Cidades e Internet: Competitividade através da Comunicação

A Internet é provavelmente uma das infraestruturas globais mais importantes. A sua influência estende-se da economia à finança, da sociedade à cultura. Contribuindo para o aumento dos níveis de disseminação da informação, ela torna-se determinante para competitividade territorial. No entanto, esta só existe realmente quando a cadeia de valor dado-informação-conhecimento se repete no tempo e no espaço. Gera-se assim valor, que traduzido em produtividade se materializa num aumento do saber e, por consequência, num desenvolvimento sócio-económico das regiões. As cidades e as regiões definem a geoeconómica global e sua dimensão é sustentada pela influência que detêm no espaço virtual das redes onde se inserem. Esta dinâmica é quantificada de uma forma nem sempre clara, uma vez que a variável que a sustenta, a informação, se torna difícil de quantificar. A localização das variáveis sobre a superfície terrestre está também a tornar-se cada vez mas importante e as tecnologias que permitem a georreferenciação são consideradas como “killer applications” para a competitividade. De facto, o sucesso de muitos negócios está na rapidez da informação e na prontidão do raciocínio. Para as empresas com elevado investimento em inovação e desenvolvimento (I&D), além das variáveis mais tradicionais como a disponibilidade do espaço físico, uma mão-de-obra especializada ou a existência de serviços de apoio, existem outros factores determinantes na escolha de uma localização perfeita do negócio. Por exemplo, uma eficiente rede de telecomunicações. Da mesma forma, para o cidadão, a existência dessa mesma rede pode também ser determinante para a sua actividade social e laboral. Basear a sua “vivência tecnológica” numa rede de fibra óptica será certamente melhor do que numa rede de fio de cobre de baixo débito. Um dos mais aliciantes temas para pesquisa científica é a infraestrutura global da Internet, nomeadamente a localização geográfica de Domínios de Topo (Top Level Domains - TLDs). Este indicador é, certamente, um dos mais importantes para aferir a disseminação da informação e do conhecimento, a difusão da Internet, o nível de maturidade dos modelos de e-Business e e-Government e avaliar níveis de conectividade e competitividade territorial. Assim, os objectivos deste paper são: (i) Analisar a Geografia da Internet na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa; (ii) Observar a correlação entre a demografia, o número de domínios de topo geográficos e o número de empresas; (iii) Analisar o Rácio de Especialização de Registo de Domínios e a Densidade Comunicacional da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa; (iv) Percepcionar como podem ser determinantes para a competitividade dos territórios.

Territórios Globais - Explosão Demográfica e Internet

De acordo com os últimos dados da ONU, a população da terra está a crescer a um ritmo demasiado elevado. Dos cinco mil milhões em 1987, para mais de seis mil milhões em 2007 e, em 2050, mais de 9 mil milhões. Ainda segundo a Agência das Nações Unidas para a População (UNFPA), em 2007 a população urbana já atingia os 50% da população mundial. O acentuado crescimento demográfico far-se-á sentir sobretudo nos continentes Africano e Asiático onde, apenas numa geração, o seu crescimento acumulado duplicará. Isso significa que, daqui a 23 anos nas maiores cidades do mundo, viverão 80% dos habitantes do planeta. O mundo vira-se assim para as cidades, asfixiando-as num insuportável ritmo de crescimento urbano onde, por vezes, várias cidades se juntam numa, tornando-se aglomerações de escala regional. As razões que levam as cidades a um tão elevado crescimento são múltiplas. A sociedade da informação poderá ser um dos factores responsáveis. Se há uns anos se pensava que esta traria uma diminuição da densidade populacional das cidades, devido a factores resultantes de mudanças como o téle-trabalho ou a diminuição do número de deslocações entre o local de trabalho e as periferias, tais pressupostos não se vieram a verificar. A globalização poderia ser outro dos factores explicativos, uma vez que as cidades e as regiões estão a competir por recursos humanos, pela captação de investimento e pela imagem através do marketing territorial. A globalização e a regionalização representam ambos os lados da mesma medalha, reflectindo-se na economia, na cultura e no contexto sócio-político das grandes potências mundiais. Ambas as tendências devem ter, logicamente, expressão na Internet. De facto, além dos domínios de topo associados ao código de cada país (.pt para Portugal, .fr para França. etc.) começa a ser sentida uma enorme necessidade de criar um novo tipo de domínios, quer regionais quer, inclusivamente ao nível das cidades. Estes representariam um conjunto de sub-domínios associados quer a nomes completos, quer a abreviaturas de cidades. Este paper tem assim como objectivos: (i) Observar, para alguns países, o cenário de crescimento demográfico; (ii) Quantificar com base em metodologias de análise da Geografia da Internet, a espacialização territorial do endereçamento IP (Internet Protocol) através do número de hosts por domínios de topo (número de dispositivos on-line); (iii) Questionar a correlação entre deste indicador com a dinâmica demográfica de alguns territórios; (iv) Reflectir sobre as propostas para novas designações de domínios de topo (.eu, .asia, .nyc, .sg, .berlim, etc. ) que representariam comunidades políticas, económicas e/ou culturais de inquestionável relevância.

A Distributed System for the Dissemination of DGPS Data through the Internet

In this paper we describe a low cost distributed system intended to increase the positioning accuracy of outdoor navigation systems based on the Global Positioning System (GPS). Since the accuracy of absolute GPS positioning is insufficient for many outdoor navigation tasks, another GPS based methodology – the Differential GPS (DGPS) – was developed in the nineties. The differential or relative positioning approach is based on the calculation and dissemination of the range errors of the received GPS satellites. GPS/DGPS receivers correlate the broadcasted GPS data with the DGPS corrections, granting users increased accuracy. DGPS data can be disseminated using terrestrial radio beacons, satellites and, more recently, the Internet. Our goal is to provide mobile platforms within our campus with DGPS data for precise outdoor navigation. To achieve this objective, we designed and implemented a three-tier client/server distributed system that, first, establishes Internet links with remote DGPS sources and, then, performs campus-wide dissemination of the obtained data. The Internet links are established between data servers connected to remote DGPS sources and the client, which is the data input module of the campus-wide DGPS data provider. The campus DGPS data provider allows the establishment of both Intranet and wireless links within the campus. This distributed system is expected to provide adequate support for accurate outdoor navigation tasks.

An internet DGPS service for precise outdoor navigation

The goal of the work presented in this paper is to provide mobile platforms within our campus with a GPS based data service capable of supporting precise outdoor navigation. This can be achieved by providing campus-wide access to real time Differential GPS (DGPS) data. As a result, we designed and implemented a three-tier distributed system that provides Internet data links between remote DGPS sources and the campus and a campus-wide DGPS data dissemination service. The Internet data link service is a two-tier client/server where the server-side is connected to the DGPS station and the client-side is located at the campus. The campus-wide DGPS data provider disseminates the DGPS data received at the campus via the campus Intranet and via a wireless data link. The wireless broadcast is intended for portable receivers equipped with a DGPS wireless interface and the Intranet link is provided for receivers with a DGPS serial interface. The application is expected to provide adequate support for accurate outdoor campus navigation tasks.

Real Time Internet DGPS Service

The accuracy of the Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements is insufficient for many outdoor navigation tasks. As a result, in the late nineties, a new methodology – the Differential GPS (DGPS) – was developed. The differential approach is based on the calculation and dissemination of the range errors of the GPS satellites received. GPS/DGPS receivers correlate the broadcasted GPS data with the DGPS corrections, granting users increased accuracy. DGPS data can be disseminated using terrestrial radio beacons, satellites and, more recently, the Internet. Our goal is to provide mobile platforms within our campus with DGPS data for precise outdoor navigation. To achieve this objective, we designed and implemented a three-tier client/server distributed system that establishes Internet links with remote DGPS sources and performs campus-wide dissemination of the obtained data. The Internet links are established between data servers connected to remote DGPS sources and the client, which is the data input module of the campus-wide DGPS data provider. The campus DGPS data provider allows the establishment of both Intranet and wireless links within the campus. This distributed system is expected to provide adequate support for accurate (submetric) outdoor navigation tasks.

Numerical simulation of plasmonic effects in amorphous silicon induced by embedded aluminium nanoparticles

This work reports a theoretical study aimed to identify the plasmonic resonance condition for a system formed by metallic nanoparticles embedded in an a-Si: H matrix. The study is based on a Tauc-Lorentz model for the electrical permittivity of a-Si: H and a Drude model for the metallic nanoparticles. It is calculated the The polarizability of an sphere and ellipsoidal shaped metal nanoparticles with radius of 20 nm. We also performed FDTD simulations of light propagation inside this structure reporting a comparison among the effects caused by a single nanoparticles of Aluminium, Silver and, as a comparison, an ideally perfectly conductor. The simulation results shows that is possible to obtain a plasmonic resonance in the red part of the spectrum (600-700 nm) when 20-30 nm radius Aluminium ellipsoids are embedded into a-Si: H.

Tech-based Innovations in pedagogical practices: the case of ISCAP

TICEduca. III Congresso Internacional TIC e Educação. 14 a 16 Novembro, Lisboa

A rádio na Internet: Do “on air” para o “online”. Estudo de caso do serviço público e o caminho para o futuro

Trabalho de Projecto de Mestrado em Novos Media e Práticas Web

Efficient schedulability tests for real-time embedded systems with urgent routines

Task scheduling is one of the key mechanisms to ensure timeliness in embedded real-time systems. Such systems have often the need to execute not only application tasks but also some urgent routines (e.g. error-detection actions, consistency checkers, interrupt handlers) with minimum latency. Although fixed-priority schedulers such as Rate-Monotonic (RM) are in line with this need, they usually make a low processor utilization available to the system. Moreover, this availability usually decreases with the number of considered tasks. If dynamic-priority schedulers such as Earliest Deadline First (EDF) are applied instead, high system utilization can be guaranteed but the minimum latency for executing urgent routines may not be ensured. In this paper we describe a scheduling model according to which urgent routines are executed at the highest priority level and all other system tasks are scheduled by EDF. We show that the guaranteed processor utilization for the assumed scheduling model is at least as high as the one provided by RM for two tasks, namely 2(2√−1). Seven polynomial time tests for checking the system timeliness are derived and proved correct. The proposed tests are compared against each other and to an exact but exponential running time test.

A importância e utilização da internet como fonte de informação para o enoturista que visita regiões portuguesas

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Marketing Digital, sob orientação de Mestre Maria Antónia Rodrigues Ferreira

Remote operation of embedded controllers designed using IOPT Petri-nets

This paper presents a new communication architecture to enable the remote control, monitoring and debug of embedded-system controllers designed using IOPT Petri nets. IOPT Petri nets and the related tools (http://gres.uninova.pt) have been used as a rapid prototyping and development framework, including model-checking, simulation and automatic code generation tools. The new architecture adds remote operation capabilities to the controllers produced by the automatic code generators, enabling quasi-real-time remote debugging and monitoring using the IOPT simulator tool. Furthermore, it enables the creation of graphical user interfaces for remote operation and the development of distributed systems where a Petri net model running on a central system supervises the actions of multiple remote subsystems. © 2015 IEEE.

High-level Petri nets modules for embedded controllers design

Modular design is crucial to manage large-scale systems and to support the divide-and-conquer development approach. It allows hierarchical representations and, therefore, one can have a system overview, as well as observe component details. Petri nets are suitable to model concurrent systems, but lack on structuring mechanisms to support abstractions and the composition of sub-models, in particular when considering applications to embedded controllers design. In this paper we present a module construct, and an underlying high-level Petri net type, to model embedded controllers. Multiple interfaces can be declared in a module, thus, different instances of the same module can be used in different situations. The interface is a subset of the module nodes, through which the communication with the environment is made. Module places can be annotated with a generic type, overridden with a concrete type at instance level, and constants declared in a module may have a new value in each instance.

Strap repairs using embedded patches: numerical analysis and experimental results

Adhesively bonded repairs offer an attractive option for repair of aluminium structures, compared to more traditional methods such as fastening or welding. The single-strap (SS) and double-strap (DS) repairs are very straightforward to execute but stresses in the adhesive layer peak at the overlap ends. The DS repair requires both sides of the damaged structures to be reachable for repair, which is often not possible. In strap repairs, with the patches bonded at the outer surfaces, some limitations emerge such as the weight, aerodynamics and aesthetics. To minimize these effects, SS and DS repairs with embedded patches were evaluated in this work, such that the patches are flush with the adherends. For this purpose, in this work standard SS and DS repairs, and also with the patches embedded in the adherends, were tested under tension to allow the optimization of some repair variables such as the overlap length (LO) and type of adhesive, thus allowing the maximization of the repair strength. The effect of embedding the patch/patches on the fracture modes and failure loads was compared with finite elements (FE) analysis. The FE analysis was performed in ABAQUS® and cohesive zone modelling was used for the simulation of damage onset and growth in the adhesive layer. The comparison with the test data revealed an accurate prediction for all kinds of joints and provided some principles regarding this technique.

A many-core co-processor for embedded parallel computing on FPGA

Single processor architectures are unable to provide the required performance of high performance embedded systems. Parallel processing based on general-purpose processors can achieve these performances with a considerable increase of required resources. However, in many cases, simplified optimized parallel cores can be used instead of general-purpose processors achieving better performance at lower resource utilization. In this paper, we propose a configurable many-core architecture to serve as a co-processor for high-performance embedded computing on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. The architecture consists of an array of configurable simple cores with support for floating-point operations interconnected with a configurable interconnection network. For each core it is possible to configure the size of the internal memory, the supported operations and number of interfacing ports. The architecture was tested in a ZYNQ-7020 FPGA in the execution of several parallel algorithms. The results show that the proposed many-core architecture achieves better performance than that achieved with a parallel generalpurpose processor and that up to 32 floating-point cores can be implemented in a ZYNQ-7020 SoC FPGA.

Visible range plasmonic effect produced by aluminium nanoparticles embedded in amorphous silicon

We present results, obtained by means of an analytic study and a numerical simulation, about the resonant condition necessary to produce a Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonance (LSPR) effect at the surface of metal nanospheres embedded in an amorphous silicon matrix. The study is based on a Lorentz dispersive model for a-Si:H permittivity and a Drude model for the metals. Considering the absorption spectra of a-Si:H, the best choice for the metal nanoparticles appears to be aluminium, indium or magnesium. No difference has been observed when considering a-SiC:H. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation of an Al nanosphere embedded into an amorphous silicon matrix shows an increased scattering radius and the presence of LSPR induced by the metal/semiconductor interaction under green light (560 nm) illumination. Further results include the effect of the nanoparticles shape (nano-ellipsoids) in controlling the wavelength suitable to produce LSPR. It has been shown that is possible to produce LSPR in the red part of the visible spectrum (the most critical for a-Si:H solar cells applications in terms of light absorption enhancement) with aluminium nano-ellipsoids. As an additional results we may conclude that the double Lorentz-Lorenz model for the optical functions of a-Si:H is numerically stable in 3D simulations and can be used safely in the FDTD algorithm. A further simulation study is directed to determine an optimal spatial distribution of Al nanoparticles, with variable shapes, capable to enhance light absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum, exploiting light trapping and plasmonic effects. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.