La producción y el consumo de la radio en la transportación pública de Quito

La presente investigación tiene el propósito de indagar sobre la producción y el consumo radial en los buses de transporte urbano de la ciudad de Quito; sus características, encuentros y desencuentros de un problema que tiene su apuntalamiento teórico en los escenarios, mediaciones y personajes que giran en torno a ésta la dinámica cotidiana. Los medios de comunicación, y particularmente la radio, tienen “la misión” de producir a través del discurso simbólico y radiofónico; las nuevas formas de informar, entretener y divertir a su “audiencia; así como también, ordenar, disciplinar y homogeneizar a “su público”. Se muestra, por un lado, la lógica de la producción simbólica y massmediática, y por otro lado, la lógica del consumo cultural. De esta forma se visibiliza, cómo la comunicación se convierte en un campo de “batalla simbólica” por la apropiación de los sentidos, significados y significaciones. Todo esto atraviesa por el lugar y la forma que los individuos ocupen en la relación económica, social, política y simbólica, donde la comunicación adquiere su protagonismo. Al señalar que la radio juega un papel fundamental en la configuración del imaginario urbano y que el contacto cotidiano de la gente está mediado por ésta institución mediática, se establece la importancia e influencia que ejerce la radiodifusión en nuestras sensibilidades, subjetividades y biografías. En la medida que cada medio de comunicación tiene su propia lógica, se informa sobre los resultados, se intenta visibilizar la trama del problema y se plantea nuevas preguntas de investigación.

Radio y televisión comunitarias: ¿factores de desarrollo? experiencias en Ecuador y Colombia (estudios de caso)

Este trabajo se constituye en un intento por abordar el análisis crítico de algunos de los presupuestos del discurso actual (finales de la década de 1990) sobre la comunicación alternativa y popular, confrontados con dos prácticas comunicativas en radio popular y televisión comunitaria: el caso de la emisora Radio Sucumbíos en Nueva Loja – Ecuador, y el del canal de televisión Parabólica Asociación Memoria TV en Cali – Colombia. Se pretende establecer, desde las posibilidades estructurales de cada uno (entendidas como las rutinas de producción / distribución), si estos medios de comunicación son “alternativos” como lo precisa el discurso al considerarlos como factores de desarrollo, o si por el contrario, están contribuyendo sin proponérselo, a reforzar o a construir nuevas relaciones, entre ellas las de dominación. Para adentrarnos en esta lectura en particular, se recreó el conflictivo contexto en que se desarrolla cada una de estas experiencias; se examinó el discurso desde nociones específicas; y se observó la práctica comunicativa a través de géneros como el informativo, para el caso de la radio, y el magazín para el de la televisión.

Causas, determinaciones y efectos de los cambios en la comunicación de la Radio HCJB desde 1990

La Radio Pública HCJB, La Voz de los Andes, con su mensaje de fe en Jesucristo inicia sus transmisiones desde el Ecuador a partir de 1931. Este medio masivo alcanza en 1990 una cobertura del 60% del globo terráqueo a través de sus frecuencias AM, FM y Onda Corta. Sin embargo, a partir de la década de 1990 se da inicio a un proceso de cambios sociales con el cual surge un movimiento de ruptura en la comunicación global, que también afecta a la estructura, funcionamiento, organización de esta Radio y la convierte en un medio de comunicación local. La investigación realizada para este estudio expondrá algunas de las causas, las determinaciones y los efectos de los cambios en la comunicación de la Radio HCJB.

Mobile Incubation in Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata): Associated Hatching Failure and Artificial Mitigation

Waved albatrosses often relocate their eggs during incubation by placing the egg between the tarsi and shuffling forward. This behavior frequently results in eggs becoming lodged between rocks, accounting for at least 10%, and perhaps as much as 80%, of breeding failures. Because albatross populations worldwide are currently threatened, artificial means of augmenting reproductive success may be necessary to mitigate losses caused by anthropogenic effects. We characterize the frequency and extent of egg movement; test several hypotheses related to microhabitat, timing, and incubation location to explain the behavior; and investigate the utility of repositioning lodged eggs in a location in which breeding birds might resume incubation. Egg rescue increased both the likelihood of continued incubation as well as the hatching rate in our experiment, and provides an efficient, low-cost management option for this species.

Site Safety and Food Affect Movements of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) Migrating Through the Upper Bay of Fundy

The upper Bay of Fundy is a critical stopover site for Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) during their fall migration. However, little is known about factors that influence selection of feeding and roosting sites by these birds, or the extent to which birds move between different sites during their time in the region. Using radio-telemetry, we studied movement patterns, examined habitat use, and tested hypotheses associated with factors influencing foraging and roost-site selection. Movements of radio-tagged sandpipers were tracked in the upper Bay of Fundy in August 2004 and 2005. In 2004, sandpipers from the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia and Chignecto Bay, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, were tracked, and in 2005, sandpipers were tracked only in Chignecto Bay. Sandpipers were highly mobile in both the Minas Basin 2004 and Chignecto Bay 2005, making daily movements of up to 20 km between foraging and roosting sites, although very little movement was detected in Chignecto Bay in 2004. Migrating sandpipers appeared to select foraging sites based on relative safety, as measured by distance to cover, provided that these sites offered an adequate food supply. Similarly, roosting sandpipers preferred sites that were far from nearby trees that might offer cover to predators. This preference for safe sites became more apparent later in their stay in the Bay of Fundy, when birds were heavier and, therefore, possibly more vulnerable to predation. Semipalmated Sandpipers appear to be flexible during their time in the upper Bay of Fundy, displaying year-to-year and site-to-site variability in movement and mudflat usage. Therefore, multiple, synchronized population counts should be conducted at known roost sites in order to more accurately estimate Semipalmated Sandpiper abundance in this region. Furthermore, in a highly dynamic system where food can be variable, landscape features such as distance to cover may be important factors to consider when selecting candidate sites for shorebird conservation measures.

An observing system simulation experiment for climate monitoring with GNSS radio occulation data: setup and testbed study

The long-term stability, high accuracy, all-weather capability, high vertical resolution, and global coverage of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) suggests it as a promising tool for global monitoring of atmospheric temperature change. With the aim to investigate and quantify how well a GNSS RO observing system is able to detect climate trends, we are currently performing an (climate) observing system simulation experiment over the 25-year period 2001 to 2025, which involves quasi-realistic modeling of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. We carried out two climate simulations with the general circulation model MAECHAM5 (Middle Atmosphere European Centre/Hamburg Model Version 5) of the MPI-M Hamburg, covering the period 2001–2025: One control run with natural variability only and one run also including anthropogenic forcings due to greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, and tropospheric ozone. On the basis of this, we perform quasi-realistic simulations of RO observables for a small GNSS receiver constellation (six satellites), state-of-the-art data processing for atmospheric profiles retrieval, and a statistical analysis of temperature trends in both the “observed” climatology and the “true” climatology. Here we describe the setup of the experiment and results from a test bed study conducted to obtain a basic set of realistic estimates of observational errors (instrument- and retrieval processing-related errors) and sampling errors (due to spatial-temporal undersampling). The test bed results, obtained for a typical summer season and compared to the climatic 2001–2025 trends from the MAECHAM5 simulation including anthropogenic forcing, were found encouraging for performing the full 25-year experiment. They indicated that observational and sampling errors (both contributing about 0.2 K) are consistent with recent estimates of these errors from real RO data and that they should be sufficiently small for monitoring expected temperature trends in the global atmosphere over the next 10 to 20 years in most regions of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Inspection of the MAECHAM5 trends in different RO-accessible atmospheric parameters (microwave refractivity and pressure/geopotential height in addition to temperature) indicates complementary climate change sensitivity in different regions of the UTLS so that optimized climate monitoring shall combine information from all climatic key variables retrievable from GNSS RO data.

Architecture for Living Neuronal Network Control of a mobile robot

The intelligent controlling mechanism of a typical mobile robot is usually a computer system. Research is however now ongoing in which biological neural networks are being cultured and trained to act as the brain of an interactive real world robot – thereby either completely replacing or operating in a cooperative fashion with a computer system. Studying such neural systems can give a distinct insight into biological neural structures and therefore such research has immediate medical implications. The principal aims of the present research are to assess the computational and learning capacity of dissociated cultured neuronal networks with a view to advancing network level processing of artificial neural networks. This will be approached by the creation of an artificial hybrid system (animat) involving closed loop control of a mobile robot by a dissociated culture of rat neurons. This paper details the components of the overall animat closed loop system architecture and reports on the evaluation of the results from preliminary real-life and simulated robot experiments.

The indoor localization system using vision for multiple mobile robots

This paper presents the development of an indoor localization system using camera vision. The localization system has a capability to determine 2D coordinate (x, y) for a team of mobile robots, Miabot. The experimental results show that the system outperforms our existing sonar localizer both in accuracy and a precision.

Controlling a mobile robot with a biological brain

The intelligent controlling mechanism of a typical mobile robot is usually a computer system. Some recent research is ongoing in which biological neurons are being cultured and trained to act as the brain of an interactive real world robot�thereby either completely replacing, or operating in a cooperative fashion with, a computer system. Studying such hybrid systems can provide distinct insights into the operation of biological neural structures, and therefore, such research has immediate medical implications as well as enormous potential in robotics. The main aim of the research is to assess the computational and learning capacity of dissociated cultured neuronal networks. A hybrid system incorporating closed-loop control of a mobile robot by a dissociated culture of neurons has been created. The system is flexible and allows for closed-loop operation, either with hardware robot or its software simulation. The paper provides an overview of the problem area, gives an idea of the breadth of present ongoing research, establises a new system architecture and, as an example, reports on the results of conducted experiments with real-life robots.

Biodegradation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in three tropical soils using radio labelled PEG

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) may be added to forage based diets rich in tannins for ruminant feeding because it binds to tannins and thus prevent the formation of potentially indigestible tannin-protein complexes. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro biodegradation (mineralization, i.e., complete breakdown of PEG to CO2) rate of PEG. C-14-Polyethylene glycol (C-14-PEG) was added to three different tropical soils (a sandy clay loam soil, SaCL; a sandy clay soil, SaC; and a sandy loam soil, SaL) and was incubated in Bartha flasks. Free PEG and PEG bound to tannins from a tannin rich local shrub were incubated under aerobic conditions for up to 70 days. The biodegradation assay monitored the (CO2)-C-14 evolved after degradation of the labelled PEG in the soils. After incubation, the amount of (CO2)-C-14 evolved from the C-14-PEG application was low. Higher PEG mineralization values were found for the soils with higher organic matter contents (20.1 and 18.6 g organic matter/kg for SaCL and SaC, respectively) than for the SaL soil (11.9 g organic matter/kg) (P < 0.05). The extent of mineralization of PEG after 70 days of incubation in the soil was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when it was added as bound to the browse tannin than in the free form (0.040 and 0.079, respectively). (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.