981 resultados para Teoria de campos escalares


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Francisco Miguel A. C. de Sousa Dionísio

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Este trabalho compara as soluções disponibilizadas pelos sistemas Derive 5.0, Maple 6 e Mathematica 4.0 para problemas que encontramos no ensino secundário e também nos primeiros anos da universidade. Procuramos destacar os aspectos distintos entre cada um dos programas ao mesmo tempo que fazemos referência aos pontos em que tudo se passa de forma semelhante. Esta dissertação aborda o cálculo numérico, o cálculo simbólico, a programação e os gráficos. Para cada um dos assuntos é estudada a forma como se podem resolver os problemas através dos três sistemas comparando-se estas soluções. Inicialmente, é feita uma abordagem que permite ao utilizador adquirir os conhecimentos básicos acerca dos diversos programas. Tratamos de seguida de algumas questões relacionadas com o cálculo numérico e com algumas funções nomeadamente da Teoria dos Números. Referimos listas e funções e são analisadas diversas formas de manipular listas e os seus elementos bem como algumas áreas da Análise Matemática das quais destacamos as equações, a derivação e a integração compreendendo cálculo numérico e cálculo simbólico. Examinamos um vasto conjunto de operações definidas sobre matrizes (representadas como listas de listas) e polinómios que abrangem as operações mais comuns de cada um dos campos. Analisamos também a programação recursiva, a programação imperativa, a programação funcional e a programação por regras de reescrita. A abordagem aqui adoptada foi a de fornecer ao utilizador as construções chave mais importantes que cada paradigma de programação utiliza bem como as informações básicas acerca do funcionamento de cada uma delas de modo a permitir a resolução dos problemas propostos. Por último os gráficos sobre os quais incidiu a nossa análise foram os de uma e de duas variáveis representados no referencial cartesiano, gráficos estes que são os mais utilizados quer ao nível do ensino superior quer ao nível do ensino secundário. A qualidade e a facilidade de obter rapidamente as representações dão outra dimensão ao estudo dos gráficos principalmente quando estamos a falar de gráficos a três dimensões. A ideia de animação gráfica é também aqui abordada sendo evidente os benefícios da utilização da mesma nos programas em que é possível efectuá-la. Concluímos que na programação o Mathematica destaca-se em relação aos demais o mesmo se passando no Maple no respeitante à representação gráfica. O Derive permite que durante o contacto inicial seja mais fácil trabalhar e aprender a linguagem própria.

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No Portugal hodierno, quando se fala em educação a autonomia das escolas assume um papel relevante para todos os intervenientes nos contextos educativos e nas políticas educativas. Na actual legislação que implementou a autonomia escolar, o termo autonomia aparece associado a toda a orgânica administrativa e pedagógica das escolas e à relação Município/Escola, onde se destaca o alargamento das competências dos municípios no âmbito da educação e ainda a reestruturação do sistema de ensino. Abordar esta temática e todos os seus meandros, bem como a sua interferência na vivência das escolas são os objectivos centrais deste estudo. Deste modo, tentámos apurar como interagem os Directores das Escolas Básicas do 1º Ciclo com Pré-Escolar pois, saber o que pensam, de que forma actuam, que parcerias criam, que apoios estabelecem, são algumas questões cruciais para entender a força desta autonomia e saber de que forma ela é entendida e praticada por todos quantos actuam neste grande palco que é o ensino em Portugal, e mais especificamente na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM). Situado na área da Administração Educacional, este estudo utiliza como suporte teórico dominante as diferentes perspectivas de autores reconhecidos pelas suas abordagens sobre a temática da autonomia. O contexto empírico de estudo centrou-se em todas as Escolas Básicas do 1º Ciclo com Pré-Escolar do ensino público da RAM. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta investigação utilizou essencialmente uma metodologia de carácter qualitativo com o recurso à análise de documentos onde se enfatizou essencialmente a legislação em vigor. A metodologia quantitativa esteve também presente porquanto se recorreu ao inquérito por questionário, aplicado a todos os Directores das Escolas Básicas do 1º Ciclo com Pré-Escolar da RAM. Ao utilizarmos estes métodos de recolha de informação pretendemos perceber se a autonomia da escola é uma autonomia construída e desejada ou se pelo contrário, se resume a uma imposição da administração central. Os resultados da investigação sugerem que as escolas exigem aos superiores hierárquicos a concessão de mais autonomia e de maior poder de decisão. Solicitam ainda mais liberdade e respeito no que concerne às opções organizacionais das suas escolas.Na tentativa de ultrapassar estas limitações, constatámos que as escolas têm desenvolvido actividades que promovem a sua autonomia, quer através de iniciativas culturais e desportivas quer através da realização de protocolos com empresas e/ou entidades, quer com toda a comunidade envolvente. Desta forma, concluímos que são as próprias escolas a sugerirem a elaboração de contratos de autonomia, para que lhes seja conferido um maior poder de decisão nos domínios pedagógico, curricular, administrativo e financeiro.

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Esta investigação, de natureza qualitativa, pretendeu num primeiro propósito compreender a importância do currículo enquanto referencial para o desenvolvimento da educação ao longo dos tempos, desde as teorias tradicionais às teorias críticas e pós-críticas. Num segundo propósito, analisar teoricamente três modelos curriculares (High Scope, Movimento da Escola Moderna, Reggio Emilia), no âmbito da educação de infância, à luz de uma educação preconizada na atualidade e compreender a valorização do domínio da expressão dramática nos modelos curriculares em estudo. Como terceiro propósito, pretendeu, através de um estudo de caso, verificar a dinâmica da atividade de expressão dramática inerente às práticas pedagógicas dos educadores de infância cooperantes no curso de Licenciatura em Educação de Infância, da Universidade da Madeira. Entrevistámos um grupo de quinze educadores cooperantes, observámos as práticas pedagógicas de dois educadores no âmbito da expressão dramática e registámos ainda as atividades realizadas pelas crianças. Quanto aos resultados, reforçámos a ideia que os modelos curriculares são gramáticas pedagógicas importantes para as práticas dos educadores de infância. Relativamente às práticas pedagógicas observadas no domínio da expressão dramática, estas revelaram que é necessário aperfeiçoar os referenciais teóricos dos educadores, bem como a construção da planificação de atividades para garantir uma intervenção sustentada e um maior espaço de manobra à criança num contexto de aprendizagem autêntica e significativa.

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submeter a teoria do déficit de autocuidado de Orem a uma reflexão crítica. Metodologia: estudo teórico sobre os aspectos Importância e Aplicabilidade contidos no Modelo de Análise Crítica de Chinn e Kramer para análise crítica da teoria do déficit de autocuidado. Desenvolvido no período de outubro a dezembro de 2008. Resultados: o posicionamento da teoria do déficit de autocuidado está essencialmente relacionado à filosofia da enfermagem e demonstra potencial para influenciar ações de enfermagem, em especial relativas à educação para o autocuidado em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isquêmica. Conclusões: a enfermagem, mediante a teoria do déficit de autocuidado, pode oferecer condições mais saudáveis e de maior autonomia ao indivíduo portador de cardiopatia isquêmica

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Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de caso clínico, com abordagem qualitativa, o qual possui como objetivo estabelecer relações entre os diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-I e os problemas de adaptação segundo o Modelo Teórico de Roy em um paciente prostatectomizado. A coleta de dados ocorreu em um hospital universitário localizado na cidade de Natal-RN, no mês de janeiro de 2011, por meio de um roteiro de entrevista e exame físico. Os diagnósticos que apresentaram relações entre a NANDA-I e o Modelo de Roy foram: dor, ansiedade, constipação, sono, atividade, volume de líquido e infecção. Conclui-se que grande parte dos problemas adaptativos segundo o Modelo de Roy, manifestados pelos pacientes no pós-operatório de prostatectomia, possuem semelhança com os diagnósticos da NANDA-I

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Em um momento histórico de violações e ameaças aos direitos fundamentais de crianças e adolescentes, é preciso somar esforços na luta pela transformação das políticas voltadas para esses sujeitos. A ideologia que fundamenta a criminalização de adolescentes pobres e da periferia é a mesma que impõe a redução da idade penal e que autoriza e legitima as violências institucionais cometidas no sistema socioeducativo. “Justiça juvenil: teoria e prática no sistema socioeducativo” vem apresentar fundamentos teóricos e experiências práticas com vistas à desconstrução desses processos ideológicos e à defesa intransigente da proteção integral

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This dissertation addresses the electronic surveillance theme in the banking context. The research that originated it, which was held in an organization called for the fiction name Banco Total, started from the following driving question: How do workers at a bank perceive electronic surveillance at their process of work? The research s main objective was to comprehend how workers perceive electronic surveillance at their process of work. The study adopted an interdisciplinary perspective, having Management as the original field, establishing a dialogue with others disciplines, like Philosophy and Sociology. About its methodology, it s a qualitative research that addressed its object in oral (interviews with live history elements) way. . Ten individuals were interviewed. The analytical process utilized the hermeneutical-dialectics technique.. From the analyses (hermeneutics) of the data, the following themes have emerged: (i) Acquiescence ; (ii) Monitoring; (iii) Time and Motion; (iv) Fear; (v) Interdiction; and (vi) Resistance . From the discussion (dialectic) of the results, this work presents three synthetic propositions that culminate in the following dimensions (i) control; (ii) acquiescence; (iii) corporative totalitarianism. It can be concluded that electronic surveillance is one mechanism of control emerged from the apply of technology at Total Bank; that information technology has been improving the control mechanisms of management theories; and that the imbrications between management and material technology control mechanisms at a context where there is acquiescence by workers contribute for the emergency of corporative totalitarianism components

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The Behavioral Finance develop as it is perceived anomalies in these markets efficient. This fields of study can be grouped into three major groups: heuristic bias, tying the shape and inefficient markets. The present study focuses on issues concerning the heuristics of representativeness and anchoring. This study aimed to identify the then under-reaction and over-reaction, as well as the existence of symmetry in the active first and second line of the Brazilian stock market. For this, it will be use the Fuzzy Logic and the indicators that classify groups studied from the Discriminant Analysis. The highest present, indicator in the period studied, was the Liabilities / Equity, demonstrating the importance of the moment to discriminate the assets to be considered "winners" and "losers." Note that in the MLCX biases over-reaction is concentrated in the period of financial crisis, and in the remaining periods of statistically significant biases, are obtained by sub-reactions. The latter would be in times of moderate levels of uncertainty. In the Small Caps the behavioral responses in 2005 and 2007 occur in reverse to those observed in the Mid-Large Cap. Now in times of crisis would have a marked conservatism while near the end of trading on the Bovespa speaker, accompanied by an increase of negotiations, there is an overreaction by investors. The other heuristics in SMLL occurred at the end of the period studied, this being a under-reaction and the other a over-reaction and the second occurring in a period of financial-economic more positive than the first. As regards the under / over-reactivity in both types, there is detected a predominance of either, which probably be different in the context in MLCX without crisis. For the period in which such phenomena occur in a statistically significant to note that, in most cases, such phenomena occur during the periods for MLCX while in SMLL not only biases are less present as there is no concentration of these at any time . Given the above, it is believed that while detecting the presence of bias behavior at certain times, these do not tend to appear to a specific type or heuristics and while there were some indications of a seasonal pattern in Mid- Large Caps, the same behavior does not seem to be repeated in Small Caps. The tests would then suggest that momentary failures in the Efficient Market Hypothesis when tested in semistrong form as stated by Behavioral Finance. This result confirms the theory by stating that not only rationality, but also human irrationality, is limited because it would act rationally in many circumstances

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The consumption of energy on the planet is currently based on fossil fuels. They are responsible for adverse effects on the environment. Renewables propose solutions for this scenario, but must face issues related to the capacity of the power supply. Wind energy offshore emerging as a promising alternative. The speed and stability are greater winds over oceans, but the variability of these may cause inconvenience to the generation of electric power fluctuations. To reduce this, a combination of wind farms geographically distributed was proposed. The greater the distance between them, the lower the correlation between the wind velocity, increasing the likelihood that together achieve more stable power system with less fluctuations in power generation. The efficient use of production capacity of the wind park however, depends on their distribution in marine environments. The objective of this research was to analyze the optimal allocation of wind farms offshore on the east coast of the U.S. by Modern Portfolio Theory. The Modern Portfolio Theory was used so that the process of building portfolios of wind energy offshore contemplate the particularity of intermittency of wind, through calculations of return and risk of the production of wind farms. The research was conducted with 25.934 observations of energy produced by wind farms 11 hypothetical offshore, from the installation of 01 simulated ocean turbine with a capacity of 5 MW. The data show hourly time resolution and covers the period between January 1, 1998 until December 31, 2002. Through the Matlab R software, six were calculated minimum variance portfolios, each for a period of time distinct. Given the inequality of the variability of wind over time, set up four strategies rebalancing to evaluate the performance of the related portfolios, which enabled us to identify the most beneficial to the stability of the wind energy production offshore. The results showed that the production of wind energy for 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 should be considered by the portfolio weights calculated for the same periods, respectively. Energy data for 2002 should use the weights derived from the portfolio calculated in the previous time period. Finally, the production of wind energy in the period 1998-2002 should also be weighted by 1/11. It follows therefore that the portfolios found failed to show reduced levels of variability when compared to the individual production of wind farms hypothetical offshore

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In the present time, public organizations are employing more and more solutions that uses information technology in order to ofer more transparency and better services for all citizens. Integrated Systems are IT which carry in their kernel features of integration and the use of a unique database. These systems bring several benefits and face some obstacles that make their adoption difficult. The conversion to a integrated system may take years and, thus, the study of the adoption of this IT in public sector organizations become very stimulant due to some peculiarities of this sector and the features of this technology. First of all, information about the particular integrated system in study and about its process of conversion are offered. Then, the researcher designs the configuration of the conversion process aim of this study the agents envolved and the moments and the tools used to support the process in order to elaborate the methodology of the conversion process understood as the set of procedures and tools used during all the conversion process. After this, the researcher points out, together with all the members of the conversion team, the negative and positive factors during the project. Finally, these factors were analysed through the Hospitality Theory lens which, in the researcher opinion, was very useful to understand the elements, events and moments that interfered in the project. The results consolidated empirically the Hospitality Theory presumptions, showing yet a limitation of this theory in the case in study

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This study reviews the spatial configuration from the road network of an urban compound formed by the cities of Crato, Juazeiro do Norte and Barbalha (the Crajubar - core of the Cariri metropolitan region, in the State of Ceará, Brazil), in order to establish nexus (or relations) between different levels of accessibility and the formation/ transformation and specialization of centralities in local and metropolitan scales. Stemming from the Social Logic of Space theoretical and operational apparatus, the study explores modeling possibilities (with axial lines, segments and lines of continuity) which is then confronted to empirical observations concerning movement flows and land use, within a Geographic Information System database. At different scales of analysis, the results suggest evidences of continuity were found in the permanence of intra-urban centres and sub-centres within each town, whereas evidences of change pointed out to the formation of a new centrality of metropolitan magnitude in the neighbourhood referred to as the Triângulo, in the municipality of Juazeiro, where high levels of topological accessibility coincides with the appearance of new business buildings as well as with the emergence of urban equipment of a scale more adequate to meet a regional demand

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Portland-polymers composites are promising candidates to be used as cementing material in Northeastern oil wells of Brazil containing heavy oils submitted to steam injection. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate its degradation in the commonly acidizind agents. In addition, to identify how aggressive are the different hostile environments it is an important contribution on the decision of the acidic systems to be used in. It was investigated the performance of the Portland-polymer composites using powdered polyurethane, aqueous polyurethane, rubber tire residues and a biopolymer, those were reinforced with polished carbon steel SAE 1045 to make the electrochemical measurements. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) and HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % were used as degrading environment and electrolytes. The more aggressive acid solution to the plain Portland hardened cement paste was the regular mud acid, that showed loss of weight around 23.0 %, followed by the soft mud acid, the showed 11.0 %, 15.0 % HCl with 7,0 % and, at last the 10.0 % HAc plus HF 1.5 % with just 1.0 %. The powdered polyurethane-composite and the aqueous polyurethane one showed larger durability, with reduction around 87.0 % on the loss of weight in regular mud acid. The acid attack is superficial and it occurs as an action layer, where the degraded layer is responsible for the decrease on the kinetic of the degrading process. This behavior can be seen mainly on the Portland- aqueous polyurethane composite, because the degraded layer is impregnated with chemically modified polymer. The fact of the acid attack does not have influence on the compressive strength or fratography of the samples, in a general way, confirms that theory. The mechanism of the efficiency of the Portland-polymers composites subjected to acid attack is due to decreased porosity and permeability related with the plain Portland paste, minor quantity of Ca+2, element preferentially leached to the acidic solution, wave effect and to substitute part of the degrading bulk for the polymeric one. The electrolyte HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % was the least aggressive one to the external corrosion of the casing, showing open circuit potentials around +250 mV compared to -130 mV to the simulated pore solution to the first 24 hours immersion. This behavior has been performed for two months at least. Similar corrosion rates were showed between both of the electrolytes, around 0.01 μA.cm-2. Total impedance values, insipient arcs and big polarization resistance capacitive arcs on the Nyquist plots, indicating passivity process, confirm its efficiency. In this way, Portlandpolymers composites are possible solutions to be succeed applied to oilwell cementing concomitant submitted to steam injection and acidizing operation and the HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % is the less aggressive solution to the external corrosion of the casing

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On Rio Grande do Norte northern coast the process of sediment transport are intensely controlled by wind and sea (waves and currents) action, causing erosion and shoreline morphological instability. Due to the importance of such coastal zone it was realized the multi-spectral mapping and physical-chemical characterization of mudflats and mangroves aiming to support the mitigating actions related to the containment of the erosive process on the oil fields of Macau and Serra installed at the study area. The multi-spectral bands of 2000 and 2008 LANDSAT 5 TM images were submitted on the several digital processing steps and RGB color compositions integrating spectral bands and Principal Components. Such processing methodology was important to the mapping of different units on surface, together with field works. It was possible to make an analogy of the spectral characteristics of wetlands with vegetations areas (mangrove), showing the possibility to make a restoration of this area, contributing with the environmental monitoring of that ecosystem. The maps of several units were integrated in GIS environment at 1:60,000 scale, including the classification of features according to the presence or absence of vegetation cover. Thus, the strategy of methodology established that there are 10.13 km2 at least of sandy-muddy and of these approximately 0.89 km2 with the possibility to be used in a reforestation of typical flora of mangrove. The physical-chemical characterization showed areas with potential to introduce local species of mangrove and they had a pH above neutral with a mean of 8.4. The characteristic particle size is sand in the fine fractions, the high levels of carbonate, organic matter and major and trace element in general are concentrated where the sediment had the less particles size, showing the high correlation that those elements have with smaller particles of sediment. The application of that methodological strategy is relevant to the better understanding of features behavior and physical-chemical data of sediment samples collected on field allow the analysis of efficiency/capability of sandy-muddy to reforestation with local mangrove species for mitigation of the erosive action and coastal processes on the areas occupied by the oil industry