Efeito Kerr magneto-óptico; Ressonância ferromagnética; Acoplamento bilinear; Acoplamento biquadrático

In this work, we investigated the magnetic properties of a monocrystalline Fe thin film and of Fe(80 Å)/Cr(t)/Fe(80 Å) tri-layers, with the nonmagnetic metallic Cr spacer layer thickness varying between 9 Å < t < 40 Å. The samples were deposited by the DC Sputtering on Magnesium Oxide (MgO) substrates, with (100) crystal orientation. For this investigation, experimental magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) techniques were employeed. In this case, these techniques allowed us to study the static and dynamical magnetization properties of our tri-layers. The experimental results were interpreted based on the phenomenological model that takes into account the relevant energy terms to the magnetic free energy to describe the system behavior. In the case of the monocrystalline Fe film, we performed an analytical discussion on the magnetization curves and developed a numerical simulation based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model, that enables the numerical adjustment of the experimental magnetization curves and obtainment of the anisotropy field values. On the other hand, for the tri-layers, we analyzed the existence of bilinear and biquadratic couplings between the magnetizations of adjacent ferromagnetic layers from measurements of magnetization curves. With the FMR fields and line width angular dependencies, information on the anisotropy in three layers was obtained and the effects of different magnetic relaxation mechanisms were evidenced. It was also possible to observe the dependence of the epitaxy of the multilayers with growth and sputtering parameters. Additionally it was developed the technique of AC magnetic susceptibility in order to obtain further information during the investigation of magnetic thin films

Anisotropia magnética (110) em Nanofilmes de Permalloy sobre MgO(100)

The study and fabrication of nanostructured systems composed of magnetic materials has been an area of great scientific and technological interest. Soft magnetic materials, in particular, have had great importance in the development of magnetic devices. Among such materials we highlight the use of alloys of Ni and Fe, known as Permalloy. We present measurement results of structural characterization and magnetic films in Permalloy (Ni81Fe19), known to be a material with high magnetic permeability, low coercivity and small magneto- crystalline anisotropy, deposited on MgO (100) substrates. The Magnetron Sputtering technique was used to obtain the samples with thicknesses varying between 9 150 nm. The techniques of X- ray Diffraction at high and low angle were employed to confirm the crystallographic orientation and thickness of the films. In order to investigate the magnetic properties of the films the techniques of Vibrant Sample Magnetometry (VSM), Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) and Magnetoimpedance were used. The magnetization curves revealed the presence of anisotropy for the films of Py/MgO (100), where it was found that there are three distinct axis - an easy-axis for θH = 0°, a hard-axis for θH = 45° and an intermediate for θH = 90°. The results of the FMR and Magnetoimpedance techniques confirm that there are three distinct axes, that is, there is a type C2 symmetry. Then we propose, for these results, the interpretation of the magnetic anisotropy of Py/MgO ( 100 ) is of type simple C2, ie a cubic magnetic anisotropy type ( 110 )

Síntese e caracterização estrutural e magnética da ferrita de cálcio

The calcium ferrite (Ca2Fe2O5) has a perovskite-type structure with oxygen deficiency and is used as a chemical catalyst. With the advent of nanoscience and nanotechnology, methods of preparation, physical and chemical characterizations, and the technological applications of nanoparticles have attracted great scientific interest. Calcium nanostructured ferrites were produced via high-energy milling, with subsequent heat treatment. The milling products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, magnetization and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Samples of the type Ca2Fe2O5 were obtained from the CaCO3 and Fe2O3 powder precursors, which were mixed stoichiometrically and milled for 10h and thermally treated at 700ºC, 900ºC and 1100ºC. The Mössbauer spectra of the treated samples were adjusted three subespectros: calcium ferrite (octahedral and tetrahedral sites) and a paramagnetic component, related to very small particles of calcium ferrite, which are in a superparamagnetic state. For samples beats in an atmosphere of methyl alcohol, there is a significant increase in area associated with the paramagnetic component. Hysteresis curves obtained are characteristic of a weak ferromagnetic-like material

Dinâmica não linear de sistemas de levitação magnética

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Relações entre mineralogia da argila, suscetibilidade magnética e adsorção de fósforo em latossolos da região de Jaboticabal-SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV

Espectroscopia mecânica em ruteno-cupratos: mobilidade de vacâncias de oxigênio intersticial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Síntese e caracterização de materiais híbridos (PCHs e Organoargilas) com aplicabilidade na adsorção de fenol, benzeno e tolueno

Este estudo avalia o uso de argila do Estado do Acre de natureza esmectítica (argila original) como precursora na síntese de PCHs (Porous Clay Heterostructure) e na organofuncionalização com mercaptopropiltrimetoxisilano (MPTS-Arg) e aplicabilidade desses materiais como adsorventes de fenol, benzeno e tolueno em fase líquida. A síntese de PCHs envolve as seguintes etapas: preparação de organoargila com hexadeciltrimetilamônio (HDTMA-Argila); aumento do espaçamento basal (d₀₀₁) da organoargila usando o cosurfactante octilamina e adição concomitante de uma fonte de Si, como o tetraetilortosilicato (TEOS); lavagens com etanol em HCl, secagem a 60 o C (PCH-60 A e B); calcinação a 500 o C e 700 º C (PCH 500 A/B e PCH 700), com a remoção do surfatante/co-surfactante e consequente substituição destas substâncias orgânicas por prótons que permanecem nas paredes das galerias de pilares de SiO₂ até novo tratamento porventura realizado no PCH. O material MPTS-Arg foi obtido a partir da intercalação de mercaptopropiltrimetoxisilano na argila original sob agitação durante 1 h (Arg-MPTS 1) e na argila original previamente tratada com HCl 1 mol L^-1 e sob agitação durante 2 h (Arg-MPOS 2). Os materiais (argila original, HDTMA-Argila, PCH-60, PCH-500/700 e MPTS-Arg) foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura acoplado a espectroscopia de raios X por dispersão de energia (MEV/ EDS), espectroscopia de absorção molecular IV com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), técnicas de análises térmicas (DTA_TG) e análises texturais, como as medidas de área superficial específica (ASEBET, ASE_Langmuir), volume total de poros (VTP) e diâmetro médio de poros (DMP). Caracterização complementar por ressonância nuclear magnética no estado sólido acoplada a espectrometria de massa (RMN-M AS) foi realizada para o PCH-500 A. Nos experimentos de adsorção de fenol, benzeno e tolueno foram utilizadas suspensões aquosas dos adsorventes contendo separadamente os adsorvatos. As concentrações de equilíbrio de fenol, tolueno e benzeno foram medidas por espectroscopia de absorção molecular na região ultravioleta, conforme método aceito e aplicado em outros estudos de adsorção. Foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: identificação do argilomineral esmectita na argila natural com espaçamento basal de 1,25nm; intercalação do HDTMA e do MPTS com expansão do d(001) para 1,95nm (HDTMA-Arg 5) e 2,1nm (MPTS-Argila 1h). Após a modificação observou-se através da análise de EDS um decréscimo das concentrações dos elementos Na, Si e Al (%) nas posições interlamelares e aumento na concentração de C. O espectro ²⁹Si MAS NMR do PCH-500 A apresentou sinais químicos dos centro Q₃ Si(OSi)₃OH e Q₄ Si(OSi)₄ que indicam a formação de sílica em sua estrutura. Os PCHs (60 e 500 A) foram classificados como mesoporosos, apresentando ASE_BET entre 417 a 446 m² g^-1 e volume total de poros (cm³ g^-1) = 0,367 - 0,369. O aumento da temperatura de calcinação do PCH 500 para 700 o C (PCH 700) propiciou decréscimos em SBET (305 m² g^-1) e diâmetro médio de poros (0.976 nm). Foi verificado a partir da avaliação das medidas dos diâmetro de poros em PCH 700 que 46% das medidas correspondem a microporos. No estudo do equilíbrio de adsorção foram obtidos os valores de K_L (L mg^-1), K_F (L mg^-1) e q_Max (mg g^-1) nos seguintes processos: (i) adsorção de fenol (1.40; 2.26 e 3.80) e tolueno (145, 7.18 e 135) em PCH-500 A; (ii) adsorção de benzeno (0.33, 41.49 e 69.81) em PCH 500 B; (iii) na adsorção de tolueno em argila-MPOS 1 (1.06, 118.9 e 146) e argila-MPOS 2 (2.1, 92 e 97); (iv) na adsorção de fenol (0.07, 0.48 e 4.44) e benzeno (0.11, 4.95 e 35.8) em HDTA-Arg 5, respectivamente. Os dados obtidos sobre a caracterização dos materiais indicaram que a formação dos PCHs propiciou grande aumento nas concentrações de Si e decréscimo nas concentrações de Al, Fe e outros elementos, devido à delaminação- exfoliação da esmectita original. Foi verificado que os materiais são mais adequados para adsorção de tolueno e benzeno do que fenol.

Mapeamento do fósforo adsorvido por meio da cor e da suscetibilidade magnética do solo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of mapping adsorbed phosphorus through soil color and magnetic susceptibility. The experiment was done in a 380-ha sugarcane area, which included four types of Oxisols, with different texture and natural fertility. Two hundred and forty-one soil samples were collected at 0.00-0.25-m depth. The soil redness index was calculated from sample values of hue, value, and chroma, obtained with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Regression models were adjusted between adsorbed phosphorus and soil magnetic susceptibility or redness index. Data spatial dependence was evaluated with geostatistics. Magnetic susceptibility is significantly correlated to adsorbed phosphorus, which allows it to be used as a component in pedotransfer functions for indirect quantification of soil adsorbed phosphorus. The redness index and the magnetic susceptibility show spatial dependency with adsorbed phosphorus. Soil magnetic susceptibility and redness index, evaluated with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, can aid in the mapping and identification of areas with different phosphorus adsorption potential.

Síntese e caracterização estrutural, magnética e térmica da hidroxiapatita dopada com ferro

In this work, composites were prepared using high energy mechanical milling from the precursors hydroxyapatite - HAp (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and metallic iron ( -Fe ). The main goal here is to study composites in order to employ them in magnetic hyperthermia for cancer therapy. The produced samples were characterized by X-ray di raction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), magnetization curves as a function of applied eld (MxH), and nally measurements of magnetic hyperthermia. The XRD patterns of the milled samples HAp/Fe revealed only the presence of precursor materials. The SEM showed clusters with irregular shapes. The magnetization curves indicated typical cases of weak ferromagnetic behavior. For samples submitted to grinding and annealing, the identi ed phases were: HAp (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), hematite (Fe2O3) and Calcium Iron Phosphate (Ca9Fe(PO4)7). Analyzing the results of MxH, there was a reduction of the saturation magnetization, given that the Fe was incorporated into HAp. Hysteresis curves obtained at 300 K are characteristics of samples possessing over a phase. At 77 K, the behavior of the hysteresis curve is in uenced by the presence of hematite, which is antiferromagnetic. Already at T = 4.2 K, it is observed a weak ferromagnetic behavior. Furthermore, there is the e ect of exchange bias. Regarding the magnetic hyperthermia, the results of temperature measurements as a function of the alternating eld are promising for applications in magnetic hyperthermia and other biomedical applications.

Estudo da síntese e propriedade magnética de ferritas de manganês/cobalto dopadas com níquel

For the chemical method of synthesis of co-precipitation were produced ferrite powders manganese-cobalt equal stoichiometric formula Mn (1-x) Co (x) Fe2O4, for 0 < x < 1, first reagent element using as the hydroxide ammonium and second time using sodium hydroxide. The obtained powders were calcined at 400 ° C, 650 ° C, 900 ° C and 1150 ° C in a conventional oven type furnace with an air atmosphere for a period of 240 minutes. Other samples were calcined at a temperature of 900 ° C in a controlled atmosphere of argon, to evaluate the possible influence of the atmosphere on the final results the structure and morphology. The samples were also calcined in a microwave oven at 400 ° C and 650 ° C for a period of 45 minutes possible to evaluate the performance of this type of heat treatment furnace. It was successfully tested the ability of this group include isomorphic ferrite with the inclusion of nickel cations in order to evaluate the occurrence of disorder in the crystalline structures and their changes in magnetic characteristics.To identify the structural, morphological, chemical composition and proportions, as well as their magnetic characteristics were performed characterization tests of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric (TG), vibrating sample magnetometry (MAV) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. These tests revealed the occurrence of distortion in the crystal lattice, changes in magnetic response, occurrence of nanosized particles and superparamagnetism

Espectroscopia optogalvânica: alguns aspectos relevantes

In this work we present the optogalvanic effect in ionized gases in an historical perspective. This effect was observed for the first time by Foote and Mohler in 1925, and explained by Penning in 1928 for mixtures (Ne-Ar) and pure gases (or vapours) in 1937. Also, we show some aspects of the contributions of Romenian authors for the development of optogalvanic spectroscopy, which was used as a new technique only after 1964.

Determinação de açúcar total em café cru por espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais

In this work a fast method for the determination of the total sugar levels in samples of raw coffee was developed using the near infrared spectroscopy technique and multivariate regression. The sugar levels were initially obtained using gravimety as the reference method. Later on, the regression models were built from the near infrared spectra of the coffee samples. The original spectra were pre-treated according to the Kubelka-Munk transformation and multiplicative signal correction. The proposed analytical method made possible the direct determination of the total sugar levels in the samples with an error lower by 8% with respect to the conventional methodology.

Estudo por espectroscopia micro-Raman dos mecanismos de separação de fase em vidros fosfatos de metais de transição

Glass-ceramics are prepared by controlled separation of crystal phases in glasses, leading to uniform and dense grain structures. On the other hand, chemical leaching of soluble crystal phases yields porous glass-ceramics with important applications. Here, glass/ceramic interfaces of niobo-, vanado- and titano-phosphate glasses were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy, whose spatial resolution revealed the multiphase structures. Phase-separation mechanisms were also determined by this technique, revealing that interface composition remained unchanged as the crystallization front advanced for niobo- and vanadophosphate glasses (interface-controlled crystallization). For titanophosphate glasses, phase composition changed continuously with time up to the equilibrium composition, indicating a spinodal-type phase separation.

Experimento didático de quimiometria para análise exploratória de óleos vegetais comestíveis por espectroscopia no infravermelho médio e análise de componentes principais: um tutorial, parte I

This manuscript aims to show the basic concepts and practical application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a tutorial, using Matlab or Octave computing environment for beginners, undergraduate and graduate students. As a practical example it is shown the exploratory analysis of edible vegetable oils by mid infrared spectroscopy.

Desenvolvimento de um algoritmo para identificação e correção de spikes em espectroscopia Raman de imagem

Raman imaging spectroscopy is a highly useful analytical tool that provides spatial and spectral information on a sample. However, CCD detectors used in dispersive instruments present the drawback of being sensitive to cosmic rays, giving rise to spikes in Raman spectra. Spikes influence variance structures and must be removed prior to the use of multivariate techniques. A new algorithm for correction of spikes in Raman imaging was developed using an approach based on comparison of nearest neighbor pixels. The algorithm showed characteristics including simplicity, rapidity, selectivity and high quality in spike removal from hyperspectral images.