EL PAISAJE Y LA TRANSICIÓN ENERGÉTICA: COMPARANDO EL SURGIMIENTO DE PAISAJES DE ENERGÍA EÓLICA EN FRANCIA, ALEMANIA Y PORTUGAL

Due to the global acceptance of the reality of global warming, ever more countries are in the process of implementing alternative energies such as wind power. In this article, we focus on the transformation of space as a consequence of these newly established alternative energy policies. Landscapes are the level at which political visions and policy decisions endorse (or not) their very materiality. We analyze the deployment of wind power in three European countries, France, Germany and Portugal through the lens of ethnographic landscape studies. We argue that the successful implementation of low carbon futures is highly dependent on the respective national cultures of administration as well as on local practices, initiatives and perceptions of space at the local level. In each of the countries under scrutiny, we analyze the way in which wind power and landscape issues are framed, we point at potential tensions and explore how these are overcome (or not) at the local level so as to give way for the emergence of (new) wind power landscapes. We compare the role played by landscape cultures, institutions or practices in the development and resolution of tensions over the deployment of wind energy.

ENERGÍA EÓLICA Y PAISAJES PROTEGIDOS: CONTROVERSIAS EN EL PARQUE NATURAL DE MONTESINHO

As one of the case studies developed under the international project “Eoliennes et paysage” we could follow the controversial issue of wind power and protected areas in the Montesinho Natural Park, Northeast Portugal, where the local populations demand the setting up of a wind farm in unproductive communal lands, aspiring to benefi t economically from it, while the preservationist claims against wind power within the protected area are sensed by them as an external and illegitimate interference in the communitarian management of a local heritage. Although wind power installation in Montesinho mountains is yet only a virtual possibility (facing hard administrative and technical barriers), this case study contributed to shed light into the kind of negotiations that are being promoted at local and regional levels, and how the present banning of wind power in the region due to conservation restrictions is reactivating ancient antagonisms.

Interlengua y análisis de errores en la expresión escrita de alumnos

O presente trabalho pretende aperfeiçoar a competência da expressão escrita em alunos portugueses do Ensino Secundário e, nesse sentido, numa primeira fase, parte do conceito de erro e do seu tratamento nas teorías da Interlíngua e Análise de Erros, para uma abordagem mais prática da correção da produção escrita e das várias metodologias didáticas possíveis, além de apresentar os objetivos definidos pelos documentos orientadores em relação à competência da produção escrita para os níveis de Espanhol Língua Estrangeira em questão (B1.2/ B2.1). Numa segunda fase, apresenta-se o contexto de realização da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada e, numa terceira, descrevem-se as estratégias utilizadas para superar os problemas encontrados, nas várias fases do processo, concluindo-se com a análise dos resultados. Por fim, tem lugar uma Análise de Erros na Língua Materna dos alunos (Português).

Experimental and modeling studies on reverse electrodialysis for sustainable power generation

A potentially renewable and sustainable source of energy is the chemical energy associated with solvation of salts. Mixing of two aqueous streams with different saline concentrations is spontaneous and releases energy. The global theoretically obtainable power from salinity gradient energy due to World’s rivers discharge into the oceans has been estimated to be within the range of 1.4-2.6 TW. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the emerging, membrane-based, technologies for harvesting the salinity gradient energy. A common RED stack is composed by alternately-arranged cation- and anion-exchange membranes, stacked between two electrodes. The compartments between the membranes are alternately fed with concentrated (e.g., sea water) and dilute (e.g., river water) saline solutions. Migration of the respective counter-ions through the membranes leads to ionic current between the electrodes, where an appropriate redox pair converts the chemical salinity gradient energy into electrical energy. Given the importance of the need for new sources of energy for power generation, the present study aims at better understanding and solving current challenges, associated with the RED stack design, fluid dynamics, ionic mass transfer and long-term RED stack performance with natural saline solutions as feedwaters. Chronopotentiometry was used to determinate diffusion boundary layer (DBL) thickness from diffusion relaxation data and the flow entrance effects on mass transfer were found to avail a power generation increase in RED stacks. Increasing the linear flow velocity also leads to a decrease of DBL thickness but on the cost of a higher pressure drop. Pressure drop inside RED stacks was successfully simulated by the developed mathematical model, in which contribution of several pressure drops, that until now have not been considered, was included. The effect of each pressure drop on the RED stack performance was identified and rationalized and guidelines for planning and/or optimization of RED stacks were derived. The design of new profiled membranes, with a chevron corrugation structure, was proposed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The performance of the suggested corrugation geometry was compared with the already existing ones, as well as with the use of conductive and non-conductive spacers. According to the estimations, use of chevron structures grants the highest net power density values, at the best compromise between the mass transfer coefficient and the pressure drop values. Finally, long-term experiments with natural waters were performed, during which fouling was experienced. For the first time, 2D fluorescence spectroscopy was used to monitor RED stack performance, with a dedicated focus on following fouling on ion-exchange membrane surfaces. To extract relevant information from fluorescence spectra, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was performed. Moreover, the information obtained was then used to predict net power density, stack electric resistance and pressure drop by multivariate statistical models based on projection to latent structures (PLS) modeling. The use in such models of 2D fluorescence data, containing hidden, but extractable by PARAFAC, information about fouling on membrane surfaces, considerably improved the models fitting to the experimental data.

La importancia de la competencia sociocultural: propuesta de actividades para su desarrollo en alumnos portugueses del 3.º ciclo de Enseñanza Básica y Enseñanza Secundaria

Este estudio pretende valorar la competencia sociocultural, presentando un abanico de actividades para desarrollarla en clase con nuestros alumnos. Asimismo se mostrará cómo un profesor puede y debe ser un mediador en la transmisión y adquisición de contenidos socioculturales. Para ello, en el primer capítulo se da la definición del término cultura, analizando la importancia de su integración en las clases de lengua y presentando la evolución del estudio de contenidos socioculturales en la didáctica de idiomas. Se analizará igualmente la relevancia dada hoy en día a los contenidos socioculturales en los documentos oficiales, el Marco Común Europeo de Referencia, el Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes y el Programa de Español del Ministerio de Educación Portugués. A continuación, definimos el concepto de interculturalidad e incidimos en el papel del profesor en la eliminación de estereotipos, prejuicios y malentendidos, en el descubrimiento de uno mismo y en la tolerancia por los demás, resaltando también la importancia de la intraculturalidad en las clases de lengua materna y terminando el capítulo con algunos aspectos socioculturales españoles, indispensables para la formación de un alumno de español. En un segundo capítulo, se presenta el Instituto de Ciências Educativas – institución privada en la que se realizó la Práctica Supervisionada de Español - , y se procede igualmente a la caracterización de los grupos. Finalmente, se presentan algunas de las actividades más significativas para el tema de estudio y su respectiva reflexión.

Las humanidades digitales en español y portugués. Un estudio de caso: DíaHD/DiaHD

En el ámbito internacional de las humanidades digitales existe una importante discusión centrada en torno a la forma cómo las estructuras y dinámicas académicas e institucionales de las humanidades digitales favorecen a académicos de países anglófonos en detrimento de académicos de otras partes del mundo. Uno de los retos actuales es identificar a los humanistas digitales que trabajan en otros países e idiomas fuera de un modelo anglófono. En este contexto, el 10 de junio de 2013 tuvo lugar el Día de las humanidades digitales / Dia das humanidades digitais, evento organizado e impulsado por agrupaciones e instituciones que conformaron un grupo de trabajo internacional y que buscaba documentar el discurso, las prácticas y metodologías de las humanidades digitales desarrolladas en castellano y portugués. El artículo busca aportar documentación para problematizar si el discurso y las prácticas de las humanidades digitales en estos idiomas tienen rasgos distintos a las anglófonas.

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi (y strain) in mice

Since 1958, we have studied experimental Chagas' disease (CD) by subcutaneous inoculation of 1,000 blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain) in Balb/C. mice. Evolution of parasitemia remained constant, beginning on the 5th and 6th day of the disease, increasing progressively, achieving a maximum on about the 30th day. After another month, only a few forms were present, and they disappeared from the circulation after the third month, as determined from direct examination of slides and the use of a Neubauer Counting Chamber. These events coincided with the appearance of amastigote nests in the tissues (especially the cardiac ones), starting the first week, and following the Gauss parasitemia curve, but they were not in parallel until the chronic stage. In 1997, we began to note the following changes: Parasites appeared in the circulation during the first week and disappeared starting on the 7th day, and there was a coincident absence of the amastigote nests in the tissues. A careful study verified that young forms in the evolutionary cycle of T. cruzi (epi + amastigotes) began to appear alongside the trypomastigotes in the circulation on the 5th and 7th post-inoculation day. At the same time, rounded, oval, and spindle shapes were seen circulating through the capillaries and sinusoids of the tissues, principally of the hematopoietic organs. Stasis occurs because the diameter of the circulating parasites is greater than the vessels, and this makes them more visible. Examination of the sternal bone marrow revealed young cells with elongated forms and others truncated in the shape of a "C" occupying the internal surface of the blood cells that had empty central portions (erythrocytes?). We hypothesize that there could be a loss of virulence or mutation of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi.