Upgrading or polarization? occupational change in Britain, Germany, Spain and Switzerland, 1990-2008

This paper analyzes the pattern of occupational change in four Western European countries over the last two decades: what kind of jobs have been expanding -- high-paid jobs, low-paid jobs or both? By addressing this issue, we also examine what theoretical account is consistent with the observed pattern of change: skill-biased technical change, skill supply evolution or wage-setting institutions? Our empirical findings show a picture of massive occupational upgrading that closely matches educational expansion. In all four countries, by far the strongest employment growth occurred at the top of the occupational hierarchy, among managers and professionals. Yet in parallel, in Britain and Switzerland, as well as in Germany and Spain after 1996 and 2002 respectively, relative employment declined more strongly in the middling occupations (among clerks and production workers) than at the bottom (among interpersonal service workers). This slightly polarized pattern of occupational upgrading is consistent with the "routinization" hypothesis that technology is a better substitute for average-paid jobs in production and the office that for low-paid jobs in interpersonal services. However, we find large cross-country differences in the employment evolution at the bottom of the occupational hierarchy, among low-paid services workers: sizeable growth in Britain and Spain, but stagnation in Germany and Switzerland. This results points towards the possibility that wage-setting institutions filter the pattern of occupational change.

Eliminating heterophilic antibody interference for ferritin detection using Olympus F(ab')2 based reagent.

Interferences with the Olympus immunoturbidimetric assay for ferritin have been reported because the antibodies used in the immunoassay are derived from rabbits. Rabbits are familiar pets known to be a risk factor for developing heterophilic (or interfering) antibodies. This report shows how the current Olympus Ferritin assay has been improved to eliminate the interference from heterophilic antibodies.

Interruptions de grossesse dans le canton de Vaud en 2008

[Table des matières] 1. Résumé. 2. Introduction. 3. Méthodes. 4. Population. 5. Résultats (Tendances - Comparaison intercantonale - Caractéristiques sociodémographiques des résidentes vaudoises ayant interrompu leur grossesse en 2008 - Fécondité et recours antérieur à l'interruption de grossesse - Caractéristiques de l'interruption de grossesse). 6. Conclusions. Annexes. A1. Législation sur l'IG (emploi de la Mifépristone). A2. Formulaire de déclaration.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms are associated with reversal reaction in leprosy.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy is characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations that depend on the type of immune response against the pathogen. Patients may undergo immunological changes known as "reactional states" (reversal reaction and erythema nodosum leprosum) that result in major clinical deterioration. The goal of the present study was to assess the effect of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms on susceptibility to and clinical presentation of leprosy. METHODS: Three polymorphisms in TLR2 (597C-->T, 1350T-->C, and a microsatellite marker) were analyzed in 431 Ethiopian patients with leprosy and 187 control subjects. The polymorphism-associated risk of developing leprosy, lepromatous (vs. tuberculoid) leprosy, and leprosy reactions was assessed by multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: The microsatellite and the 597C-->T polymorphisms both influenced susceptibility to reversal reaction. Although the 597T allele had a protective effect (odds ratio [OR], 0.34 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.17-0.68]; P= .002 under the dominant model), homozygosity for the 280-bp allelic length of the microsatellite strongly increased the risk of reversal reaction (OR, 5.83 [95% CI, 1.98-17.15]; P= .001 under the recessive model). These associations were consistent among 3 different ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a significant role for TLR-2 in the occurrence of leprosy reversal reaction and provide new insights into the immunogenetics of the disease.

Suicide in HIV-infected individuals and the general population in Switzerland, 1988-2008.

OBJECTIVE: High rates of suicide have been described in HIV-infected patients, but it is unclear to what extent the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has affected suicide rates. The authors examined time trends and predictors of suicide in the pre-HAART (1988-1995) and HAART (1996-2008) eras in HIV-infected patients and the general population in Switzerland. METHOD: The authors analyzed data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and the Swiss National Cohort, a longitudinal study of mortality in the Swiss general population. The authors calculated standardized mortality ratios comparing HIV-infected patients with the general population and used Poisson regression to identify risk factors for suicide. RESULTS: From 1988 to 2008, 15,275 patients were followed in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study for a median duration of 4.7 years. Of these, 150 died by suicide (rate 158.4 per 100,000 person-years). In men, standardized mortality ratios declined from 13.7 (95% CI=11.0-17.0) in the pre-HAART era to 3.5 (95% CI=2.5-4.8) in the late HAART era. In women, ratios declined from 11.6 (95% CI=6.4-20.9) to 5.7 (95% CI=3.2-10.3). In both periods, suicide rates tended to be higher in older patients, in men, in injection drug users, and in patients with advanced clinical stage of HIV illness. An increase in CD4 cell counts was associated with a reduced risk of suicide. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide rates decreased significantly with the introduction of HAART, but they remain above the rate observed in the general population, and risk factors for suicide remain similar. HIV-infected patients remain an important target group for suicide prevention.

Cis-configured aziridines are new pseudo-irreversible dual-mode inhibitors of Candida albicans secreted aspartic protease 2

A series of cis-configured epoxides and aziridines containing hydrophobic moieties and amino acid esters,were synthesized as new potential inhibitors of the secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) of Candida albicans. Enzyme assays revealed the N- benzyl-3-phenyl-substituted aziridines 11 and 17 as the most potent inhibitors, with second-order inhibition, rate constants (k(2)) between 56000 and 12-1000 M-1 min(-1). The compounds were shown to be pseudo-irreversible dual-mode, inhibitors: the interm ediate esterified enzyme resulting from nucleophilic ring opening was hydrolyzed and yielded amino alcohols as transition state-mimetic reversible inhibitors. The results of docking studies with the ring-closed aziridine forms of the inhibitors suggest binding modes mainly dominated by hydrophobic interactions with the S1, S1' S2, and S2' subsites of the protease, and docking studies with the processed amino alcohol forms predict additional hydrogen bonds of the new hydroxy group to the active site Asp residues. C. albicans growth assays showed the compounds to decrease SAP2-dependent growth while not affecting SAP2-independent growth.

LSTA Five Year Plan 2008-2012, 2007

The 2008-2012 Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) Plan represents a blueprint for the State Library of Iowa’s federally funded activities over the next five years. We feel we have been successful in striking a balance between challenging ourselves to achieve more and being realistic about what we can actually accomplish with current human and financial resources. We have incorporated “Lessons Learned” from the previous five year plan.

Consumer Advisory Bulletin, Beware of “Free Trial Offers”, January 2008

The Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division receives hundreds of calls and consumer complaints every year. Follow these tips to avoid unexpected expense and disappointments. This record is about: Hang Up on Telemarketing Fraud!

Etude rétrospective de la prévalence des comorbidités associées aux patients hospitalisés au CHUV entre 2008 et 2010 et atteints de goutte

Objectifs : Il s'agit d'une étude descriptive, rétrospective, de la prévalence des comorbidités dans une population de patients atteints de la maladie de la goutte et hospitalisés dans le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lausanne (CHUV) entre le 1er janvier 2008 et le 31 décembre 2010, ainsi qu'une analyse descriptive des différents traitements employés. Méthode : Les codes diagnostiques AP-DRG des archives électroniques du CHUV ont été utilisés dans le but de faire une analyse manuelle des dossiers. 259 dossiers de patients ont étés analysés et ont permis une description démographique, une analyse de la prévalence des comorbidités, ainsi qu'une description des différents traitements et complications. Résultats : La goutte à Lausanne touche principalement les hommes (78% des patients), l'âge moyen est de 76 ans et 7 mois chez les hommes contre 80 ans et 7 mois chez les femmes. Les tranches d'âge les plus concernées, avec 34.2% des hommes et 42.11% des femmes sont les 75-85 ans. L'espérance de vie est supérieure de 6 ans et demie chez les femmes. 75% des patients ont un excès de poids, 26 % sont obèses. Les comorbidités principales sont l'hypertension artérielle (85% des patients), L'insuffisance rénale chronique (50.2%), les cardiopathies ischémiques (35.7%), le diabète de type II (34.4%), l'alcoolisme chronique (22.5%), les néoplasies (16.7%) et les lithiases rénales (5.4%). La goutte se présente principalement (92.8%) sous forme de crise. La prise en charge par le service de rhumatologie concerne seulement 21.4% des patients. 82.5% des patients suivent un traitement médicamenteux, qui comprend principalementdes AINS (79% des patients), de l'allopurinol (53%, dont 3.6% d'intolérance), de la colchicine (34.6%) et des corticoïdes (27%). Les traitements des comorbidités sont les traitements antihypertenseurs (56.7% d'inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine et 56.6% des diurétiques de l'anse). Parmi les patients traités avec un AINS, 54.4% sont en insuffisance rénale chronique, 62% en insuffisance cardiaque et 41% ont un épisode de cardiopathie ischémique. 50% des patients traités avec de la colchicine ont une insuffisance cardiaque et 30% ont eu une cardiopathie ischémique. Parmi les patients qui ont eu un épisode infectieux, la crise de goutte est apparue chez 80% d'entre eux avant l'infection. Conclusion : La goutte est une maladie concernant une tranche de la population qui présente des comorbidités importantes sur le plan cardiovasculaire et métabolique, dont il faut tenir compte lors de l'élaboration d'un traitement de la crise ou d'un plan de traitement préventif de l'hyperuricémie.