）；Zn超富集植物仅发现有1种植物，为节节草（Equisetum ramosissmum Desf.）；Pb超富集植物发现了1种植物，为毛莲菜（Picris hieracioides L.）。这些植物均具备了超富集植物的基本特征，在污染土壤治理与修复方面具有一定的实践意义。 8. 建立了金顶铅锌矿山（床）地质环境模型。Cd的释放、迁移扩散模式为：雨水淋滤时，矿山固体废弃物产生富Cd的酸性或弱酸性矿山排水，通过下渗淋滤发生测向和垂向迁移，进入周边水体和土壤，然后被水系沉积物中针铁矿、方解石等吸附，并在沉降物中沉淀富集，导致矿区主要河流沘江水体的自净能力下降，加速水体的进一步恶化，破坏生物生存环境。矿区受污染水体、土壤和大气中的有害物质通过生物链进入动植物体内，进而危害人类健康。