Pre-treatment of thermoduric spores in CO2 modified atmosphere and their survivability during food extrusion

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate how susceptible spores become to mechanical damage during food extrusion after being submitted to CO2. B. stearothermophilus spores sowed to corn and soy mix were submitted to 99% CO2 for 10 days and extruded in a single-screw extruder. The treatments were: T1 - spore-containing samples, extruded at screw rotational speed of 65 rpm and barrel wall temperature of 80 °C; T2 - as T1, except for screw rotational speed of 150 rpm; and T3 - as T2, except that samples were submitted to the modified atmosphere. The results for cell viability, minimum and maximum residence times, and static pressure were T1 - 19.90 ± 3.24%, 123.3 ± 14.50 seconds; 203.3 ± 14.05 seconds; 2.217 ± 62 kPa; T2 - 21.42 ± 8.24%, 70.00 ± 5.77 seconds; 170.00 ± 4.67 seconds; 2.310 ± 107 kPa; and T3 - 11.06 ± 2.46%, 86.00 ± 7.23 seconds; 186.00 ± 7.50 seconds; 2.403 ± 93 kPa, respectively. It was concluded that the extrusion process did reduce the cell count. However, screw rotational speed variation or CO2 pre-treatment did not affect cell viability.

Some functional characteristics of extruded blends of fiber from sugarcane bagasse, whey protein concentrate, and corn starch

Blends of fiber from sugar cane bagasse, corn starch, and whey protein concentrate were extruded. A single screw extruder, equipped with a screw at a constant compression ratio of 1:1 and a die diameter of 3 mm, was used. The best processing conditions were determined according to a central composite rotatable design (α = 1.41) with 5 central points, which gives a total of 13 tests. During the extrusion process the content of insoluble fiber decreased and that of soluble fiber increased. An increase in the contents of fiber and in the barrel temperature resulted in a decrease in the expansion index values and an increase in the water absorption index values; whereas in blends with intermediate fiber contents the effects in these parameters were found to be the opposite. High fiber contents increased penetration force but decreased luminosity, water solubility index values and the adhesive force in gels. The extrusion process improved the functional properties of sugarcane fiber bagasse enabling its addition to diverse alimentary systems.

Sugarcane spirit market share simulation: an application of conjoint analysis

This study evaluated the influence of packaging and labeling attributes of sugarcane spirit on consumers' behavior by applying the results of conjoint analysis in sugarcane spirit market share simulation. Firstly, a conjoint analysis was performed aiming to estimate the part-worths of each consumer for some sugarcane spirit packaging and labeling attributes. These part-worths were used in the market share simulation using the maximum utility model. It was observed that some packaging and labeling attributes affected consumer's purchase intention and that most consumers showed a similar preference pattern regarding these attributes. These consumers showed preference for the Seleta brand, which was bottled in 700 mL clear glass bottles with a metal screw cap that bore a label illustration unrelated to sugarcane spirit production process and had the information "aged 36 months in oak barrels". This study also showed that conjoint analysis and the use of its results in the market share simulation proved important tools to better understand consumer behavior towards intention to purchase sugarcane spirit.

Changes in physical properties of extruded sour cassava starch and quinoa flour blend snacks

Given the broad acceptance of sour cassava starch biscuits in Brazil and the nutritional quality of quinoa flour, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion temperature, screw speed, moisture, and amount of quinoa flour on the physical properties of puffed snacks. Extrusion process was carried out using a single-screw extruder in a factorial central composite design with four factors. Effects of moisture and amount of quinoa flour on the expansion index and specific volume of snacks were observed. There was a pronounced increase in water solubility index of blends with the extrusion process with significant effects of all process parameters on the WSI. Higher water absorption index (WAI) was observed under high temperature, low moisture, and lower quinoa flour amount. Temperature and amount of quinoa flour influenced the color of the snacks. A positive quadratic effect of quinoa flour on hardness of products was observed. Blends of sour cassava starch and quinoa flour have good potential for use as raw material in production of extruded snacks with good physical properties.

Technological properties of precooked flour containing coffee powder and rice by thermoplastic extrusion

Although Brazil is a country of tradition in both the production and consumption of coffee, the most of the coffee is consumed as a beverage, which reduces greatly the competitiveness on international market, for reducing the chances of supplying the product under other forms of consumption. Owing to that, the aim of this study was developing a precooked mixed flour containing coffee powder and rice for use in coffee flavored products. Mixtures of rice and coffee in the proportions of 900:100, 850:150 and 800:200 g, respectively, were processed in a single screw extruder (Brabender DS-20, Duisburg, German) and the effect of the extrusion process on the variables moisture content (16%, 18% and 20%) and temperature in the third extruding zone (140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C) was studied. The results for expansion index ranged from 2.91 to 11.11 mm in diameter; the water absorption index from 4.59 to 6.33 g gel/g sample and the water solubility index varied from 4.05% to 8.57%. These results showed that, despite coffee powder influenced the variables studied, the expanded product after milling resulted in a extruded mixture with good absorption and water solubility indices, which favors the use of the precooked mixed flour for human consumption.

Characterization of pre-gelatinized rice and bean flour

The objective of this study was to develop a pre-gelatinized flour using a mixture of broken rice and split beans by thermoplastic extrusion, and to evaluate the physicochemical, nutritional, and technological quality of the final product. The extrusion parameters were maintained using three heating zones with temperatures of 30 ºC, 40 ºC, and 70 ºC; screw speed of 177 rpm; feed rate of 257 g/m, and circular matrix of 3.85 mm. The following characterization analyses were performed: physicochemical, nutritional, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), and paste viscosity. The pre-gelatinized rice and bean flour had an intermediate value of WAI, 7.51 g/g, and high WSI value, 24.61%. Regarding proteins, it was verified an average content of 12.9% in the final product. The amino acid contents found in the pre-gelatinized flour indicate that the mixture has the essential amino acids. It was also found that the pre-gelatinized flour supplies more than 60% of the essential amino acids recommended for children aged one to three years old. The gelatinized flour composed of broken rice and split beans is an alternative to the use of these by-products of the manufacture process of rice and beans to obtain a product with viable technological characteristics and high nutritional value.

Effects of processing on physical properties of extruded snacks with blends of sour cassava starch and flaxseed flour

The opportunity to supplement common cassava biscuits with a product of higher nutritional value meets consumer expectations. In this work it was studied the effects of process parameters and flaxseed addition on physical properties of expanded snacks. Extrusion process was carried out using a single screw extruder in a factorial central composite rotatable design with four factors: flaxseed flour percentage (0-20%), moisture (12-20%), extrusion temperature (90-130 °C) and screw speed (190-270). The effect of extrusion variables was investigated in terms of expansion index, specific volume, water absorption index, water solubility index, color parameters (L*, a* ,b*) and hardness. The data analysis showed that variable parameters of the extrusion process and flaxseed flour affected physical properties of puffed snacks. Among the experimental conditions used in the present study, expanded snack products with good physical properties can be obtained under the conditions of 10% flaxseed flour, 230 rpm screw speed, temperature of 90 °C and moisture of 12%.

Extrusion of blends of cassava leaves and cassava flour: physical characteristics of extrudates

A cassava-based puffed snack was produced using a single screw extruder to determine the effect of the raw material composition (cassava leaf flour and moisture) and the process parameters (extrusion temperature and screw speed) on the physical characteristics of an extruded-expanded snack. A central composite rotational design, including four factors with 30 treatments, was used with the following as dependent variables: expansion index, specific volume, water solubility index, water absorption index, color (L*, a*, b*), and hardness. Under conditions of low moisture content (12 to 14%), low percentage of cassava leaf flour (2 to 4%), and intermediate conditions of extrusion temperature (100°C) and screw speed (230rpm), it was possible to obtain puffed snack products with desirable characteristics.

Analysis of testicular cell populations using flow cytometry

Studying testis is complex, because the tissue has a very heterogeneous cell composition and its structure changes dynamically during development. In reproductive field, the cell composition is traditionally studied by morphometric methods such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. These techniques provide accurate quantitative information about cell composition, cell-cell association and localization of the cells of interest. However, the sample preparation, processing, staining and data analysis are laborious and may take several working days. Flow cytometry protocols coupled with DNA stains have played an important role in providing quantitative information of testicular cells populations ex vivo and in vitro studies. Nevertheless, the addition of specific cells markers such as intracellular antibodies would allow the more specific identification of cells of crucial interest during spermatogenesis. For this study, adult rat Sprague-Dawley rats were used for optimization of the flow cytometry protocol. Specific steps within the protocol were optimized to obtain a singlecell suspension representative of the cell composition of the starting material. Fixation and permeabilization procedure were optimized to be compatible with DNA stains and fluorescent intracellular antibodies. Optimization was achieved by quantitative analysis of specific parameters such as recovery of meiotic cells, amount of debris and comparison of the proportions of the various cell populations with already published data. As a result, a new and fast flow cytometry method coupled with DNA stain and intracellular antigen detection was developed. This new technique is suitable for analysis of population behavior and specific cells during postnatal testis development and spermatogenesis in rodents. This rapid protocol recapitulated the known vimentin and γH2AX protein expression patterns during rodent testis ontogenesis. Moreover, the assay was applicable for phenotype characterization of SCRbKO and E2F1KO mouse models.

The effect of cationic-anionic polyelectrolyte multilayer surface treatment on inkjet ink spreading and print quality

The focus of the work reported in this thesis was to study and to clarify the effect of polyelectrolyte multilayer surface treatment on inkjet ink spreading, absorption and print quality. Surface sizing with a size press, film press with a pilot scale coater, and spray coating, have been used to surface treat uncoated wood-free, experimental wood-free and pigmentcoated substrates. The role of the deposited cationic (polydiallydimethylammonium chloride, PDADMAC) and anionic (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, NaCMC) polyelectrolyte layers with and without nanosilica, on liquid absorption and spreading was studied in terms of their interaction with water-based pigmented and dye-based inkjet inks. Contact angle measurements were made in attempt to explain the ink spreading and wetting behavior on the substrate. First, it was noticed that multilayer surface treatment decreased the contact angle of water, giving a hydrophilic character to the surface. The results showed that the number of cationic-anionic polyelectrolyte layers or the order of deposition of the polyelectrolytes had a significant effect on the print quality. This was seen for example as a higher print density on layers with a cationic polyelectrolyte in the outermost layer. The number of layers had an influence on the print quality; the print density increased with increasing number of layers, although the increase was strongly dependent on ink formulation and chemistry. The use of nanosilica clearly affected the rate of absorption of polar liquids, which also was seen as a higher density of the black dye-based print. Slightly unexpected, the use of nanosilica increased the tendency for lateral spreading of both the pigmented and dye-based inks. It was shown that the wetting behavior and wicking of the inks on the polyelectrolyte coatings was strongly affected by the hydrophobicity of the substrate, as well as by the composition or structure of the polyelectrolyte layers. Coating only with a cationic polyelectrolyte was not sufficient to improve dye fixation, but it was demonstrated that a cationic-anionic-complex structure led to good water fastness. A threelayered structure gave the same water fastness values as a five-layered structure. Interestingly, the water fastness values were strongly dependent not only on the formed cation-anion polyelectrolyte complexes but also on the tendency of the coating to dissolve during immersion in water. Results showed that by optimizing the chemistry of the layers, the ink-substrate interaction can be optimized.

丹桂籍Dan gui ji.Collection de traités taoïstes.

Contient : I太上感應篇Tai shang gan ying pian.Le Tai shang gan ying pian ; II文昌帝君陰騭文Wen chang di jun yin zhi wen.Traité de la fixation mystérieuse, par le dieu de la Littérature ; III關夫子覺世眞經Guan fu zi jue shi zhen jing.Le livre sacré de l'éveil du monde, de Guan fu zi ; IV關聖帝君降筆眞經Guan sheng di jun jiang bi zhen jing.Livre sacré écrit par le dieu de la Guerre ; V關聖帝君顯應戒士文Guan sheng di jun xian ying jie shi wen.Conseils aux lettrés, traité par le dieu de la Guerre ; VI東嶽聖帝垂訓Dong yue sheng di chui xun.Instructions du dieu du Dong yue ; VII呂純陽祖師勸世戒食牛犬Lü chun yang zu shi quan shi jie shi niu quan.Défense de manger le bœuf et le chien, traité par Lü Chun yang ; VIII文昌孝經Wen chang xiao jing.Livre sacré de la piété filiale, par Wen chang ; IX蕉窓十則Jiao chuang shi ze.Les dix commandements de Jiao tchhoang ; X功過格纂要Gong ge ge zuan yao.Éléments des règles du mérite et du péché ; XI桂香殿功過格Gui xiang dian gong ge ge.Règles du mérite et du péché, de la salle Gui xiang ; XII靈驗記Ling yan ji.Exemples miraculeux ; XIII文昌帝君降乩惜字功罪例Wen chang di jun jiang ji xi zi gong zui li.Règlement du mérite et du péché, relativement au respect des caractères d'écriture ; donné par le dieu de la Littérature ; XIV, livre préliminaire募刊疏引Mu kan su yin.Rapport et introduction sur la gravure de l'ouvrage ; XV, livre préliminaire婁東善書目錄.Lou dong shan shu mu lu.Liste d'ouvrages recommandés, dressée à Lou dong ; XVI, livre préliminaire文昌帝君丹桂籍靈驗記 。續記.Wen chang di jun dan gui ji ling yan ji. Xu ji.Notice des miracles dus au Dan gui ji du dieu delà Littérature, partie principale et suite ; XVII, livre préliminaire顏廷表先生傳.Yan ting biao xian sheng zhuan.Vie de Yan Ting biao ; XVIII, livre préliminaire顏雲麓先生傳.Yan yun lu xian sheng zhuan.Vie de Yan Yun lu ; XIX, livre préliminaire丹桂籍奉行心法.Dan gui ji feng xing xin fa.Préceptes pour pratiquer les règles du Dan gui ji ; XX, livre préliminaire文昌帝君降筆記.Wen chang di jun jiang bi ji.Notice dictée parle dieu de la Littérature ; XXI, livre préliminaire玉皇寶號.Yu huang bao hao.Les noms précieux de Yu huang ; XXII, livres 1-4九天開化主宰元皇司錄宏仁文昌帝君陰隲文註案Jiu tian kai hua zhu zai yuan huang si lu hong ren wen chang di jun yin zhi wen zhu an.Traité de la fixation mystérieuse, par le dieu de la Littérature ; avec commentaires et exemples ; XXIII, livre final文昌帝君救刧寶章Wen chang di jun jiu jie bao zhang.Précieux articles du dieu de la Littérature pour le salut du monde ; XXIV, livre final梓潼帝君降筆戒士子文Zi tong di jun jiang bi jie shi zi wen.Conseils aux lettrés, deux traités par le dieu de la Littérature ; XXV, livre final文昌帝君勸孝文Wen chang di jun quan xiao wen.Traité pour conseiller la piété filiale, par le dieu de la Littérature ; XXVI, livre final玉中書勸孝歌Yu zhong shu quan xiao ge.Chanson pour conseiller la piété filiale ; XXVII, livre final圓明鬥母天尊勸世文.Yuan ming dou mu tian zun quan shi wen.Conseils au monde, traité de la déesse Yuan ming dou mu ; XXVIII, livre final俞淨意先生遇竈神記.Yu jing yi xian sheng yu zao shen ji.Entrevue de Yu Jing yi avec l'esprit du Foyer ; XXIX, livre final袁了凡先生四訓 。立命之學.Yuan liao fan xian sheng si xun. Li ming zhi xue.Quatre exhortations de Yuan Liao fan. Première section : Science de la direction de la vie ; XXX, livre final積善之方Ji shan zhi fang.Deuxième section : Recette pour accumuler les bonnes actions ; XXXI, livre final改過之法Gai ge zhi fa.Troisième section : Moyen de corriger les fautes ; XXXII, livre final謙德之效Qian le zhi xiao.Quatrième section : Manifestation d'humilité ; XXXIII, livre final佛母準提神咒Fo mu zhun ti shen zhou.Invocation de la mère du Bouddha ; XXXIV, livre final袁了凡先生勸喪文Yuan liao fan xian sheng quan sang wen.Traité de Yuan Liao fan sur les funérailles ; XXXV, livre final遏淫說E yin shuo.Traité contre l'impureté ; XXXVI, livre final行不費錢功德例Xing bu fei qian gong de li.Manière d'obtenir des mérites sans dépenser d'argent

丹桂籍Dan gui ji.Collection de traités taoïstes.

Contient : I太上感應篇Tai shang gan ying pian.Le Tai shang gan ying pian ; II文昌帝君陰騭文Wen chang di jun yin zhi wen.Traité de la fixation mystérieuse, par le dieu de la Littérature ; III關夫子覺世眞經Guan fu zi jue shi zhen jing.Le livre sacré de l'éveil du monde, de Guan fu zi ; IV關聖帝君降筆眞經Guan sheng di jun jiang bi zhen jing.Livre sacré écrit par le dieu de la Guerre ; V關聖帝君顯應戒士文Guan sheng di jun xian ying jie shi wen.Conseils aux lettrés, traité par le dieu de la Guerre ; VI東嶽聖帝垂訓Dong yue sheng di chui xun.Instructions du dieu du Dong yue ; VII呂純陽祖師勸世戒食牛犬Lü chun yang zu shi quan shi jie shi niu quan.Défense de manger le bœuf et le chien, traité par Lü Chun yang ; VIII文昌孝經Wen chang xiao jing.Livre sacré de la piété filiale, par Wen chang ; IX蕉窓十則Jiao chuang shi ze.Les dix commandements de Jiao tchhoang ; X功過格纂要Gong ge ge zuan yao.Éléments des règles du mérite et du péché ; XI桂香殿功過格Gui xiang dian gong ge ge.Règles du mérite et du péché, de la salle Gui xiang ; XII靈驗記Ling yan ji.Exemples miraculeux ; XIII文昌帝君降乩惜字功罪例Wen chang di jun jiang ji xi zi gong zui li.Règlement du mérite et du péché, relativement au respect des caractères d'écriture ; donné par le dieu de la Littérature ; XIV, livre préliminaire募刊疏引Mu kan su yin.Rapport et introduction sur la gravure de l'ouvrage ; XV, livre préliminaire婁東善書目錄.Lou dong shan shu mu lu.Liste d'ouvrages recommandés, dressée à Lou dong ; XVI, livre préliminaire文昌帝君丹桂籍靈驗記 。續記.Wen chang di jun dan gui ji ling yan ji. Xu ji.Notice des miracles dus au Dan gui ji du dieu delà Littérature, partie principale et suite ; XVII, livre préliminaire顏廷表先生傳.Yan ting biao xian sheng zhuan.Vie de Yan Ting biao ; XVIII, livre préliminaire顏雲麓先生傳.Yan yun lu xian sheng zhuan.Vie de Yan Yun lu ; XIX, livre préliminaire丹桂籍奉行心法.Dan gui ji feng xing xin fa.Préceptes pour pratiquer les règles du Dan gui ji ; XX, livre préliminaire文昌帝君降筆記.Wen chang di jun jiang bi ji.Notice dictée parle dieu de la Littérature ; XXI, livre préliminaire玉皇寶號.Yu huang bao hao.Les noms précieux de Yu huang ; XXII, livres 1-4九天開化主宰元皇司錄宏仁文昌帝君陰隲文註案Jiu tian kai hua zhu zai yuan huang si lu hong ren wen chang di jun yin zhi wen zhu an.Traité de la fixation mystérieuse, par le dieu de la Littérature ; avec commentaires et exemples ; XXIII, livre final文昌帝君救刧寶章Wen chang di jun jiu jie bao zhang.Précieux articles du dieu de la Littérature pour le salut du monde ; XXIV, livre final梓潼帝君降筆戒士子文Zi tong di jun jiang bi jie shi zi wen.Conseils aux lettrés, deux traités par le dieu de la Littérature ; XXV, livre final文昌帝君勸孝文Wen chang di jun quan xiao wen.Traité pour conseiller la piété filiale, par le dieu de la Littérature ; XXVI, livre final玉中書勸孝歌Yu zhong shu quan xiao ge.Chanson pour conseiller la piété filiale ; XXVII, livre final圓明鬥母天尊勸世文.Yuan ming dou mu tian zun quan shi wen.Conseils au monde, traité de la déesse Yuan ming dou mu ; XXVIII, livre final俞淨意先生遇竈神記.Yu jing yi xian sheng yu zao shen ji.Entrevue de Yu Jing yi avec l'esprit du Foyer ; XXIX, livre final袁了凡先生四訓 。立命之學.Yuan liao fan xian sheng si xun. Li ming zhi xue.Quatre exhortations de Yuan Liao fan. Première section : Science de la direction de la vie ; XXX, livre final積善之方Ji shan zhi fang.Deuxième section : Recette pour accumuler les bonnes actions ; XXXI, livre final改過之法Gai ge zhi fa.Troisième section : Moyen de corriger les fautes ; XXXII, livre final謙德之效Qian le zhi xiao.Quatrième section : Manifestation d'humilité ; XXXIII, livre final佛母準提神咒Fo mu zhun ti shen zhou.Invocation de la mère du Bouddha ; XXXIV, livre final袁了凡先生勸喪文Yuan liao fan xian sheng quan sang wen.Traité de Yuan Liao fan sur les funérailles ; XXXV, livre final遏淫說E yin shuo.Traité contre l'impureté ; XXXVI, livre final行不費錢功德例Xing bu fei qian gong de li.Manière d'obtenir des mérites sans dépenser d'argent

An investigation of ethylene inhibition of growth in etiolated Avena sativa coleoptiles /

Growth rates of etiolated Avena sativa coleoptiles in pH 7.0 buffered medium are stimulated in a synergistic manner by IAA and 320 ~l/l carbon dioxide. The suggestion that carbon dioxide stimulated growth involves dark fixation is supported by the ability of 1 mM malate to replace carbon dioxide, with neither factor able to stimulate growth in the presence of the other (Bown, Dymock and Aung, 1974). The regulation of Avena coleoptile growth by ethylene has been investigated in the light of this data and the well documented antagonism between carbon dioxide and ethylene in the regulation of developmental processes. The influence of various permutations of ethylene, IAA, carbon dioxide and malate on the rates of growth, l4c-bicarbonate incorporation, l4C-bicarbonate fixation, and malate decarboxylation have been investigated. In the presence of 320 ~l/l carbon dioxide, 10.8 ~l/l ethylene inhibited growth both in the absence and presence of 20 ~M IAA with inhibition times, of 8-10 and 12-13 minutes respectively. In contrast ethylene inhibition of growth was not significant in the absence of growth stimulation by CO2 or 1 mM malate, and the normal growth increases in response to CO2 and malate were blocked by the simultaneous application of ethylene. The rates of incorporation and dark fixation of l4C-bicerbonate were not measurably. influenced by ethylene, IAA or malate, either prior to or during the changes in growth ,ates induced by these agents. The data does not support the hypothesis that ethylene inhibition of growth results from an inhibition of dark fixation, but suggests that ethylene may inhibit a process which is subsequent to fixation.

An investigation into differences between indoleacetic acid and fusicoccin in their influence on RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and growth in Avena coleoptile tissue

Growth stimulation of Avena coleoptile tissue by indoleacetic acid (IAA) and fusicoccin (FC) was compared by measuring both their influence on RNA and protein synthesis during IAA or FC stimulated growth. FC stimulated growth more than IAA during the initial four hour exposure, after which the growth rate gradually declined to the control rate. FC, but not IAA, increased the uptake of 3H-Ieucine into tissue and the specific radioactivity of extracted protein. Cycloheximide inhibited the incorporation of 3H-Ieucine into protein by approximately 60% to 70% in all cases. In the presence of cycloheximide 3H-radioactivity accumulated in FC-treated tissue, whereas IAA did not seem to influence 3H-accumulation. These results suggest that FC stimulated leucine uptake into the tissue and that increased specific activity of coleoptile protein is due to increased leucine uptake, not an increased rate of protein synthesis. There was no measurable influence of IAA and/or FC on RNA and protein synthesis during the initial hours of a growth stimulation. Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, actinomycin D and cycloheximide, respectively, severely inhibited IAA enhanced growth but only partially inhibited FC stimulated growth. The data are consistent with suggestions that a rapidly turning over protein participates in IAA stimulated growth, and that a continual synthesis of RNA and proteins is an absolute requirement for a long term growth response to IAA. On the contrary, FC-stimulated growth exhibited less dependency on the transcription and translation processes. The data are consistent with proposals suggesting different sites of action for FC and IAA stimulated growth. l?hen compared to CO2-free air, CO2 at 300 ppm had no significant influence on coleoptile growth and protein synthesis in the presence or absence of lAA or FC. Also, I mM malate, pH 6.0 did not influence growth of coleoptiles in the presence or absence of lAA. This result was obtained despite reports indicating that 300 ppm CO2 or I mM malate stimulates growth and protein synthesis. This lack of difference between CO2-treated and untreated tissue could indicate either that the interstitial space CO2 concentration is not actually different in the two treatments due to significant endogenous respiratory CO2 or else the data would suggest a very loose coupling between dark CO2 fixation and growth. IAA stimulated the in vivo fixation of 14c-bicarbonate (NaHI4c03) by about 25% and the addition of cycloheximide caused an inhibition of bicarbonate fixation within 30 min. Cycloheximide has also been reported to inhibit IAA-stimulated H+ excretion. These data are consistent with the acid growth theory and suggest that lAA stimulated growth involves dark CO2 fixation. The roles of dark CO2 fixation in lAA-stimulated growth are discussed.

Molecular cloning restriction enzyme analysis, bovine adenovirus type 2 genome

Adenoviruses are non-enveloped icosahedral-shaped particles which possess a double-stranded DNA genome. Currently, nearly 100 serotypes of adenoviruses have been identified, 48 of which are of human origin. Bovine adenoviruses (BAVs), causing both mild respiratory and/or enteral diseases in cattle, have been reported in many countries all over the world. Currently, nine serotypes of SAVs have been isolated which have been placed into two subgroups based on a number of characteristics which include complement fixation tests as well as the ability to replicate in various cell lines. Bovine adenovirus type 2 (BAV2), belonging to subgroup I, is able to cause pneumonia as well as pneumonic-like symptoms in calves. In this study, the genome of BAV2 (strain No. 19) was subcloned into the plasmid vector pUC19. In total, 16 plasmids were constructed; three carry internal San fragments (spanning 3.1 to 65.2% ), and 10 carry internal Pstl fragments (spanning 4.9 to 97.4%), of the viral genome. Each of these plasmids was analyzed using twelve restriction endonucleases; BamHI, CiaI, EcoRl, HiOOlll, Kpnl, Noll, NS(N, Ps~, Pvul, Saj, Xbal, and Xhol. Terminal end fragments were also cloned and analyzed, sUbsequent to the removal of the 5' terminal protein, in the form of 2 BamHI B fragments, cloned in opposite orientations (spanning 0 to 18.1°k), and one Pstll fragment (spanning 97.4 to 1000/0). These cloned fragments, along with two other plasmids previously constructed carrying internal EcoRI fragments (spanning 20.6 to 90.5%), were then used to construct a detailed physical restriction map using the twelve restriction endonucleases, as well as to estimate the size of the genome for BAV2(32.5 Kbp). The DNA sequences of the early region 1 (E1) and hexon-associated gene (protein IX) have also been determined. The amino acid sequences of four open reading frames (ORFs) have been compared to those of the E1 proteins and protein IX from other Ads.