Evaluation of thermal remote sensing for detection of thermal anomalies as earthquake precursors: a case study for Malatya-Pütürge-Doganyol (Turkey) Earthquake, July 13, 2003

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Familial Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Is Associated With More Complications After Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

OBJECTIVE: A familial predisposition to abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is present in approximately one-fifth of patients. Nevertheless, the clinical implications of a positive family history are not known. We investigated the risk of aneurysm-related complications after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for patients with and without a positive family history of AAA. METHODS: Patients treated with EVAR for intact AAAs in the Erasmus University Medical Center between 2000 and 2012 were included in the study. Family history was obtained by written questionnaire. Familial AAA (fAAA) was defined as patients having at least one first-degree relative affected with aortic aneurysm. The remaining patients were considered sporadic AAA. Cardiovascular risk factors, aneurysm morphology (aneurysm neck, aneurysm sac, and iliac measurements), and follow-up were obtained prospectively. The primary end point was complications after EVAR, a composite of endoleaks, need for secondary interventions, aneurysm sac growth, acute limb ischemia, and postimplantation rupture. Secondary end points were specific components of the primary end point (presence of endoleak, need for secondary intervention, and aneurysm sac growth), aneurysm neck growth, and overall survival. Kaplan-Meier estimates for the primary end point were calculated and compared using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test of equality. A Cox-regression model was used to calculate the independent risk of complications associated with fAAA. RESULTS: A total of 255 patients were included in the study (88.6% men; age 72 ± 7 years, median follow-up 3.3 years; interquartile range, 2.2-6.1). A total of 51 patients (20.0%) were classified as fAAA. Patients with fAAA were younger (69 vs 72 years; P = .015) and were less likely to have ever smoked (58.8% vs 73.5%; P = .039). Preoperative aneurysm morphology was similar in both groups. Patients with fAAA had significantly more complications after EVAR (35.3% vs 19.1%; P = .013), with a twofold increased risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.7). Secondary interventions (39.2% vs 20.1%; P = .004) and aneurysm sac growth (20.8% vs 9.5%; P = .030) were the most important elements accounting for the difference. Furthermore, a trend toward more type I endoleaks during follow-up was observed (15.6% vs 7.4%; P = .063) and no difference in overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows that patients with a familial form of AAA develop more aneurysm-related complications after EVAR, despite similar AAA morphology at baseline. These findings suggest that patients with fAAA form a specific subpopulation and create awareness for a possible increase in the risk of complications after EVAR.

Locally Advanced and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Treated with Intermittent Androgen Monotherapy or Maximal Androgen Blockade: Results from a Randomised Phase 3 Study by the South European Uroncological Group

BACKGROUND: Few randomised studies have compared antiandrogen intermittent hormonal therapy (IHT) with continuous maximal androgen blockade (MAB) therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether overall survival (OS) on IHT (cyproterone acetate; CPA) is noninferior to OS on continuous MAB. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This phase 3 randomised trial compared IHT and continuous MAB in patients with locally advanced or metastatic PCa. INTERVENTION: During induction, patients received CPA 200 mg/d for 2 wk and then monthly depot injections of a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH; triptoreline 11.25 mg) analogue plus CPA 200 mg/d. Patients whose prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was <4 ng/ml after 3 mo of induction treatment were randomised to the IHT arm (stopped treatment and restarted on CPA 300 mg/d monotherapy if PSA rose to ≥20 ng/ml or they were symptomatic) or the continuous arm (CPA 200 mg/d plus monthly LHRH analogue). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Primary outcome measurement was OS. Secondary outcomes included cause-specific survival, time to subjective or objective progression, and quality of life. Time off therapy in the intermittent arm was recorded. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We recruited 1045 patients, of which 918 responded to induction therapy and were randomised (462 to IHT and 456 to continuous MAB). OS was similar between groups (p=0.25), and noninferiority of IHT was demonstrated (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-1.07). There was a trend for an interaction between PSA and treatment (p=0.05), favouring IHT over continuous therapy in patients with PSA ≤1 ng/ml (HR: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.02). Men treated with IHT reported better sexual function. Among the 462 patients on IHT, 50% and 28% of patients were off therapy for ≥2.5 yr or >5 yr, respectively, after randomisation. The main limitation is that the length of time for the trial to mature means that other therapies are now available. A second limitation is that T3 patients may now profit from watchful waiting instead of androgen-deprivation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Noninferiority of IHT in terms of survival and its association with better sexual activity than continuous therapy suggest that IHT should be considered for use in routine clinical practice.

Mid-Term Results of EVAR in Severe Proximal Aneurysm Neck Angulation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if mid-term outcome following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) with the Endurant Stent Graft (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) is influenced by severe proximal neck angulation. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was performed using data from a prospective multicenter database. All measurements were obtained using dedicated reconstruction software and center-lumen line reconstruction. Patients with neck length >15 mm, infrarenal angle (β) >75°, and/or suprarenal angle (α) >60°, or neck length >10 mm with β >60°, and/or α >45° were compared with a matched control group. Primary endpoint was primary clinical success. Secondary endpoints were freedom from rupture, type 1A endoleak, stent fractures, freedom from neck-related reinterventions, and aneurysm-related adverse events. Morphological neck variation over time was also assessed. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included in the study group and were compared with a matched control group with 65 patients. Median follow-up time was 49.5 months (range 30.5-58.4). The 4-year primary clinical success estimates were 83% and 80% for the angulated and nonangulated groups (p = .42). Proximal neck angulation did not affect primary clinical success in a multivariate model (hazard ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval 0.55-4.41). Groups did not differ significantly in regard to freedom from rupture (p = .79), freedom from type 1A endoleak (p = .79), freedom from neck-related adverse events (p = .68), and neck-related reinterventions (p = .68). Neck angle reduction was more pronounced in patients with severe proximal neck angulation (mean Δα -15.6°, mean Δβ -30.6°) than in the control group (mean Δα -0.39°, mean Δβ -5.9°) (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Mid-term outcomes following EVAR with the Endurant Stent Graft were not influenced by severe proximal neck angulation in our population. Despite the conformability of the device, moderate aortic neck remodeling was identified in the group of patients with angulated neck anatomy on the first computed tomography scan after implantation with no important further remodeling afterwards. No device integrity failures were encountered.

Modelling HIV/AIDS length of stay in Portugal

Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Estatística e Gestão de Informação pelo Instituto Superior de Estatística e Gestão de Informação da Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Early Sac Shrinkage Predicts a Low Risk of Late Complications After Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

BACKGROUND: Aneurysm shrinkage has been proposed as a marker of successful endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Patients with early postoperative shrinkage may experience fewer subsequent complications, and consequently require less intensive surveillance. METHODS: Patients undergoing EVAR from 2000 to 2011 at three vascular centres (in 2 countries), who had two imaging examinations (postoperative and after 6-18 months), were included. Maximum diameter, complications and secondary interventions during follow-up were registered. Patients were categorized according to early sac dynamics. The primary endpoint was freedom from late complications. Secondary endpoints were freedom from secondary intervention, postimplant rupture and direct (type I/III) endoleaks. RESULTS: Some 597 EVARs (71.1 per cent of all EVARs) were included. No shrinkage was observed in 284 patients (47.6 per cent), moderate shrinkage (5-9 mm) in 142 (23.8 per cent) and major shrinkage (at least 10 mm) in 171 patients (28.6 per cent). Four years after the index imaging, the rate of freedom from complications was 84.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 78.7 to 89.8), 88.1 (80.6 to 95.5) and 94.4 (90.1 to 98.7) per cent respectively. No shrinkage was an independent risk factor for late complications compared with major shrinkage (hazard ratio (HR) 3.11; P < 0.001). Moderate compared with major shrinkage (HR 2.10; P = 0.022), early postoperative complications (HR 3.34; P < 0.001) and increasing abdominal aortic aneurysm baseline diameter (HR 1.02; P = 0.001) were also risk factors for late complications. Freedom from secondary interventions and direct endoleaks was greater for patients with major sac shrinkage. CONCLUSION: Early change in aneurysm sac diameter is a strong predictor of late complications after EVAR. Patients with major sac shrinkage have a very low risk of complications for up to 5 years. This parameter may be used to tailor postoperative surveillance.

Helminthiases in Montes Claros. Preliminary survey

A preliminary survey was conducted for the presence of helminths in the city of Montes Claros, M. G., Brazil. Three groups of persons were examined by the direct smear, Kato thick film and MIFC techniques; one group by direct smear and Kato only. General findings were: a high prevalence of hookworm, followed by ascariasis, S. mansoni, S. stercoralis and very light infections with T. trichiurá. E. vermicularis and H. nana were ranking parasites at an orphanage, with some hookworm and S. mansoni infections as well. At a pig slaughter house, the dominant parasites were hookworm and S. mansoni. Pig cysticercosis was an incidental finding worth mentioning for the health hazard it represents for humans as well as an economic loss. From the comparative results between the Kato and the MIF the former proved itself again as a more sensitive and reliable concentration method for helminth eggs, of low cost and easy performance.

Coronary Revascularization Induces a Shift From Cardiac Toward Noncardiac Mortality Without Improving Survival in Vascular Surgery Patient

OBJECTIVE: Although evidence has shown that ischemic heart disease (IHD) in vascular surgery patients has a negative impact on the prognosis after surgery, it is unclear whether directed treatment of IHD may influence cause-specific and overall mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic implication of coronary revascularization (CR) on overall and cause-specific mortality in vascular surgery patients. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery stenosis, or peripheral artery disease in a university hospital in The Netherlands between January 2003 and December 2011 were retrospectively included. Survival estimates were obtained by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1104 patients were included. Adjusted survival analyses showed that IHD significantly increased the risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.87) and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-2.76). Compared with those without CR, patients previously undergoing CR had similar overall mortality (HR, 1.38 vs 1.62; P = .274) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.83 vs 2.02; P = .656). Nonrevascularized IHD patients were more likely to die of IHD (6.9% vs 35.7%), whereas revascularized IHD patients more frequently died of cardiovascular causes unrelated to IHD (39.1% vs 64.3%; P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the significance of IHD for postoperative survival of vascular surgery patients. CR was associated with lower IHD-related death rates. However, it failed to provide an overall survival benefit because of an increased rate of cardiovascular mortality unrelated to IHD. Intensification of secondary prevention regimens may be required to prevent this shift toward non-IHD-related death and thereby improve life expectancy.

Low Socioeconomic Status is an Independent Risk Factor for Survival After Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Open Surgery for Peripheral Artery Disease

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The association between socioeconomic status (SES), presentation, and outcome after vascular surgery is largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the influence of SES on post-operative survival and severity of disease at presentation among vascular surgery patients in the Dutch setting of equal access to and provision of care. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgical treatment for peripheral artery disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), or carotid artery stenosis between January 2003 and December 2011 were retrospectively included. The association between SES, quantified by household income, disease severity at presentation, and survival was studied using logistic and Cox regression analysis adjusted for demographics, and medical and behavioral risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 1,178 patients were included. Low income was associated with worse post-operative survival in the PAD cohort (n = 324, hazard ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.10, per 5,000 Euro decrease) and the AAA cohort (n = 440, quadratic relation, p = .01). AAA patients in the lowest income quartile were more likely to present with a ruptured aneurysm (odds ratio [OR] 2.12, 95% CI 1.08-4.17). Lowest income quartile PAD patients presented more frequently with symptoms of critical limb ischemia, although no significant association could be established (OR 2.02, 95% CI 0.96-4.26). CONCLUSIONS: The increased health hazards observed in this study are caused by patient related factors rather than differences in medical care, considering the equality of care provided by the study setting. Although the exact mechanism driving the association between SES and worse outcome remains elusive, consideration of SES as a risk factor in pre-operative decision making and focus on treatment of known SES related behavioral and psychosocial risk factors may improve the outcome of patients with vascular disease.

Economic analysis in health care regulation : three essays

ABSTRACT - It is the purpose of the present thesis to emphasize, through a series of examples, the need and value of appropriate pre-analysis of the impact of health care regulation. Specifically, the thesis presents three papers on the theme of regulation in different aspects of health care provision and financing. The first two consist of economic analyses of the impact of health care regulation and the third comprises the creation of an instrument for supporting economic analysis of health care regulation, namely in the field of evaluation of health care programs. The first paper develops a model of health plan competition and pricing in order to understand the dynamics of health plan entry and exit in the presence of switching costs and alternative health premium payment systems. We build an explicit model of death spirals, in which profitmaximizing competing health plans find it optimal to adopt a pattern of increasing relative prices culminating in health plan exit. We find the steady-state numerical solution for the price sequence and the plan’s optimal length of life through simulation and do some comparative statics. This allows us to show that using risk adjusted premiums and imposing price floors are effective at reducing death spirals and switching costs, while having employees pay a fixed share of the premium enhances death spirals and increases switching costs. Price regulation of pharmaceuticals is one of the cost control measures adopted by the Portuguese government, as in many European countries. When such regulation decreases the products’ real price over time, it may create an incentive for product turnover. Using panel data for the period of 1997 through 2003 on drug packages sold in Portuguese pharmacies, the second paper addresses the question of whether price control policies create an incentive for product withdrawal. Our work builds the product survival literature by accounting for unobservable product characteristics and heterogeneity among consumers when constructing quality, price control and competition indexes. These indexes are then used as covariates in a Cox proportional hazard model. We find that, indeed, price control measures increase the probability of exit, and that such effect is not verified in OTC market where no such price regulation measures exist. We also find quality to have a significant positive impact on product survival. In the third paper, we develop a microsimulation discrete events model (MSDEM) for costeffectiveness analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus treatment, simulating individual paths from antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation to death. Four driving forces determine the course of events: CD4+ cell count, viral load resistance and adherence. A novel feature of the model with respect to the previous MSDEMs is that distributions of time to event depend on individuals’ characteristics and past history. Time to event was modeled using parametric survival analysis. Events modeled include: viral suppression, regimen switch due virological failure, regimen switch due to other reasons, resistance development, hospitalization, AIDS events, and death. Disease progression is structured according to therapy lines and the model is parameterized with cohort Portuguese observational data. An application of the model is presented comparing the cost-effectiveness ART initiation with two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) plus one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor(NNRTI) to two NRTI plus boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) in HIV- 1 infected individuals. We find 2NRTI+NNRTI to be a dominant strategy. Results predicted by the model reproduce those of the data used for parameterization and are in line with those published in the literature.

Durability aspects related to rubble stone masonry walls strengthened with reinforced micro-concrete layers

International Seminar on Seismic Risk and Rehabilitation of Stone Masonry Housing, Azores, Portugal, 1998

Factores de prognóstico do resultado do tratamento de doentes com Síndrome de dependência do Álcool: estudo de coorte prospectivo de 6 meses

Factores de prognóstico do resultado do tratamento de doentes com Síndrome de Dependência do Álcool: estudo coorte prospectivo de 6 meses Introdução: Uma das questões fundamentais para as políticas de saúde relacionadas com o tratamento e reabilitação de doentes com dependência de álcool, é identificar factores de prognóstico num curto prazo de tratamento ambulatório, de modo a se poderem optimizar as decisões de tratamento dos doentes. Assim, este estudo teve como objectivo identificar factores de prognóstico na admissão ao tratamento e factores de prognóstico durante o período de tratamento ambulatório. Materiais e métodos: Estudo observacional coorte de doentes com dependência de álcool observados num período de 6 meses de tratamento ambulatório. O estudo consistiu numa amostra de 209 doentes incluídos no estudo de acordo com os critérios do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders versão IV, tendo sido recolhida no Centro de Alcoologia do Sul (n=194) e no Hospital Nossa Senhora do Rosário (n=15). 8 médicos psiquiatras destes dois centros de tratamento foram responsáveis pelo tratamento dos doentes. O doente ter um co-responsável que acompanhasse a sua reabilitação e fizesse a supervisão da medicação para controlo do consumo de álcool era condição absolutamente necessária para inclusão do doente no estudo. Como factores de prognóstico foram medidos na admissão ao tratamento factores sócio demográficos, a história de uso de outras substâncias e indicadores de gravidade associados à história de consumo excessivo de álcool. Durante os 6 meses de tratamento foram medidos factores de prognóstico que respeitam os fármacos para controlo do consumo incluindo Dissulfiram e Acamprosato, os factores associados aos aspectos não farmacológicos do tratamento incluindo o número de consultas, os factores associados às características do médico e finalmente os fármacos para tratamento de depressão e ansiedade. As variáveis de resultado medidas no estudo envolveram o tempo até à primeira recaída pesada (variável de interesse primário para o estudo), a abstinência de consumo pesado, a abstinência de qualquer quantidade de álcool, o tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes, o tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia e o doente ter pelo menos um problema relacionado com o álcool aos 6 meses. Todas as variáveis resultado foram medidas através do calendário auto-reportado pelos doentes e seus co-responsáveis no que respeita os consumos diários Timeline Followback, à excepção da variável ter pelo menos 1 problema relacionado com o álcool aos 6 meses em que foi aplicado o instrumento Alcohol Related Problems Questionnaire. Foi estabelecido uma unidade padrão de consumo de álcool como uma garrafa de cerveja, um copo de vinho ou um cálice de bebida fortificada ou destilada que teriam aproximadamente 10 gramas de álcool, sendo considerado um consumo excessivo pesado de pelo menos 5 destas unidades padrão num dia típico de consumo, ou seja, pelo menos 50 gramas de álcool. Os dados recolhidos e validados foram analisados em Statistical Package for Social Sciences, tendo-se utilizado usuais métodos de estatística descritiva envolvendo tabulação de frequências e tabulação de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foram utilizados na análise bivariável entre os factores de prognóstico e as variáveis resultado o teste do Qui quadrado ou exacto de Fisher, o teste de Mann Whitney, o teste Kruskal Wallis, o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e o coeficiente de concordância Kappa de Cohen. Foi ainda utilizado na análise bivariável a análise de sobrevivência de Kaplan Meier com teste log rank e a análise da área sob a curva ROC. Na análise multivariável foi utilizado a análise de regressão de Cox múltipla com razão de riscos medida pelo Hazard Ratio (HR) e a análise de regressão logística múltipla com razão de riscos medida pelo odds ratio (OR). O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: Dos doentes admitidos a tratamento, 84% eram homens, a idade mediana era 41 anos, o consumo mediano de álcool era 192 gramas/dia e a duração mediana de consumo excessivo pesado era 13 anos. Os anos completos de escolaridade em tendência situaram-se abaixo do 9º ano de escolaridade com uma mediana de 6 anos. 61% dos doentes pertenciam a classes sociais média/baixa e baixa. A taxa de Kaplan Meier de recaída em consumo pesado foi de 23% sendo a taxa de recaída em qualquer quantidade de álcool de 54%. O tempo médio cumulativo de abstinência foi 131 dias. Relativamente aos factores de prognóstico que se revelaram estatisticamente significativos após análise de regressão múltipla foram; na admissão ao tratamento, o sexo feminino associado a pior prognóstico de tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=4,55; p<0,05), o nível sócio económico de graffar médio baixo e baixo associado a piores prognósticos relativamente à abstinência de consumo pesado (OR=0,32; p<0,05), abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,41; p<0,05) e tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média (OR=0,05; p<0,01), a situação profissional de emprego a tempo inteiro e vínculo associado a melhor prognóstico relativamente a menos problemas ligados ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=0,37; p<0,05), a história de uso de cocaína associado a pior prognóstico relativamente à abstinência de consumo pesado (OR=0,11; 6 p<0,01) e abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,05; p<0,001), ter mais de 20 anos de consumo excessivo pesado associado a pior prognóstico relativamente à abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,20; p<0,05), tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média (OR=0,05; p<0,05), tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=8,36; p<0,01) e ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=7,32; p<0,01), entrar em tratamento com menos tempo de abstinência, digamos até 7 dias sem beber, revelou-se associado a melhor prognóstico nomeadamente no tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=0,32; p<0,05), mais gravidade da história de consumo indicada pelo doente consumir álcool de manhã e/ou antes do almoço revelou-se associado a melhor prognóstico, nomeadamente na abstinência de qualquer quantidade de álcool (OR=3,01; p<0,05), os doentes com valor de avaliação hepática GGT aumentada face ao limite normal revelaram pior prognóstico ao nível do tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=2,48; p<0,05), os doentes com pelo menos 5 dos 11 problemas ligados ao álcool questionados no Alcohol Related Problems Questionnaire na admissão, revelaram pior prognóstico nomeadamente no tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes (OR=0,04; p<0,01). Durante os 6 meses de tratamento, os factores de prognóstico que se revelaram estatisticamente significativos após análise de regressão múltipla foram; a toma de Dissulfiram por um período de pelo menos 120 dias, que se revelou associado a melhor prognóstico relativamente ao tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes (OR=18,88; p<0,01) e o doente ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=0,16; p<0,001), o doente ter tomado Dissulfiram por um período inferior a 120 dias, que se revelou associado a pior prognóstico em todas as variáveis de resultado, ou sejam, o tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=15,00; p<0,001), a abstinência de consumo pesado (OR=0,062; p<0,001), a abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=0,05; p<0,001), o tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média dos doentes (OR=0,08; p<0,05), o tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=15,60; p<0,01) e ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=5,25; p<0,05), os doentes com indicação para Acamprosato tiveram pior prognóstico ao nível do tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=2,60; p<0,05), os doentes que realizaram pelo menos 4 das 7 consultas previstas para os 6 meses tiveram melhor prognóstico relativamente à abstinência em consumo pesado (OR=9,10; p<0,001), abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=5,56; p<0,001), tempo cumulativo de abstinência acima da média (OR=177,50; p<0,001) e o doente ter pelo menos 1 problema ligado ao álcool aos 6 meses (OR=0,07; p<0,001), o doente ter pelo menos 2,5 de média nas fases da sua consulta (podendo variar as fases entre 1 e 4) têm melhor prognóstico ao nível do tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=0,28; p<0,01), abstinência de consumo pesado (OR= 2,80; p<0,05), abstinência de qualquer quantidade (OR=3,24; p<0,05) e tempo máximo de recaída superior a 1 dia (OR=0,21; p<0,01), os doentes com indicação para ansiolíticos sejam eles Benzodiazepinas ou Buspirona tiveram pior prognóstico no tempo até à primeira recaída em consumo pesado (HR=2,12; p<0,05). Conclusões: em termos de políticas de saúde, este estudo permite concluir que durante o tratamento ambulatório devem ser valorizados o recurso farmacológico Dissulfiram com tempo de toma nunca inferior a 120 dias, a realização de um maior número de consultas previsto para o doente e a utilização de mais de duas fases nas consultas. Este estudo também revela que os prestadores de tratamento devem ter atenção aos doentes com indicação para a toma de ansiolíticos. Relativamente aos factores relevantes na admissão ao tratamento ambulatório, este estudo permite-nos concluir que deve haver maior preocupação dos prestadores de tratamento relativamente às mulheres alcoólicas, aos doentes com nível socioeconómico mais baixo e doentes sem emprego a tempo inteiro nem vínculo, pois são factores que se revelaram associados a pior prognóstico. Também, os prestadores de tratamento devem ter em especial atenção a história de consumo de outras substâncias, nomeadamente o consumo de cocaína, pois revelou-se associado a pior prognóstico. Em relação às variáveis da gravidade do consumo de álcool, os prestadores de tratamento devem tomar especial atenção que o prognóstico piora para os doentes que consomem álcool de modo excessivo pesado à mais de 20 anos, que tenham a avaliação laboratorial do GGT aumentada em relação ao normal e que revelem mais problemas ligados ao álcool no questionário Alcohol Related Problems Questionnaire. Este estudo também prova que se deve motivar o doente a iniciar o tratamento temporalmente o mais perto possível do início da abstinência. Mais concretamente, os doentes que iniciaram o tratamento até uma semana desde o início da abstinência tiveram melhor prognóstico. Curiosamente ainda uma informação útil para os prestadores de tratamento é que os doentes que consomem álcool pela manhã e/ou antes do almoço parecem estar mais motivados para recuperarem, tendo-se revelado um factor de bom prognóstico.

Bank capital and stock performance around the subprime lending risis

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

WebGIS applied to Improve Spatial Knowledge of High School Students

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies

Positive self-image and incentives in organizations

This paper investigates the implications of individuals’ mistaken beliefs of their abilities on incentives in organizations using the principal-agent model of moral hazard. The paper shows that if effort is observable, then an agent’s mistaken beliefs about own ability are always favorable to the principal. However, if effort is unobservable, then an agent’s mistaken beliefs about own ability can be either favorable or unfavorable to the principal. The paper provides conditions under which an agent’s over estimation about own ability is favorable to the principal when effort is unobservable. Finally, the paper shows that workers’ mistaken beliefs about their coworkers’ abilities make interdependent incentive schemes more attractive to firms than individualistic incentive schemes.