Annexin II regulates multivesicular endosome biogenesis in the degradation pathway of animal cells

Proteins of the annexin family are believed to be involved in membrane-related processes, but their precise functions remain unclear. Here, we have made use of several experimental approaches, including pathological conditions, RNA interference and in vitro transport assays, to study the function of annexin II in the endocytic pathway. We find that annexin II is required for the biogenesis of multivesicular transport intermediates destined for late endosomes, by regulating budding from early endosomes-but not the membrane invagination process. Hence, the protein appears to be a necessary component of the machinery controlling endosomal membrane dynamics and multivesicular endosome biogenesis. We also find that annexin II interacts with cholesterol and that its subcellular distribution is modulated by the subcellular distribution of cholesterol, including in cells from patients with the cholesterol-storage disorder Niemann-Pick C. We conclude that annexin II forms cholesterol-containing platforms on early endosomal membranes, and that these platforms regulate the onset of the degradation pathway in animal cells.

Inhibition of early tumor growth requires Jα18-positive (natural killer T) cells

The role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in the immune response to tumor cells has been largely unexplored. As a model of adoptive tumor immunotherapy, cells from the draining lymph nodes of mice immunized with a tumor-specific or irrelevant antigen were transferred to naive recipients with established tumor. Inhibition of early tumor growth (day 4) required the transfer of both CD8(+) and Jalpha18(+) (NKT) cells from immunized animals without regard to immunogen. In contrast, CD8(+) cells, but not Jalpha18(+) cells, were necessary for the inhibition of late tumor growth (day 8). Thus, the developing tumor changes in sensitivity to NKT-mediated events and the role for NKT cells cannot be replaced by the presence of tumor-specific cells during early tumor growth. This suggests that recruitment/activation of Jalpha18(+) NKT cells is an important consideration during the immune therapy of early stage tumors.

Antigen-specific suppression of a primed immune response by dendritic cells mediated by regulatory T cells secreting interleukin-10

Antigen-specific suppression of a previously primed immune response is a major challenge for immunotherapy of autoimmune disease. ReIB activation is required for myeloid DC differentiation. Here, we show that antigen-exposed DCs in which ReIB function is inhibited lack cell surface CD40, prevent priming of immunity, and suppress previously primed immune responses. DCs generated from CD40-deficient mice similarly confer suppression. Regulatory CD4(+) T cells induced by the DCs transfer antigen-specific Infectious tolerance to primed recipients in an interleukin10-dependent fashion. Thus CD40, regulated by ReIB activity, determines the consequences of antigen presentation by myeloid DCs. These observations have significance for autoimmune immunotherapy and suggest a mechanism by which peripheral tolerance might be constitutively maintained by RelB(-) CD40(-) DCs.

Recent advances on the role of CD40 and dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance

CD40 is a key signaling pathway for the function of B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells in the immune system, and plays an important role in inflammatory pathways of nonhemopoietic cells. The NFkappaB family of transcription factors is a critical mediator in inflammation. NFkappaB is involved both in the regulation of CD40 expression and in cell signaling after CD40 ligation. This positive feedback loop linking NFkappaB and CD40 plays an important role in the control of the adaptive immune response, with fundamental implications for immunity and tolerance in vivo.

Characterization of E-cadherin endocytosis in isolated MCF-7 and Chinese hamster ovary cells - The initial fate of unbound E-cadherin

The endocytosis of E-cadherin has recently emerged as an important determinant of cadherin function with the potential to participate in remodeling adhesive contacts. In this study we focused on the initial fate of E-cadherin when it predominantly exists free on the cell surface prior to adhesive binding or incorporation into junctions. Surface-labeling techniques were used to define the endocytic itinerary of E-cadherin in MCF-7 cells and in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing human E-cadherin. We found that in this experimental system E-cadherin entered a transferrin-negative compartment before transport to the early endosomal compartment, where it merged with classical clathrin-mediated uptake pathways. E-cadherin endocytosis was inhibited by mutant dynamin, but not by an Eps15 mutant that effectively blocked transferrin internalization. Furthermore, sustained signaling by the ARF6 GTPase appeared to trap endocytosed E-cadherin in large peripheral structures. We conclude that in isolated cells unbound E-cadherin on the cell surface is predominantly endocytosed by a clathrin-independent pathway resembling macropinocytotic internalization, which then fuses with the early endosomal system. Taken with earlier reports, this suggests the possibility that multiple pathways exist for E-cadherin entry into cells that are likely to reflect cell context and regulation.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta agonist, GW501516, regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid catabolism and energy uncoupling in skeletal muscle cells

Lipid homeostasis is controlled by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha, -beta/delta, and -gamma) that function as fatty acid-dependent DNA-binding proteins that regulate lipid metabolism. In vitro and in vivo genetic and pharmacological studies have demonstrated PPARalpha regulates lipid catabolism. In contrast, PPARgamma regulates the conflicting process of lipid storage. However, relatively little is known about PPARbeta/delta in the context of target tissues, target genes, lipid homeostasis, and functional overlap with PPARalpha and -gamma. PPARbeta/delta, a very low-density lipoprotein sensor, is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, a major mass peripheral tissue that accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight. Skeletal muscle is a metabolically active tissue, and a primary site of glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and cholesterol efflux. Consequently, it has a significant role in insulin sensitivity, the blood-lipid profile, and lipid homeostasis. Surprisingly, the role of PPARbeta/delta in skeletal muscle has not been investigated. We utilize selective PPARalpha, -beta/delta, -gamma, and liver X receptor agonists in skeletal muscle cells to understand the functional role of PPARbeta/delta, and the complementary and/or contrasting roles of PPARs in this major mass peripheral tissue. Activation of PPARbeta/delta by GW501516 in skeletal muscle cells induces the expression of genes involved in preferential lipid utilization, beta-oxidation, cholesterol efflux, and energy uncoupling. Furthermore, we show that treatment of muscle cells with GW501516 increases apolipoprotein-A1 specific efflux of intracellular cholesterol, thus identifying this tissue as an important target of PPARbeta/delta agonists. Interestingly, fenofibrate induces genes involved in fructose uptake, and glycogen formation. In contrast, rosiglitazone-mediated activation of PPARgamma induces gene expression associated with glucose uptake, fatty acid synthesis, and lipid storage. Furthermore, we show that the PPAR-dependent reporter in the muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 promoter is directly regulated by PPARbeta/delta, and not PPARalpha in skeletal muscle cells in a PPARgamma coactivator-1-dependent manner. This study demonstrates that PPARs have distinct roles in skeletal muscle cells with respect to the regulation of lipid, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, we surmise that PPARgamma/delta agonists would increase fatty acid catabolism, cholesterol efflux, and energy expenditure in muscle, and speculate selective activators of PPARbeta/delta may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and obesity.

Dendritic branching of pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of the nocturnal owl monkey: A fractal analysis

The branching structure of neurones is thought to influence patterns of connectivity and how inputs are integrated within the arbor. Recent studies have revealed a remarkable degree of variation in the branching structure of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex of diurnal primates, suggesting regional specialization in neuronal function. Such specialization in pyramidal cell structure may be important for various aspects of visual function, such as object recognition and color processing. To better understand the functional role of regional variation in the pyramidal cell phenotype in visual processing, we determined the complexity of the dendritic branching pattern of pyramidal cells in visual cortex of the nocturnal New World owl monkey. We used the fractal dilation method to quantify the branching structure of pyramidal cells in the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2) and the caudal and rostral subdivisions of inferotemporal cortex (ITc and ITr, respectively), which are often associated with color processing. We found that, as in diurnal monkeys, there was a trend for cells of increasing fractal dimension with progression through these cortical areas. The increasing complexity paralleled a trend for increasing symmetry. That we found a similar trend in both diurnal and nocturnal monkeys suggests that it was a feature of a common anthropoid ancestor.

UFES, 60 anos

Organizador, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.

Detecção e caracterização de patotipos diarreiogênicos de Escherichia coli por métodos fenotípicos e genotípicos em indivíduos de todas as idades atendidos nas unidades de saúde de Vitória-ES

A diarreia é a segunda causa de mortalidade em <5 anos e é responsável pela diminuição da produtividade na população economicamente ativa. Dentre os agentes infecciosos envolvidos, seis patotipos diarreiogênicos de Escherichia coli (DEC) merecem destaque: E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC), E.coli enteroinvasora (EIEC), E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), E. coli enteroemorrágica ou produtora de toxina de Shiga (EHEC/STEC), E. coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) e E. coli de aderência difusa (DAEC). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência dos patotipos de DEC e caracterizar fenotípica e genotipicamente EAEC, DAEC, aEPEC e E. coli chain-like adhesion (CLA) isolados de fezes indivíduos de todas as idades atendidos nas Unidades de Saúde do município de Vitória, ES, entre janeiro de 2008 e junho de 2011. Os isolados de E. coli foram submetidos à: (i) PCR para detecção dos genes eae, bfpA, aat, lt, st, ipaH, stx1 e stx2; (ii) hibridização de colônia com as sondas eae, aat e daaC; (iii) adesão em cultura de células HEp-2 para evidenciar padrão de aderência agregativa (AA), difusa (DA) e chain-like adhesion (CLA). PCR para detecção de genes de virulência foi realizado em isolados de EAEC, CLA, DAEC e aEPEC. Isolados de EAEC e CLA, foram submetidos a testes de formação de biofilme e de película. Foram obtidos 328 espécimes fecais e E. coli foi isolada de 85,7%. Os seguintes patotipos foram identificados: EAEC (18,3%), DAEC (11%), aEPEC (2,6%), ETEC (0,7%). CLA foi identificada em 4,9% e EIEC, tEPEC e STEC não foram detectados. Dos 60 isolados de EAEC (AA) (25% aat+ por PCR e 35% por hibridização), fímbrias de aderência agregativa foram evidenciadas em baixa frequência (aggA- 1,7%, aafA- 0%, agg3A- 11,7%, hdA- 8,3%). EAEC típica correspondeu a 31,7% dos isolados de EAEC (aggR+), e foram significantes nestas a formação de biofilme, escore 3+ de produção de película e presença dos genes aat, agg3A, hdA, aap, sat, pet, set1A e iucA. Todos os isolados CLA apresentaram o gene pet, 87,5%, foram aggR-, formaram película e nenhum produziu biofilme. Dentre dos 42 isolados de DAEC (DA), a sonda daaC detectou 52,4%. PCR evidenciou adesinas afa/Dr (daaD e afa) em 59,5% e adesina AIDA-I não foi encontrada, sugerindo que outras adesinas estejam envolvidas na adesão da DAEC. Isolados de DAEC afa/Dr + foram estatisticamente mais isolados de <5 anos. Em aEPEC, os genes da ilha de patogenicidade OI-122 pesquisados, nleE, efa1/lifA e paa foram evidenciados em 30% dos isolados, todos provenientes de <5 anos. Características de virulência de tEAEC e DAEC Afa/Dr sugerem que sejam subpopulações relacionadas com diarreia. CLA não parece ser variante de EAEC.

Participação da apolipoproteína-E na atividade microbicida “in vitro” contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A parede celular de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) é constituída por 60% de lipídios, impedindo a passagem de uma grande quantidade de substâncias, além de desempenhar um importante papel na imunopatogênese. A apresentação desses antígenos aos linfócitos se dá por meio de moléculas do tipo CD1.Por sua vez a Apolipoproteína-E (ApoE), glicoproteína amplamente distribuída nos tecidos, pode facilitar a apresentação de lipídios pelo CD1. A ApoE possui três principais alelos ApoE- 2, 3 e 4, que codificam três isoformas de proteínas, tipos 2, 3 e 4, que possuem diferentes estruturas e funções. A presença de determinadas isoformas da ApoE está associada a doenças infecciosas, como herpes labial, dano hepático severo causado pelo vírus da hepatite C, diarréia infantil e tuberculose pulmonar. Neste contexto, avaliamos a participação da ApoE na atividade microbicida in vitro frente ao Mtb. Para tanto, foram arrolados 13 indivíduos PPD-, 17 indivíduos PPD+ e 4 indivíduos com tuberculose pulmonar ativa. O uso de plasma humano depletado de ApoE nos experimentos de atividade microbicida in vitro mostraram um aumento significante (p=0,02) no número de micobactérias (431.5 ± 81.92 UFC) quando comparado ao grupo controle (313.0 ± 74.61 UFC). Esses resultados foram confirmados por um modelo experimental utilizando esplenócitos de camundongos de camundongos C57BL/6 (815.9 ± 76.32 UFC) e animais APOE nocaute (1133 ± 86.85 UFC) (p = 0.021). Quanto à produção de IL-10, no grupo PPD+, observamos que o grupo com depleção de ApoE (866.7 ± 447.8) apresentou uma produção menor desta citocina com relação ao controle infectado (1089 ± 481.3) (p=0,023). Já em relação ao IFN-, em ambos os grupos observou-se, após 72 horas, uma tendência à diminuição da produção dessa citocina no grupo com depleção, com relação ao grupo controle. Esses dados sugerem que a ApoE tem papel distinto na ativação da resposta imune e sua ausência pode prejudicar a resposta imune frente à tuberculose

Indicação inicial de tratamento em 60 pacientes com distúrbios ventilatórios obstrutivos do sono

OBJETIVO: Os autores apresentam um estudo descritivo retrospectivo de 60 pacientes portadores de distúrbios ventilatórios obstrutivos do sono (DVOS), atendidos no Centro Campinas de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço num período de três anos. Todos os pacientes foram examinados segundo protocolo padronizado e as decisões quanto à primeira conduta terapêutica resultaram de discussão conjunta multidisciplinar sistemática. FORMA DE ESTUDO: clínico retrospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos segundo a proposta de tratamento não-cirúrgico e cirúrgico. Em seguida, foram estudados quanto à modalidade inicial de tratamentos propostos e os principais achados propedêuticos: índice de distúrbio respiratório (IDR), índice de massa corpórea (IMC), análise cefalométrica e manobra de Müller. Os principais achados propedêuticos foram comparados, isoladamente ou em associações com a modalidade de tratamento proposto. CONCLUSÃO: As principais conclusões mostram que nas roncopatias, a indicação de tratamento não-cirúrgico e cirúrgico se fez na mesma proporção; a indicação de tratamento cirúrgico prevaleceu na Síndrome da Apnéia-Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS), independente de sua modalidade; o IDR, o IMC e a manobra de Müller não tiveram influência na indicação de qualquer modalidade terapêutica; a decisão terapêutica decorreu de estudo propedêutico sistematizado e da atuação multidisciplinar, havendo cada caso sido discutido individualmente.

Biochemical and morpho-anatomical analyses of strawberry vitroplants hyperhydric tissues affected by BA and gelling agents

In vitro propagation has become an effective practice for large-scale production of strawberry plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hyperhydricity and the multiplication capacity of two strawberry varieties (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. 'Dover' and 'Burkley') propagated in vitro. Plants maintained in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 BA were individualized and transferred to the same medium solidified with Agar (6.5 g L-1) or Phytagel® (2.5 g L-1) and BA at different concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 mg L-1). Biochemical and anatomical analyses were carried out, as well as the analysis of the morphological hyperhydricity characteristics. The analysis of data showed: a) the increase in cytokinin concentration increased hyperhydricity frequency in both varieties; b) at concentrations up to 2.0 mg L-1 BA, the replacement of Agar by Phytagel® induced a higher formation of hyperhydric shoots; and c) the addition of BA induced oxidative stress, which is characterized by increased antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation, as well as alterations at the cellular level, such as malformation of stomata and epidermal cells. In conclusion, the culture medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BA solidified with Agar provided lower hyperhydricity percentages in association with higher rates of shoot proliferation in strawberry.

Composite synthetic hydroxyapatite 30%, in two physical states, as dermal filler

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to the implantation of synthetic hydroxyapatite 30% (HAP-91®) in different physical states as dermal filler. Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were used, distributed randomly into two equal groups and then divided into three groups according to the postoperative period at 8, 21 and 49 days. One mL of HAP-91®, fluid and viscous, was implanted in the subcutaneous tissue, 1 cm proximal to the cranial crest of the right scapula. The thickness of the skin was measured before and after implantation and for the following 15 days. Pain sensitivity assessment was conducted, assigning the following scores: 0 - when the animal allowed the touch of the implant area and expressed no signs of pain; 1 - when the animal allowed the touch, but pain reaction occurred, like increase of the respiratory rate or attempt to escape; 2 - when the animal did not allow the touch to the implanted area. At 8, 21 and 49 days, biopsy of the implanted area was performed. No difference was observed between the thickness of the skin (p>0.05) and all animals received a score 0 for soreness. Histological analysis did not reveal any obvious inflammatory process, showing a predominance of mononuclear cells in samples of eight days and tissue organization around the biomaterial with a tendency to encapsulation. The results indicate that HAP-91®, both viscous and fluid, is biocompatible and suitable for dermal filling.