Identidad y diversidad en el conocimiento del medio natural, social y cultural en la educación infantil y primaria

El actual proceso de globalización de la sociedad ha supuesto, entre otros aspectos, la llegada de fuertes corrientes migratorias y la presencia en la escuela de niños y niñas de todo el mundo. Esta realidad implica una nueva orientación del currículo de conocimiento del medio que posibilite la comprensión de la diversidad y la pluriidentidad presente en todas las aulas de las escuelas de Cataluña y así conseguir educar para una nueva ciudadanía. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un proceso de investigación-acción que ha tenido como objetivo la innovación curricular en el conocimiento del medio natural, social y cultural en seis centros de educación infantil y primaria de las comarcas gerundenses. Se pretende describir y explicar una innovación o cambio curricular fundamentado teóricamente, del que se ha derivado una nueva forma de trabajo en el aula; y mostrar el proceso metodológico de elaboración e implementación con las resistencias y los cambios reales en el currículo

Estudio de errores en la localización en espacios interiores, de dispositivos móviles por medio de tecnologías WiFi

La localización en ambientes de interiores basada en dispositivos modernos de uso masivo, como los dispositivos móviles, es un área actual de investigación y desarrollo que ha empezado a generar productos para diferentes aplicaciones. Sin embargo, la estimación del error en estas mediciones, sus fuentes y la forma como se propaga, que evita tener mayor exactitud en la localización, aún presenta un área pendiente de estudio. Esta investigación toma una de las técnicas comunes de estudio de localización de dispositivos por redes inalámbricas WiFi para estudiar los diferentes errores que ella conlleva, sus fuentes y su propagación. Este trabajo también propone un nuevo enfoque y nueva metodología, que permite reducir el error en la localización de dispositivos WiFi, con base a la clasificación de las redes inalámbricas presentes en un escaneo, la identificación de muestras y datos fortuitos, la estabilización de muestreos de potencias de redes WiFi, y la implementación de un filtro de Kalman, para la predicción de medidas estables de estas potencias.

O conceito de incerteza aplicado aos processos de medição associados à preparação de uma solução de referência para calibração

The implementation of a quality assurance program in chemical analytical laboratories, that can aid in demonstrate the quality of their results, is an issue of great concern. As a consequence, it is mandatory to give an estimate of the confidence that can be placed on the obtained results. An useful measure of this confidence is the measurement uncertainty and, nowadays, a result without the corresponding uncertainty statement cannot be considered reliable. This paper presents a summary of the most important mechanisms for the evaluation and reporting of the measurement uncertainty. In implementing these principles, it is described the measurement uncertainty estimation associated with the preparation of a uranium elemental reference solution at 2.4 mg.kg-1 from the corresponding certified reference material (in this example at 1003 mg.kg-1).

Estudo da degradação do herbicida ácido 2,4- diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) por meio da radiação gama do cobalto-60 em solução aquosa contendo ácido húmico

The use of pesticides in agriculture presents some problems to ecosytems as a consequence of their remaining in the environment. Conventional methods for environmental decontamination sometimes just transfer these residues from one place to another. The use of gamma radiation from cobalt-60 to induce 2,4-D degradation in aqueous solution containing humic acid was studied. Results show that the herbicide is completely degraded after treatment with a 30 kGy dose. There were decreases in the degradation of the 2,4-D when humic acid was added at all doses. Some radiolytic products are proposed. The 2,4-D radiolytic yields (G) from 2,4-D were calculated.

O uso de radiação ultravioleta para o pré-tratamento de amostras em análise inorgânica

The basic principles of UV irradiation as sample pre-treatment step and its potential for inorganic analysis are illustrated and discussed through significant examples from the literature. Not only does this overview cover the classical applications of this technique in the decomposition of organic matter in electroanalysis, but it also presents recent trends, including the increasing interest in employing UV irradiation in flow analytical systems, successful attempts to enhance its effectiveness and the coupling with chromatographic and spectroscopic methodologies. Furthermore, a number of relevant cases of UV-driven derivatization reactions involving photo-sensitive inorganic species are presented, showing some convenient options to perform fast and reliable determination of inorganic and organic analytes.

Experimentos didáticos envolvendo radiação microondas

Theoretical and practical aspects of the use of microwave-assisted strategies in chemistry are introduced for students using simple and safe experiments employing a domestic oven. Three procedures are proposed for evaluating the distribution of microwave radiation inside the microwave oven cavity: (1) variation of the volume of marshmallows; (2) drying of filter paper wetted with Co(II) solution, and (3) variation of water temperature, after microwave-assisted heating. These experiments establish the position with the highest incidence of microwave radiation in the oven cavity, which was chosen for the synthesis of salicylic acid acetate. This synthesis was performed in 5 min of heating and the yield was around 85%. All experiments can be carried out in a 4 h lab-session using low-cost instrumentation.

El agua: un medio de intervención para el psicomotricista

A partir de algunas de las ya clásicas definiciones de la psicomotricidad, la comunicación constata que lo que define la intervención psicomotriz no es su espacio físico de desarrollo sino su acción, su enfoque y su finalidad. Concretamente, la comunicación reflexiona sobre la función y actividad del psicomotricista proponiendo un nuevo espacio de intervención: el medio acuático. Se analizan sus propiedades en base a la definición de unas dimensiones física, evolutiva y simbólica para, en último, orientar las posibilidades de intervención psicomotriz en el medio acuático.

El desarrollo psicomotriz en el medio acuático. Aportaciones desde la fenomenología

Esta comunicación presenta la síntesis de una más amplia investigación que tiene como objetivo comprender el potencial pedagógico del espacio acuático sobre los niños y las niñas en edades tempranas. Concretamente centra su mirada sobre el desarrollo psicomotriz del bebé quien en el agua puede experimentar y sentir una gran cantidad de nuevas sensaciones. En este sentido, la comunicación parte de una concepción del agua como un espacio pluridimensional y totalmente diferente del medio habitual de desarrollo humano que es el medio terrestre. Para hacerlo se parte de un planteamiento metodológico de carácter filosófico que utiliza la fenomenología como vía de descubierta y en donde el proceso vivenciado de los investigadores se manifiesta como un elemento decisivo. La finalidad de este enfoque se sustenta en la necesidad de preguntarse sobre el sentido que tienen y que se pueden conferir a las actividades propuestas en el medio acuático.

Impacto ambiental previsto en la explotación de gravas en la zona de concurso medio del riu Fluvià (Girona)

The main environmental impacts related to the gravel pits in the medium course of the Fluvià river have been assessed. In order to compute the global impact and index based on the numerical values of different impacts has been defined. This index is applied to different areas and the results reveal that the environmental impact expected for a gravel pit is high or moderate close to the main streams and low in the rest of the territory

Planejamento fatorial aplicado à digestão de amostras de feijão assistida por radiação microondas

The use of factorial design was evaluated for optimization of focused-microwave-assisted digestion of bean samples. Calcium, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn percentual recoveries were determined in digestates after focused-microwave-assisted digestion according to factorial design procedures. A cavity microwave digestion was carried out to certify the elemental compositions obtained. The accuracy was checked using a standard reference material, the NIST SRM 8433 - Corn Bran. Results are in agreement with certified values at the 95% confidence limit when the Student t-test was used. Volumes of nitric and sulfuric acid, temperature, and the interplay between HNO3 and H2SO4 initial volumes were significant variables according to P-values in the analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Digestão de óleo lubrificante encapsulado em forno de microondas com radiação focalizada por adição de amostra ao reagente pré-aquecido

The applicability of the recently proposed procedure based on gradual sample addition to microwave-assisted pre-heated concentrated acid is limited by the sample viscosity. In this work, lubricating oil samples with high viscosity were encapsulated and manually added to the microwave-assisted pre-heated concentrated digestion mixture. The procedure was applied for determination of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, V, W, and Zn in lubricating oil by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Determined and certified values for Ca, Mg, P, and Zn in lubricating oil were in agreement at a 95% confidence level.

Effects of solar activity and climate variability on large floods in Switzerland

The paper presents the variability of major floods in Switzerland for the period 1800-2008 from a summer index (INU). The index is constructed from the damage caused by flooding, with the aim of establishing the possible influence of the solar and climate variability on the major floods. The coincidence of flood-rich periods with those observed in other regions of different climate and fluvial regimes suggests that climate forcings and changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere are those who govern the appearance of these high-frequency temporal clusters.

A Method for Sky-Condition Classification from Ground-Based Solar Radiation Measurements

Identification of clouds from satellite images is now a routine task. Observation of clouds from the ground, however, is still needed to acquire a complete description of cloud conditions. Among the standard meteorologicalvariables, solar radiation is the most affected by cloud cover. In this note, a method for using global and diffuse solar radiation data to classify sky conditions into several classes is suggested. A classical maximum-likelihood method is applied for clustering data. The method is applied to a series of four years of solar radiation data and human cloud observations at a site in Catalonia, Spain. With these data, the accuracy of the solar radiation method as compared with human observations is 45% when nine classes of sky conditions are to be distinguished, and it grows significantly to almost 60% when samples are classified in only five different classes. Most errors are explained by limitations in the database; therefore, further work is under way with a more suitable database

Potencial de aplicação do processo foto-fenton/solar como pré-tratamento de efluente da indústria de laticínios

Dairy wastewater is characterized by frequent episodes of drastic increases of organic content, giving rise to bulking filamentous bacteria and compromising the biological treatment process. This study reports the reduction of organic content of such wastewater by the application of the solar photo-Fenton process. For a wastewater containing 335, 2627 or 5400 mg C L-1 between 90% and 50% of the organic carbon content were removed after 3.5 h irradiation. The results show that the solar photo-Fenton process can be a good alternative for the abatement of organic content of dairy wastewater, especially in cases of organic content fluctuation, allowing an efficient biological treatment.

Degradação do pesticida Padron® por processos fotoquímicos utilizando luz artificial e solar

Destruction of Padron® (dye and picloram) was evaluated using a photoreactor and a solar reactor. Photolysis was observed using only a germicide lamp (GL). Black light (BL) and H2O2 (172 mmol L-1) promoted a conversion of 49% and 6% of dye and picloram, respectively. Photocatalytic processes were more efficient using TiO2/GL (96%-dye; 60%-picloram) than TiO2/BL (44%-dye; 40%-picloram). Photolysis using sunlight was not observed during PadronÒ recirculation in the reactor constructed with four borosilicate tubes. Meanwhile, adding H2O2 resulted in 12% conversion of dissolved organic compounds. Finally, the most efficient mineralization (60%) was obtained using the Fenton reaction ( H2O2-176 mmol L-1; FeSO4x6H2O-90 mmol L-1) and sunlight.