As origens da psicanálise de crianças no Brasil: entre a educação e a medicina

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a forma como as primeiras informações relativas à psicanálise de crianças foram introduzidas no Brasil, bem como delinear como estas idéias foram apropriadas pelos teóricos nacionais e incorporadas nas práticas de assistência à criança desenvolvidas no País nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Para isto foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa histórica de natureza qualitativa, mediante a realização de um levantamento bibliográfico que buscou identificar a produção de autores nacionais sobre psicanálise de crianças entre as décadas de 1920 a 1950. Os resultados indicam que a inserção da psicanálise de crianças no país ocorreu por duas vias: primeiramente através da educação, mediante a utilização deste referencial teórico com o intuito de melhor gerir a educação das crianças e solucionar seus problemas escolares; e, posteriormente, por intermédio da medicina, mediante o desenvolvimento de uma prática psicoterápica destinada ao tratamento de crianças com transtornos emocionais.

Considerações históricas sobre a difusão do pensamento Kleiniano no Brasil

This article describes the different moments that characterized the diffusion of Kleinian thought in psychoanalytic societies in Brazil. The article results from qualitative historical research based on interviews with thirteen psychoanalysts who participated in this process of diffusion. The first influences appeared in 1950, v pioneers trained either in Britain or in Argentina. The areas in which the Kleinians were pioneers -psychoanalysis of children and of psychotics - were the first aspects dealt with by this group in Brazil. Between 1950 and 1970 very dogmatic approaches were taken toward Kleinian ideas. As of 1980, with the publication of new, translations of Melanie Klein work and with the introduction of contemporary Kleinian thought, a more balanced use of this theoretical-technical model could been seen.

Entre a hegemonia e a polissemia: a Política de Educação e Desenvolvimento para o SUS no contexto do Brasil contemporâneo

The proposal of the Unified Health System Policy (SUS) has been considered one of the most democratic public policies in Brazil. In spite of this, its implementation in a context of social inequalities has demanded significant efforts. From a socio-constructionist perspective on social psychology, the study focused on the National Policy for Permanent Education in Health for the Unified Health System (SUS), launched by the Brazilian government in 2004, as an additional effort to improve practices and accomplish the effective implementation of the principles and guidelines of the Policy. Considering the process of permanent interdependencies between these propositions and the socio-political and cultural context, the study aimed to identify the discursive constructions articulated in the National Policy for Permanent Education in Health for the Unified Health System (SUS) and how they fit into the existing power relations of ongoing Brazilian socio-political context. Subject positionings and action orientation offered to different social actors by these discursive constructions and the kind of practices allowed were also explored, as well as the implementation of the proposal in Rio Grande do Norte state and how this process was perceived by the people involved. The information produced by documental analyses, participant observation and interviews was analyzed as proposed by Institutional Ethnography. It evidenced the inter-relations between the practices of different social actors, the conditions available for those practices and the interests and power relations involved. Discontinuities on public policies in Brazil and the tendency to prioritize institutional and personal interests, in detriment of collective processes of social transformation, were some of obstacles highlighted by participants. The hegemony of the medical model and the individualistic and curative intervention practices that the model elicits were also emphasized as one of the drawbacks of the ongoing system. Facing these challenges, reflexivity and dialogism appear as strategies for a transformative action, making possible the denaturalization of ongoing practices, as well as the values and tenets supporting them

Caracterização e composição florística de uma comunidade savânica no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil : subsídios para a conservação

Studies on Brazilian biodiversity are still very few and can observe the difference of knowledge between the different regions of the country. This affirmation can be verified in the investigation to identify the rare species in Brazil and the key biodiversity areas (ACBs). In that study were identified for Brasil 2.256 rare species and 752 ACBs. The Rio Grande do Norte (RN) was the only Brazilian state that has not been identified any rare species and no ACBs, possibly due to the lack of floristic studies in this state. A particular area was selected for this study: an area of ecological tension with savanna physiognomy in Rio do Fogo, RN. This savanna community is represented in RN in a fragment and immersed in restinga and caatinga and was identified and described only through of radar imagens there are no studies to date in loco . We have prepared the following questions about this community savanna: 1) The region delimited and described by through of radar images by the RADAMBRASIL, 1976, can be associated of the Cerrado, in terms of floristic ?; 2) What is the floristic composition of this area? This area includes rare species, endemic or endangered? 3) What is the geographical and phytogeographical distribution of plant species registered in this area? 4) Those plant species registered are endemic or have affinity with other areas phytoecological Brazilian? To answer these questions we performed a floristic inventory of the August 2007 to September/2009. The results are presented in two chapters (manuscripts). The first chapter, titled "The Savannah Rio Grande do Norte: floristic links with other plant formations in the Northeast and Center-West Brazil" was submitted to the Revista Brasileira de Botância. Chapter 1 discusses the phytogeographical distribution of the species, by comparing floristic studies conducted in the Cerrado, Caatinga and Restinga in the Northeast and Cerrado of the Central Brazil. The analysis of data of this study and compilation with other studies indicated that: i) the record of 94 plant species; ii) of total species, about 64% are associated with the Cerrado, the second specialized bibliography, and about 78% as the List of Species of Flora of Brazil. However, about 73% of total species (94) are also distributed in the Caatinga, the Atlantic forest 64%, the Amazon forest 64%, the Pantanal 15% and the Pampa 12%. Floristically the data show that the community studied is influenced by other floras, has a structure where grasses dominate and also because of his appearance the same savanna then be classified as a Savana gramíneo-lenhosa do tabuleiro . Chapter 2, titled "Considerations on the flora of a savanna community in Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil: Subsidy key area for conservation" was submitted to the Revista Natureza e Conservação. This has the objective of improve the knowledge of flora of Rio Grande do Norte and to identify possible rare species and consequently increase the key areas of biodiversity in Brazil. The data indicated that: i) of 94 species registered in the study area, 40 were new records for the Rio Grande do Norte state; ii) These citations to unpublished state, Stylosanthes montevidensis Vogel (Fabaceae) and Aristida laevis (Nees) Kunth (Poaceae) are indicated for the first time to the Northeast of Brazil; iii) are registered in the area 24 species endemic to Brazil and 63 non-endemic; iv) Aspilia procumbens Baker (Asteraceae) registered in the area is considered a restricted species and micro endemic Rio Grande do Norte, ie rare species; v) Aspilia procumbens is also cited in the category of critically endangered species and Stilpnopappus cearensis Hubber (Asteraceae) a species vulnerable to extinction. This study shows a new area phytoecological in Rio Grande do Norte and indicates the area's potential to contribute with the sites of global significance for biodiversity conservation, either locally, regionally and nationally. This will certainly contribute to respond some targets set by the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity such as the inventory of vegetal diversity in a region with little collection, which will provide data that contributes to questions and themes related to biodiversity.

Contextualização da pesca mundial de lagostas e características de comercialização de Scyllarides spp. E Panulirus spp. na Baixada Santista, estado de São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed to contextualize the world's lobster fishing and identify the characteristics of their trades in Santos region (SP). For this purpose, were realized surveys about the captures of 56 years referring the families traded in the world through the informations supplied by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). To State of São Paulo, consults were made in the data base Propesq (Fishing Institute) about the fishing and prices. Besides interviews in fishmonger, businessmen of fishing and restaurant, we observed the trade and the economical potential compared the lobsters Scyllarides spp. and Panulirus spp. The worldwide the family Nephropidae is the one that has been presenting bigger growth in the captures from 1950 and the one that has the biggest observed captures, the Palinuridae showed a little growth of the captures up to the 80' years, and leaving from there it is oscillating without many expressive changes; Scyllarides began to stand out as fisheries only 70' in Asia, precisely where the other two Families had low catches proportional. In the State of São Paulo, two types of lobsters are sold in Baixada Santista, with conspicuous differences in prices between them. There is also a difference in the flow of trade in relation to active fishing gear. Traders notice a decrease in both abundance and size of individuals of both genders and a clear preference to sell the slippers lobsters (Scyllarides spp.) both for the quality of meat as the lowest price.

Florística e fitossociologia em parcelas permanentes da Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal

This paper summarizes floristic and phytossociology data of 11, out of 14 plots of 1 ha, allocated along an altitudinal gradient in the Serra do Mar, Silo Paulo, Brazil. The study was conducted at Serra do Mar State Park and the plots start at the sea level (10 m - plot of Restinga Forest that occurs at Praia da Fazenda, Picinguaba, municipality of Ubatuba) up to 1100 m above sea level (the Montane Ombrophilous Dense occurs alongside the Itamambuca Trail, municipality of Silo Luis do Paraitinga). The Restinga Forest occurs in Pleistocenic Coastal Plain where the soil is classified as a sandy Quartzipsamment (Quartzenic Neosol), while along the slopes of the Serra do Mar, the Ombrophylus Dense Forest grows on the top of a pre-Cambrian crystalline basement with granitic rocks, where the soil is a sandy-loam Dystrophic Inceptisol (Cambisol/Latosol). In all 14 plots soils are acidic (pH 3 - 4), chemically poor, with high dilution of nutrients and high saturation of aluminum. In the Restinga and at the foot of the slope the climate is Tropical/Subtropical Humid (Af/Cfa), with no dry season, an average annual rainfall over 2,200 mm and an average annual temperature of 22 degrees C. Towards the top of the Serra do Mar there is a gradual cooling along the slope, but there is no reduction in rainfall, so at 1,100 m above sea level the climate is classified as Humid Subtropical (Cfa/Cfb), with no dry season and an average annual temperature of 17 degrees C. It is important to remark that, almost daily, from 400 m above sea level up to the top of slopes the mountains are covered by a dense fog. In the 14 plots 21,733 individuals with DBH >= 4.8 cm, including trees, palms and ferns, were marked, measured and sampled. The average number of individuals sampled in each plot was 1264 ind.ha(-1)(+/- 218 SE 95%). Within the parameters considered trees prevailed (71% in the Montane ODF to 90% in the Restinga Forest), followed by palms (10% in the RF and 25% in the Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest/ODF) and ferns (0% % in the RF and 4% in the Montane ODF). Regarding these proportions the Exploited Lowlands ODF differs from the others with only 1.8% of palm trees and striking 10% of ferns. The forest canopy is irregular with heights ranging from 7 to 9 m, rarely emergent trees reach 18 m, and due to this irregularity of the canopy the amount of light that gets through sets conditions for the development of hundreds of epiphytic species. Aside from Montana ODF, where the number of dead trees was more than 5% of individuals sampled, in the other phytophysiognomies this value was below 2.5%. In the 11 plots where the floristic study was conducted we found 562 species in 195 genera and 68 families. Only seven species - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. and Marlierea tomentosa Cambess (both Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Veil.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), Cupania oblongifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae), Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. and Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini (both Urticaceae) - occurred from Restinga to Montane ODF, while 12 other species did not occur only in the Restinga Forest. Families with the greatest number of species are Myrtaceae (133 spp), Fabaceae (47 spp), Rubiaceae (49) and Lauraceae (49) throughout the gradient and Monimiaceae (21) specifically in portions Montane ODF. Only in the F plot, where logging has occurred between 1950 and 1985, the abundance of palm trees has been replaced by Cyatheaceae. The study shows a peak of diversity and richness, Shannon-Weiner index (H') ranging from 3.96 to 4.48 nats.ind(-1), in the intermediate altitudes (300 to 400 m) along the slope. Several explanations for this result are raised here, including the fact that these elevations are within the limits expansions and retractions of the different phytophysiognomies of the Atlantic ODF due to climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the extraordinary richness of tree species of the Atlantic Rainforest from the northeastern coast of the State of São Paulo, reinforcing the importance of its conservation throughout the altitudinal gradient. The richness of this forest justifies a long term commitment to study its dynamics and functioning through permanent plots, and monitor the impacts of climate change in this vegetation.

Três versões do pragmatismo deweyano no Brasil dos anos cinqüenta

O presente texto parte de uma caracterização em que o movimento escolanovista brasileiro é considerado como difusor da introdução de procedimentos científicos no campo pedagógico, como se a educação devesse subordinar-se às regras do pensamento e às descobertas obtidas pela ciência. em seguida, mostra que essa caracterização descreve apenas uma das tendências do ideário educacional renovador, sendo que outra, desenvolvida marcadamente sob a influência de John Dewey, filósofo e educador norte-americano, apresenta norteamentos bastante diversos. Assim, analisa alguns artigos publicados na Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos, órgão do Instituto Nacional de Estudos Pedagógicos, INEP, nos anos de 1950. Tais artigos, de autoria de Anísio Teixeira, João Roberto Moreira e Luiz Alves de Mattos, entre outros, traduzem o ideário educacional renovador daquele período e expressam concepções fundamentadas nas idéias de John Dewey. Os temas debatidos por esses educadores brasileiros são agrupados, de maneira geral, em torno das seguintes categorias: democracia, liberdade, pesquisa sócio-educacional e planejamento educacional. Na análise desenvolvida, percebe-se que os autores expressam diferentes visões do mesmo pensador - John Dewey -, fato que é compreensível mediante o conceito de recontextualização, originário das teses de Basil Bernstein, segundo o qual as teorias ou concepções filosóficas sofrem alterações, muitas vezes fundamentais, quando são convertidas em discurso pedagógico. Ao mesmo tempo que espera contribuir para melhor compreensão da presença do pensamento deweyano no Brasil, o presente trabalho também sugere a necessidade de maior aprofundamento quanto ao estudo dos processos recontextualizadores no campo educacional.

A fragilidade da condução política da defesa no Brasil

O presente artigo trata de avaliar em perspectiva histórica, algumas falhas na condução da política de Defesa no Brasil, fulcrais para se compreender a continuidade de um quadro de indevida participação militar e de ausência de controle civil na elaboração e implementação da mencionada pasta, incompatíveis com um contexto de governabilidade democrática. A despeito de algumas iniciativas no sentido de regulamentar os limites de atuação das Forças Armadas para que as mesmas não extrapolem suas funções e missões essenciais, e para que a política de Defesa seja revestida de um verniz público e civil - a exemplo da criação do Ministério da Defesa e da publicação da Estratégia Nacional de Defesa -, prevalece uma situação de fragilidade institucional e de vazio de poder público propícios para que a vontade militar permaneça conferindo o tom da Defesa nacional.

A política externa do Brasil no século XXI: os eixos combinados de cooperação horizontal e vertical

Avaliando a primeira década do século XXI, a política externa do Brasil tem passado por uma evolução significativa caracterizada por uma posição internacional e projeção de poder assertiva, dinamizando parcerias estratégicas com países desenvolvidos e emergentes. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as prioridades desta agenda e os potenciais relacionados a estes esforços de cooperação bi e multilateral horizontal e vertical.

A idéia de império e a fundação da monarquia constitucional no Brasil (Portugal-Brasil, 1772-1824)

Cet article met les conceptions et projets politiques ayant trait au processus conduisant à la constituion impériale brésilienne de 1824 dans un contexte historique dont le pont de départ est la notion d'empire civil, telle qu'elle se développa lors de la réorganisation politico-administrative du royaume et de l'empire du Portugal au XVIIIe siècle. Le texte montre qu'avec le couronnement de Pierre I on fit un usage moderne d'une institution ancienne, le sacre royal, ce qui servit à étayer une sujection politique fondée sur la raison universelle humaine. Cette étude permet de comprendre pourquoi le Brésil indépendant fut pour commencer un empire, pas un royaume, ainsi que le sens profond du pouvoir modérateur attribué à l'empereur par la constitution de 1824.

O poder e as injustiças nas pesquisas em seres humanos

Após considerações gerais sobre a ética na pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, focaliza-se a possibilidade de ocorrências de injustiças, sob a égide de diversas formas de poder. Exemplificam-se situações concretas. Enfatiza-se a análise das possíveis injustiças à luz da Bioética, com destaque para multi e transdisciplinaridade. O autor se posiciona quanto às características atuais da Bioética, cuja ótica levou à elaboração das Diretrizes éticas para a pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, no Brasil (Resolução 196/96 e complementares do Conselho Nacional de Saúde). Descreve-se a sistemática das atividades do Grupo Executivo de Trabalho - GET, designado pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde (órgão de controle social na área da saúde), para elaborar as Diretrizes. É dado destaque à participação dos diversos segmentos da sociedade, evidenciando multi e transdiciplinaridade, sob a coordenação do GET, do qual o autor foi Presidente. Comentam-se os principais tópicos das Diretrizes brasileiras, enfocando-se a sua relação com o tema de poder e injustiça. Salienta-se o papel dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa - CEP e da Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa - CONEP.

Curandeirismo e o campo da saúde no Brasil

O objetivo geral do presente artigo é colaborar para a discussão sobre o campo da saúde. Especificamente, pretende-se contribuir para a reflexão do poder médico hegemônico e suas relações com as práticas relacionadas às curandeirices. Considerando a teoria do campo e do habitus de Pierre Bourdieu, discute-se sobre o curandeirismo com base em uma revisão do conceito de transe no campo intelectual como objeto do habitus científico formado entre a prática médica e a prática religiosa. Finalmente, por meio de temas contemporâneos compartilhados pelas Ciências Sociais e pela Saúde Coletiva, indica-se como o curandeirismo - aspecto negativo para o campo médico - transforma-se em aspecto positivo no campo da Saúde Coletiva.

Panorama de la Inserción Internacional de América Latina y el Caribe 2010-2011: la región en la década de las economías emergentes

Incluye Bibliografía

Organização celular dos testículos em Hylidae e leptodactylidae, no Pantanal (Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil)

The objective of this work was to make a comparative analysis of germ cell organization at different stages of cellular differentiation in adult males of Dendropsophus nanus (Boulenger, 1889), Pseudis limellum (Cope, 1862), P. paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758), and Scinax acuminatus (Cope, 1862), belonging to the family Hylidae; and Leptodactylus chaquensis (Cei, 1950) and L. podicipinus (Cope, 1862), belonging to the family Leptodactylidae, collected in the Pantanal and in Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The testes were removed and fixed, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and embedded in methacrylate glycol resin (Historesin Leica®). The sections were stained by 1% toluidine blue and observed under light microscope. It was detected that all individual of the Hylidae family show, throughout the year, the presence of all germ cell types of spermatogenesis. However, all Leptodactylidae family individuals only show the presence of all germ cell types during the rainy season. The variations of characteristics in seminiferous epithelium organization, as well as the evident difference in the amount of spermatozoa inside the tubules, are evidence that the anurans in this work show different forms of spermatogenesis development throughout the year: the cycle is continuous for the Hylidae family, and discontinuous with explosive release of spermatozoa for the Leptodactylidae family.

Desarrollo industrial y política macroeconómica de los dragones asiáticos: 1950-2010

Incluye Bibliografía