Análises morfológica e histoquímicas do ventrículo e do cérebro de operárias recém emergidas de Apis Mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) tratadas com Thiamethoxam

Apis mellifera honeybees are social insects of economic importance, by providing honeybee products, and by the pollination of natural areas of vegetation or agricultural areas. The constant use of pesticides, including the thiamethoxam, which is an insecticide belonging to the class of neonicotinoids with neurotoxic action, is subjecting pollinators to situations of severe stress, which has been evidenced by the decrease in the density of honeybees in many parts of the world. By these considerations, the present study aimed to assess the acute toxicity of thiamethoxam for newly emerged workers of A. mellifera, and to investigate the effect of sublethal doses of this insecticide on the survival time and its cytotoxicity to the brain and midgut to the honeybees. It was established the value of the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) equal to 4.28 ng thiamethoxam/μL of food and from it, the sublethal concentrations of 0.428 ng thiamethoxam/μL (CL50/10) and 0.0428 ng thiamethoxam/μL (CL50/100), which were used in bioassays of intoxication of the honeybees. After the bioassays the bees were dissected and the brain and midguts were collected to analyze possible morphological (staining with Hematoxylin-Eosin) and histochemical alterations (Xylidine Ponceau technique, and Feulgen and PAS reactions) caused by exposure to thiamethoxam, and to calculate the lethal time (LT50) for the workers. The duration of the bioassays was 8 days after beginning of feeding. The results obtained showed that the thiamethoxam is toxic to newly-emerged workers of A. mellifera, causing changes in survival time of individuals. This study also shown that the thiamethoxam causes morphological and histochemical alterations on the midgut and brain of workers. These alterations may be reflected in physiological and behavioral changes that can modify the operation of the colony

Resultados das intervenções educativas em farmacovigilância: uma revisão sistemática

A notificação espontânea por profissionais da saúde é o principal método de avaliação do risco/benefício da utilização de medicamentos, pois permite a análise da frequência, gravidade e expectativa dos eventos adversos a medicamentos (EAMs). No entanto, a principal limitação deste método é a subnotificação dos casos, causando grandes impactos na saúde pública, tais como gastos desnecessários para as instituições e diminuição da segurança do paciente. A fim de identificar técnicas de intervenção educativa efetivas no incentivo à notificação espontânea por profissionais da saúde nos diferentes níveis de atenção, realizou-se revisão sistemática nas bases de dados PUBMED, PAHO, LILACS e EMBASE no período de novembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2012, com posterior atualização em março de 2013, por meio da utilização de descritores científicos em farmacovigilância, buscando-se identificar estudos originais que avaliaram o impacto da intervenção educativa desenvolvida. Pela estratégia elaborada, foram identificados 101 artigos, dos quais 16 contemplaram os critérios de inclusão. A maioria dos estudos inclusos foram conduzidos na Europa (14), e a maioria das intervenções foi destinada ao nível terciário de atenção à saúde (11) e principalmente aos médicos (12). As técnicas efetivas de intervenção educativa identificadas foram multifacetadas, resultando no aumento do número absoluto, porcentagem ou taxa de notificação espontânea, além de melhorar a qualidade dos relatos de reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM): graves, inesperadas, relacionadas a medicamentos novos e com alta causalidade. Ademais, faz-se necessária educação permanente dos profissionais para maior adesão à farmacovigilância e contribuição para o gerenciamento de riscos

Efeitos da experimentação no cotidiano letivo no ensino médio

In this work, it was studied the effects of the experimentation in the physics teaching. Beginning from the theoretic reference and discussions, the objective was prove the efficiency of researches of this nature related to two main aspects of a class: The aroused interest in the students and the facilitating action on the understanding of the theory. For such objective, using the comparison, it was chosen two distinct classes, but the more similar possible, so that, in one of them, it was showed a tradition class, lectures and in another, a class using experimentation to contemplate the theory. To manage a way to rate these aspects, it was made a conceptual questionnaire, requiring only concepts rather than mathematics and equations, besides specific interviews to rate the opinion of the student related to each method. The observations in classes and of the reactions of the students also were of a big value to analysis. After the experimental class completed, it may analyze and conclude some positive points related to experimental methods: As for the opinion of the students, the approval was big, and the majority opined to this class as being “more interesting”. On the point of view of learning, it had a sensitive improvement of grades, but with more mature answers, deep and autonomous, if looking at a general vision

Estudo da contribuição do espalhamento nuclear não elástico na trajetória mais provável de prótons em alvo homogêneo composto de água

The Therapy with proton beam has shown more e ective than Radiotherapy for oncology treatment. However, to its planning use photon beam Computing Tomography that not considers the fundamentals di erences the interaction with the matter between X-rays and Protons. Nowadays, there is a great e ort to develop Tomography with proton beam. In this way it is necessary to know the most likely trajectory of proton beam to image reconstruction. In this work was realized calculus of the most likely trajectory of proton beam in homogeneous target compound with water that was considered the inelastic nuclear interaction. Other calculus was the analytical calculation of lateral de ection of proton beam. In the calculation were utilized programs that use Monte Carlo Method: SRIM 2006 (Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter ), MCNPX (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended) v2.50. And to analytical calculation was employed the software Wolfram Mathematica v7.0. We obtained how di erent nuclear reaction models modify the trajectory of proton beam and the comparative between analytical and Monte Carlo method

Apocinina versus diapocinina como inibidor da produção de peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido hipocloroso por neutrófilos ativados

Apocynin has been used as an efficient inhibitor of the multi-enzymatic complex NADPH oxidase in many experimental models involving phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. The mechanism of inhibition has been linked with the previous activation of apocynin through the action of cellular peroxidases leading to the formation of a dimeric oxidation product, diapocynin. In this study we compared apocynin with pure diapocynin regarding their effects as scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous generated by glucose/glucose oxidase and myeloperoxidase respectively, and as inhibitors of the production of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid by activated neutrophils. The production of hydrogen peroxide was measured by the oxidation of the fluorescent substance Amplex Red and the production of hypochlorous acid by was measured as taurine-chloramine derivative using the chromogenic substrate 3,3’,5,5’- tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Neutrophils (1 x106 cells/mL) were pre-incubated in PBS buffer supplemented with 1 mM calcium chloride, 0.5 mM magnesium chloride, 1 mg/mL glucose and 5 mM taurine in the presence or absence of inhibitors. The reactions were triggered by adding the soluble stimulus Forbol Miristate Acetate PMA or zymosan and incubated by additional 30 minutes. We found that pure diapocynin was not better than apocynin regarding its scavenger and inhibitory properties. These results suggest that the formation of diapocynin is not essential for the action of apocynin as inhibitor of NADPH oxidase activation

Terapia transfusional em pequenos animais

Blood transfusion is a very important therapeutic and profilatic procedure. However, the most part of the transfusions in animals in Brazil are done with total blood. The transfusion therapy made in an appropriate way, with hemotherapic products, can save lives and warranties a better health to patients. In all transfusion procedures, the cross match test must be done because there are lots of different blood group types, based on erythrocytes antigen. A slow infusion rate and intensive patient monitoration help to prevent transfusion reactions, mainly hemolytic reactions

Caracterização de sensores nanoplasmônicos produzidos com os polímeros pdma e paa: Micaela Gisoldi Ribeiro. –

A combinação de polímeros com nanopartículas de metais nobres resultam na formação de filmes finos, que podem ser utilizado na fabricação de nanosensores. Esses filmes finos possuem propriedades exclusivas, que causam ressonância plasmônica de superfície pela mudança conformacional dos mesmos. Essa variação conformacional é causada pela interação com analito ou por estímulo externo, podendo ser analisada por espectroscopia de absorção na região do UV-vis. Este simples e econômico meio de transdução do sinal apresenta-se como uma ferramenta bastante promissora, e se combinado com a alta seletividade encontrada em reações biológicas, torna-se ainda mais promissora no desenvolvimento de sensores. Os esforços desse projeto foram concentrados para o desenvolvimento dos sensores que respondam a estímulos externo e baseado na utilização de polímeros escovas. Este trabalho de conclusão de curso foi baseada na produção de sensores nanoplasmônicos, que na presença de fatores externos causam modificação estrutural dos filmes finos poliméricos depositados sobre um substrato e dão um resposta altamente seletiva. As mudanças conduzirão à geração de sinais ópticos ou eletroquímico, que serão medidos por transmissão de ressonância plasmônica de superfície ou via eletroquímica. Foram realizados experimentos de voltametria cíclica e impedância eletroquímica em pH=3 para avaliar a capacidade de eletródica deste material. Também foram efetuados experimentos por espectrofotometria de absorção na região de ultravioleta-visível em pHs variando de 3 a 7 para se analisar o efeito plasmônico do material. Pode-se notar que em pH mais ácidos o polímero se mostrou mais condutor e de acordo com a literatura este efeito é causado pela expansão polimérica que deixa o mesmo em seu estado ativo ON (expandido). Já em pH mais básicos os polímeros demonstraram um comportamento inverso por os mesmo se contraem, ...

Adesão de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e outros fungos anemófilos a teias de aranhas: implicações para a identificação de nichos microbianos no ambiente

The dimorphic pathogenic fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. While the yeast phase can be isolated from patients affected by paracoccidioidomycosis, dogs and naturally infected armadillos; several elements related to the ecology of the saprophytic phase of the pathogen, which is responsible for the production of infective propagules, are poorly understood, hampering the adoption of preventive measures. The demonstration of the high incidence of Pb infection in the 9- banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, has opened new perspectives for the identification of the pathogen’s habitat. At the opening of the armadillos’ burrows, spider webs are commonly found. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Pb in spider webs samples related to the habitat of armadillos. Spider web samples were collected at Lageado Farm, Botucatu/SP and prepared for microscopic, molecular and mycological analyses. Microscopic analysis showed that different fungi were closely attached to spider web samples. Nested-PCR reaction showed positive amplification for Pb in 4 samples, with identity confirmed by amplicon sequencing. Fungal colonies also included members of Aspergillus, Blastobotrys, Penicillium, Candida, and Sporothrix genera, which are related to opportunistic disease and primary infections of great medical importance. In vitro adhesion tests of mycelia and yeast form of Pb to the spider webs were also performed, in order to analyze the possible physical attraction between fungal cells and the spider web protein network. The results showed a clear adherence of fungal particles to spider webs. In the current literature, there are no studies reporting adhesive properties of microorganisms to spider webs... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Análise da fenologia de oito espécies arbóreas plantadas no campus da UNESP de Rio Claro

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Consultas de enfermagem com pacientes em tratamento para hepatite C

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a worldwide problem of public health and who estimates 2.5% to 4.9% of infection by this virus among the population. This means that there are 3.9 to 7.6 million people at risk of developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. In Brazil, 20% to 58% of patients with chronic liver disease have antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV). To characterize the profile of patients undergoing treatment for hepatitis C in the Ambulatory General HC-FMB/UNESP, identify aspects of the disease and the phases of nursing process addressed during consultation. Transverse and descriptive study involving 38 patients undergoing treatment for Hepatitis C in Ambulatory General Area (Viral Hepatitis) in the period from July to September 2010. The population consisted of 38 patients, most of the males with completed higher education level, Catholic, married and aged predominantly between 41 and 60 years. Among the drugs used, we find the use of antihypertensive, antidepressant / anxiolytic and antidiabetic / hypoglycemic. With respect to specific medications used to treat hepatitis C, we found the use mainly of alfapeguinterferona 2b + ribavirin. The drugs used were complementary erythropoietin and filgastrim. There was a predominance of fibrosis 2 (F2) and genotype 1 (G1). Regarding the means of contamination, it was stressed blood transfusion and injection drug use. The most frequent drug reactions were decreased appetite, weight loss and discouragement. : The Nursing Process is considered a valuable tool in caring for patients with hepatitis C, because it works as identifying aspects of lifestyle, needs and potential of these patients and allows the deployment of humanized care strategies aimed at reduction of health hazards and improving the quality of life of these patients

Rodococose equina: uma revisão com ênfase na fisiopatogenia e tratamento

The rhodococcosis affects humans and animals. Equine are the most important species for rhodococcosis, which is considered the most debilitating disease in the creation of foals, leading to a mortality rates greater than 50% in this category. The disease is caused by Rhodococcus equi, a bacteria considered as a soil-born opportunistic microorganism, intracellular and ubiquitous. The disease in horses is manifested mainly in the form of pyogranulomatous pneumonia and less often in the form of enteric disorders and / or joint disorders. Transmission occurs mainly by ingestion of contaminated food and water, and inhalation in contaminated environment. The organism has mechanisms of evasion of the immune system, maintain viable in inside phagocytic cells, and induces piogranulomatous infections, leading to lesions of difficult treatment using conventional antimicrobials. Lipophilic drugs with good intracellular activity are required to successful treatment. The conventional treatment for foals is based on the combination of erythromycin and rifampin. However, there is a growing concern about the emergence of resistant strains, which makes increasingly studies on the development of alternative antimicrobials for therapy

Novas alternativas quimioterápicas para o tratamento do câncer através de compostos organometálicos de paládio

O câncer, manifestação originada pelo crescimento descontrolado de células, afeta milhões de indivíduos. Os macrófagos são as primeiras células a serem ativadas para participar de uma resposta imunológica propriamente dita, são células capazes de secretar mais de cem produtos biologicamente ativos, entre esses, espécies reativas de nitrogênio e citocinas que atuam no contexto da resposta imunológica e/ou inflamatória. Sabendo que compostos de paládio (II) podem apresentar potenciais atividades antitumorais, neste trabalho foram testado os compostos de fórmula geral PdI2 (tdmPz) e Pd (SCN)2 (tdmPz), quanto a atividade anti-inflamatória e antitumoral. Como droga padrão das reações realizadas foi utilizada a cisplatina. Foi determinada a ação destes compostos frente ao sistema imunológico através, de ensaios de determinação de índice de citotoxicidade mediano (IC50) pela técnica de MTT, óxido nítrico (NO) e determinação das citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNF- e IL-12. Além disso, foi determinada a atividade antitumoral dos compostos frente à célula tumoral de Ehrlich. Os resultados não mostraram produção de NO e das citocinas IL-12 e TNF- pelos macrófagos peritoneais de animais normais e animais portadores do tumor de Ehrlich na sua forma sólida. No que se referem à atividade tóxica dos compostos testados, estes mostraram efeito citotóxico sobre os macrófagos e sobre a linhagem tumoral testada. Sendo assim mesmo não havendo a produção de mediadores próinflamatórios, os compostos apresentaram uma considerável citotoxicidade frente às células tumorais de Ehrlich e macrófagos peritoneais

Formadores de filmes híbridos ureasil-poliéter para proteção da pele e liberação controlada de fármacos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da auto-suficiência energética de reatores anaeróbicos aplicados ao tratamento de resíduos de uma cervejaria em escala piloto

This project aimed to analyze the feasibility of the methane yield associated to the anaerobic digestion of brewery residues, checking whether the energetic balance of the system is favorable. The methane yield efficiency was calculated for the parameters of two papers that treated solids with a particle-size <1mm. Theses solids are not degraded in conventional treatment systems. Calculations were based in the reactions of anaerobic degradation of the macromolecules that compose brewery residues, considering the theoretical production and the effective production of methane. The results were 50.44% and 52.86%. Regarding to the energy balance of the anaerobic treatment, we noted the high influence of the selection and operating regime of electrical equipment over the potential energy. The best situation, in which the energetic self-sufficiency was reached, was observed when using the mixer under an intermittent regime (1min/h), without employing the heating recirculator, for the maximum organic loading of 4.0 gVS/L.day (days 248-258). In this case, the system would generate an amount of energy equal to 0.0356 kWh/day, able to overcome the energy required by the equipment in about 6.5 times. Moreover, we also noted the interference of the application of different solid loadings in the reactors, once the application of the higher organic load generated 5 times more energy than the application of the smaller one

Variabilidade e diversidade genética de populações de Ocotea notata (Nees & Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae)

O presente trabalho analisou os parâmetros genéticos populacionais de variabilidade e diversidade genética de diferentes populações de Ocotea notata (Nees & Mart.) Mez, através de marcadores de DNA do tipo ISSR (Inter Single Sequence Repeats). Para tanto, foram amostrados 243 indivíduos de 12 populações selecionadas na Bahia e Espírito Santo, que ocorrem em campos rupestres e vegetações de restinga, a saber, morfotipos de Ocotea glaucina (Meisn.) Mez: Morro do Chapéu: populações do Tabuleiro dos Guaribas, Ferro Doido, Cria Bode e Lajes; Umburanas; Jacobina; Lençóis: população da Serra das Paridas, e os morfotipos de O. notata, Esplanada: população de Baixios; Salvador: população das Dunas do Abaeté, Alcobaça, Mucuri, e Vila Velha, ES: população de Jacarenema. O DNA total já se encontrava extraído e quantificado em gel de agarose. Foram testados 20 primers de ISSR (University of British Columbia), dos quais quatro apresentaram resultados adequados para as análises, a saber: Manny, Mao, John e UBC 844. A otimização dos protocolos de reações de PCR foi feita no Laboratório de Evolução Molecular, da UNESP de Rio Claro, com a execução das reações de PCR para cada um dos primers, para cada população, e subsequentemente foram feitas as análises dos resultados sob o arcabouço teóricometodológico da genética de populações. A Análise de Variância Molecular (AMOVA) indicou que 23% da variabilidade ocorre entre populações dentro de regiões e 76% entre indivíduos dentro de populações, com variação significativa de 1% ocorrendo entre regiões (populações de Restinga vs. Campos Rupestres)