Processo químico industrial de extração de óleo vegetal: um experimento de química geral

In this study we describe an experimental procedure based on a chemical industrial process of soya-bean oil extraction applied in general chemistry for undergraduate students. The experiment was planned according to the Science, Technology and Society (STS) approach to teach basic chemical concepts and provide grounding in the management of environmental care. The use of real life chemistry problems seems to salient the relevance of chemistry to our students and enhances their motivation to learn both the practical and theoretical components of the discipline.

Avaluació de la usabilitat del portal de compra electrònica de la cadena de supermercats Plus Fresc

Aquest treball de final de carrera té com a finalitat analitzar els problemes d’usabilitat d’una botiga online. Aplicant aquesta avaluació podrem obtenir les mancances i els punts forts i/o febles que pot tenir aquesta botiga. L’avaluació es realitzarà amb una aplicació anomenada MORAE. Aquesta aplicació ens proporcionarà les dades necessàries i ens permetrà establir paràmetres indicatius de possibles problemes d’usabilitat de la citada botiga. L’anàlisi estadística ens permet extreure un conjunt de dades que, en analitzar-les, ens permetran establir un conjunt divers d’informació que ens facilitarà, alhora, diferents formes d’anàlisi, tant comparativa com inductiva. L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és avaluar l’eficàcia de la botiga i establir si els usuaris tenen dificultats per treballar amb ella o no. A més a més, es proposaran idees de millora per facilitar el bon ús per als usuaris per tal de fer més gratificant la seva experiència.

Disseny de cel·les digitals paramètriques per a electrònica impresa

L’objectiu d’aquest treball és el disseny i la implementació d’un conjunt de cel·les definides de forma paramètrica, i orientades a l’àmbit tecnològic emergent de l’electrònica impresa. L’ús de cel·les paramètriques en aquest entorn tecnològic poc madur, ha de permetre que els dissenys s’adaptin als canvis de regles de disseny de les tecnologies en aquest cas per estils de disseny PMOS.

Biblioteca de l’Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona. Memòria 2014

Preprint

PROPUESTA DE UN AMBIENTE E-LEARNING PARA EL FORTALECIMIENTO DE LAS HABILIDADES DE ALFABETIZACIÓN VISUAL E INFORMACIONAL: CASO LICENCIATURA EN ELECTRÓNICA - UPN.

El proyecto "Propuesta de un ambiente e-learning para el fortalecimiento de las habilidades de alfabetización visual e informacional: caso Licenciatura en Electrónica - UPN" fortalece la investigación alrededor de ambientes e-learning de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). Con la investigación se buscó determinar las estrategias organizativas, pedagógicas y tecnológicas a implementar en el diseño y desarrollo de un entorno e-learning que promueva las habilidades de alfabetización visual e informacional en estudiantes de primer semestre de la Licenciatura en Electrónica de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional de Colombia. La investigación realizada fue de tipo cualitativo a través de un estudio de caso.

La regulación de la Administración electrónica y sus principios rectores

[spa] Actualmente, nos encontramos inmersos en un proceso de globalización y tecnificación al que las Administraciones públicas, como parte integrante de l a sociedad, no pueden permanecer ajenas. Todas las Administraciones, en sus distintos niveles y ámbitos de actuación, han introducido en su actividad las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, y han puesto en marcha un proceso transformación de carácter cultural, organizativo y jurídico que ha fructificado en un nuevo modelo de gestión de la actividad pública conocido bajo el nombre de Administración electrónica. El uso de las nuevas tecnologías y la transición de una Administración «en pa pel» a una Administración electrónica han conllevado una serie de reformas de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico: nuevas normas y reforma de otras ya existentes que regulan los aspectos técnicos derivados de la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías por parte de la Administración, así como los derechos y garantías de los que están revestidos los ciudadanos cuando se relacionan con la Administración por medios telemáticos. Con este telón de fondo, podemos definir un elenco de principios que regirán la actuación de la Administración electrónica y en los que se erigen como protagonistas aquellos que persiguen garantizar la igualdad y la no discriminación de los ciudadanos, combatiendo la denominada brecha digital.

La Administración electrónica en España: de la 'administración en papel' a la 'e-administración'

[spa] Desde principios de los noventa, nuestra sociedad está sufriendo una serie de cambios asociados al uso masivo de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). En este nuevo modelo social, conocido bajo el nombre de sociedad de la información, las Administraciones públicas han tenido que adaptarse, introduciendo las nuevas tecnologías en su actividad cotidiana. No obstante, la transformación de las Administraciones públicas va más allá del uso de las TIC, pues supone una auténtica transformación de una administración en papel a una verdadera administración electrónica. Todo ello conlleva modificaciones en el ordenamiento jurídico, así como en las relaciones entre la Administración con los ciudadanos. En este trabajo, analizamos el desarrollo de este proceso en las Administraciones públicas españolas.

Role of references in international industrial marketing : a theory-building case study about supplier’s processes of utilizing references

Scientific studies regarding specifically references do not seem to exist. However, the utilization of references is an important practice for many companies involved in industrial marketing. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding about the utilization of references in international industrial marketing in order to contribute to the development of a theory of reference behavior. Specifically, the modes of reference usage in industry, the factors affecting a supplier's reference behavior, and the question how references are actually utilized, are explored in the study. Due to the explorative nature of the study, a research design was followed where theory and empirical studies alternated. An Exploratory Framework was developed to guide a pilot case study that resulted in Framework 1. Results of the pilot study guided an expanded literature review that was used to develop first a Structural Framework and a Process Framework which were combined in Framework 2. Then, the second empirical phase of the case study was conducted in the same (pilot) case company. In this phase, Decision Systems Analysis (DSA) was used as the analysis method. The DSA procedure consists of three interviewing waves: initial interviews, reinterviews, and validating interviews. Four reference decision processes were identified, described and analyzed in the form of flowchart descriptions. The flowchart descriptions were used to explore new constructs and to develop new propositions to develop Framework 2 further. The quality of the study was ascertained by many actions in both empirical parts of the study. The construct validity of the study was ascertained by using multiple sources of evidence and by asking the key informant to review the pilot case report. The DSA method itself includes procedures assuring validity. Because of the choice to conduct a single case study, external validity was not even pursued. High reliability was pursued through detailed documentation and thorough reporting of evidence. It was concluded that the core of the concept of reference is a customer relationship regardless of the concrete forms a reference might take in its utilization. Depending on various contingencies, references might have various tasks inside the four roles of increasing 1) efficiency of sales and sales management, 2) efficiency of the business, 3) effectiveness of marketing activities, and 4) effectiveness in establishing, maintaining and enhancing customer relationships. Thus, references have not only external but internal tasks as well. A supplier's reference behavior might be affected by many hierarchical conditions. Additionally, the empirical study showed that the supplier can utilize its references as a continuous, all pervasive decision making process through various practices. The process includes both individual and unstructured decision making subprocesses. The proposed concept of reference can be used to guide a reference policy recommendable for companies for which the utilization of references is important. The significance of the study is threefold: proposing the concept of reference, developing a framework of a supplier's reference behavior and its short term process of utilizing references, and conceptual structuring of an unstructured and in industrial marketing important phenomenon to four roles.

Urban space and industrial heritage

Postprint (published version)

Distribuição de mercúrio total como indicador de poluição urbana e industrial na costa brasileira

The monitoring of the pollution status of the Brazilian coast is hampered by the lack of a consistent environmental indicator. We propose Hg as an environmental proxy to anthropogenic pollution of coastal regions due to its absence in the Brazilian geology, its ubiquity in anthropogenic effluents, and its toxicity. Available data suggest Hg "backgrounds" in coastal sediments of 1-10 ng g-1, in the East and 15-30 ng g-1 in the South. We suggest short sediment cores to establish these values estimating a geo-accumulation index to compare all areas. The distribution of index values showed the majority of southern coast at least moderately contaminated whereas many eastern areas are still pristine.

Avantatges i inconvenients de la metodologia INE per a elaborar indicadors de la producció industrial per a les regions espanyoles

Conèixer l'evolució conjuntural del sector industrial, tant a nivell nacional com regional, és de gran importància. En aquest sentit, el retard en la publicació de les xifres de les Comptabilitats Nacionals/Regionals, fa necessària l'elaboració d'indicadors que permetin dur a terme un seguiment a curt termini de l'activitat industrial. Així, l'INE elabora un IPI mensual obtingut pel mètode directe pel conjunt de l'Estat. D'altra banda, al llarg dels darrers anys, a algunes comunitats autònomes espanyoles, s'han engegat projectes centrats en l'elaboració d'indicadors de l'activitat industrial regional, tot i que a partir de metodologies no homogènies. Per corregir aquesta situació, d'un temps ençà, a diferents fòrums s'ha proposat emprar la metodologia emprada per l'IDESCAT per elaborar l'indicador de la comunitat catalana com a alternativa per construir indicadors de l'activitat industrial regional, atès el seu bon comportament per Catalunya. Així, l'INE recentment ha publicat uns IPIs per les CA espanyoles d'acord amb dita metodologia. A aquest treball s'estudia la idoneïtat d'estendre l'esmentada metodologia a totes les regions espanyoles. Per això, es duu a terme una anàlisi comparativa centrada en (tres de) les quatre regions que disposen d'un IPI elaborat pel mètode directe: Andalusia, Astúries i el País Basc.

O impacto industrial na composição química das águas subterrâneas com enfoque de consumo humano (Rio Grande, RS)

The alteration in the quality of groundwater in the industrial zone of Brazil's southernmost state was assessed by a hydrogeochemical study. In 70-85% of the studied area, fluoride, nitrate and phosphate in groundwater surpass the maximum limits for human consumption according to Brazilian environmental legislation. The chemical spectrum of contaminants and their spatial distribution show that fertilizer production processes are responsible for groundwater pollution. The natural conditions of the region are not favorable for minimal protection against infiltration of pollutants into the aquifer.

Caracterización de las almazaras cooperativas catalanas : análisis interno de la fase industrial o de transformación

En el presente artículo hemos tratado de analizar las características de las almazaras cooperativas catalanas con la finalidad de destacar no solamente sus elementos más importantes de gestión sino también sus principales debilidades. Las cooperativas se consideran instrumentos útiles para acometer políticas de desarrollo económico y bienestar social. A pesar de ello hay un gran debate abierto acerca de la eficiencia de estas organizaciones, que plantean el interrogante de si están en condiciones de competir con éxito en una economía cada vez más abierta, liberalizada y global. A través de las encuestas que hemos realizado al conjunto de las cooperativas oleícolas de Catalunya, hemos podido averiguar sus características distintivas, así como las principales desventajas y problemas a los que se enfrentan. Creemos puede ser de interés analizar las características de estas organizaciones, que tanto desde el punto de vista organizativo como de recursos humanos, como financiero, las hace diferentes de otro tipo de organizaciones pero que sin embargo, han de hacer frente a un mercado cada día más exigente y competitivo

Position sensorless electrically excited synchronous motor drive for industrial use based on direct flux linkage and torque control

Synchronous machines with an AC converter are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion drives as well as in rolling mill drives in steel industry. These motors are used because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening area. Present day drives for electrically excited synchronous motors are equipped with position sensors. Most drives for electrically excited synchronous motors will be equipped with position sensors also in future. This kind of drives with good dynamics are mainly used in metal industry. Drives without a position sensor can be used e.g. in ship propulsion and in large pump and blower drives. Nowadays, these drives are equipped with a position sensor, too. The tendency is to avoid a position sensor if possible, since a sensor reduces the reliability of the drive and increases costs (latter is not very significant for large drives). A new control technique for a synchronous motor drive is a combination of the Direct Flux Linkage Control (DFLC) based on a voltage model and a supervising method (e.g. current model). This combination is called Direct Torque Control method (DTC). In the case of the position sensorless drive, the DTC can be implemented by using other supervising methods that keep the stator flux linkage origin centered. In this thesis, a method for the observation of the drift of the real stator flux linkage in the DTC drive is introduced. It is also shown how this method can be used as a supervising method that keeps the stator flux linkage origin centered in the case of the DTC. In the position sensorless case, a synchronous motor can be started up with the DTC control, when a method for the determination of the initial rotor position presented in this thesis is used. The load characteristics of such a drive are not very good at low rotational speeds. Furthermore, continuous operation at a zero speed and at a low rotational speed is not possible, which is partly due to the problems related to the flux linkage estimate. For operation in a low speed area, a stator current control method based on the DFLC modulator (DMCQ is presented. With the DMCC, it is possible to start up and operate a synchronous motor at a zero speed and at low rotational speeds in general. The DMCC is necessary in situations where high torque (e.g. nominal torque) is required at the starting moment, or if the motor runs several seconds at a zero speed or at a low speed range (up to 2 Hz). The behaviour of the described methods is shown with test results. The test results are presented for the direct flux linkage and torque controlled test drive system with a 14.5 kVA, four pole salient pole synchronous motor with a damper winding and electric excitation. The static accuracy of the drive is verified by measuring the torque in a static load operation, and the dynamics of the drive is proven in load transient tests. The performance of the drive concept presented in this work is sufficient e.g. for ship propulsion and for large pump drives. Furthermore, the developed methods are almost independent of the machine parameters.

Salient Pole Synchronous Machine Modelling in an Industrial Direct Torque Controlled Drive Application

Synchronous motors are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion systems and in steel factories' rolling mills because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening range. This, however, requires an extremely good torque control system. A fast torque response and a torque accuracy are basic requirements for such a drive. For large power, high dynamic performance drives the commonly known principle of field oriented vector control has been used solely hitherto, but nowadays it is not the only way to implement such a drive. A new control method Direct Torque Control (DTC) has also emerged. The performance of such a high quality torque control as DTC in dynamically demanding industrial applications is mainly based on the accurate estimate of the various flux linkages' space vectors. Nowadays industrial motor control systems are real time applications with restricted calculation capacity. At the same time the control system requires a simple, fast calculable and reasonably accurate motor model. In this work a method to handle these problems in a Direct Torque Controlled (DTC) salient pole synchronous motor drive is proposed. A motor model which combines the induction law based "voltage model" and motor inductance parameters based "current model" is presented. The voltage model operates as a main model and is calculated at a very fast sampling rate (for example 40 kHz). The stator flux linkage calculated via integration from the stator voltages is corrected using the stator flux linkage computed from the current model. The current model acts as a supervisor that prevents only the motor stator flux linkage from drifting erroneous during longer time intervals. At very low speeds the role of the current model is emphasised but, nevertheless, the voltage model always stays the main model. At higher speeds the function of the current model correction is to act as a stabiliser of the control system. The current model contains a set of inductance parameters which must be known. The validation of the current model in steady state is not self evident. It depends on the accuracy of the saturated value of the inductances. Parameter measurement of the motor model where the supply inverter is used as a measurement signal generator is presented. This so called identification run can be performed prior to delivery or during drive commissioning. A derivation method for the inductance models used for the representation of the saturation effects is proposed. The performance of the electrically excited synchronous motor supplied with the DTC inverter is proven with experimental results. It is shown that it is possible to obtain a good static accuracy of the DTC's torque controller for an electrically excited synchronous motor. The dynamic response is fast and a new operation point is achieved without oscillation. The operation is stable throughout the speed range. The modelling of the magnetising inductance saturation is essential and cross saturation has to be considered as well. The effect of cross saturation is very significant. A DTC inverter can be used as a measuring equipment and the parameters needed for the motor model can be defined by the inverter itself. The main advantage is that the parameters defined are measured in similar magnetic operation conditions and no disagreement between the parameters will exist. The inductance models generated are adequate to meet the requirements of dynamically demanding drives.