Povoações, freguesias e vilas na Paraíba Colonial: Pombal e Sousa, 1697-1800

The towns presently named Pombal and Sousa, located in the hinterland of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, still keep vestiges of the colonization process they went through along the 18th and 19th centuries, when they both emerged as settlement nuclei in the extreme West of the then captaincy of Paraíba and attained the status of freguesia and vila in a later period. This research aims to comprehend the process of urban formation and development of the colonial urban nuclei of Pombal and Sousa as they became povoados (hamlets), freguesias (parishes) and vilas (small urban communities with a local government), according to territorial expansion policies implemented by the Portuguese government from 1697 to 1800. The choice of the two urban settlements for this survey lies in the fact that they were part of the great conquest and colonization program undertaken by the Portuguese Crown. Another aspect that was considered was the fact that those towns are the oldest urban nuclei of Paraíba s hinterland. They came into being as early as in the times of the colony, thus producing a favorable environment to the study of the changes that occurred in the captaincy s hinterland scenery resulting from the process of formation and development of the colonial urban space. Three fundamental categories of analysis were defined since they have a direct bearing upon the urban configuration of the two colonization nuclei: povoado, freguesia and vila. The three of them are related to civil and ecclesiastic jurisdictions. Field, documentation and bibliography surveys were undertaken in order to develop the study. They allowed for the finding of vestiges of the old, colonial urban structures and for the development of theoretical analysis based on present-day studies of issues relating to the colonial urban history. The study purposes were, therefore, to try to understand how the old urban nuclei of Pombal and Sousa fit in the territorial expansion policies undertaken by the Portuguese government; to relate the process of urban formation and development of such nuclei with the categories of analysis povoação-freguesia-vila by discussing the relations and influences they exert over one another and their territory, as well as to unveil, as much as possible, the configuration the urban spaces that were shaped along the 18th century

L'Art moderne (1500-1800) Essais et esquisses.

Mode of access: Internet.

Jeu des échecs; historique de la lutte entre l'éditeur du Palamède, journal français [P.F. de Saint-Amant] et l'éditeur du Chess player's chronicle, journal anglais [Howard Staunton] lettre à l'éditeur du Palamède.

Mode of access: Internet.

Ecologia alimentar e reprodutiva da piaba-do-rabo-amarelo, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) (Osteichthyes: Characidae) na Lagoa do Piató, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The feeding habits and biological aspects of the reproductive cycle of two-spot astyanax, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) were investigated. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis, using gillnets of 4 cm mesh size, from the Piató Lake, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, during the period of September, 2006 to August, 2007. Physico-chemical parameters, such as, temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of the lake were registered. The monthly values of rainfall also were obtained. The 360 individuals captured, were measured, weighed, dissected, and stomach weight and the stage of gonadal maturity were registered. The stomach contents analyses were carried out based on volumetric method, points, frequency of occurrence and applying the Index of Relative Importance. The degrees of repletion of the stomachs were determined besides the Index of Repletion relating to feeding activity variations and frequency of ingestion with limnological parameters and rainfall. The food items identified were separated into distinct groups according to their origin. Sex ratio and Gonadosomatic Relation of females were verified to determine the spawning period and fecundity. The physico-chemical parameters presented the following annual mean values: temperature = 28.8ºC, electrical conductivity = 992.5 µS.cm-1; dissolved oxygen = 4.9 mg.L-1 during the study period. The annual mean of the rainfall was 63.5 mm. The results indicate that this species present an omnivorous feeding habit with a tendency towards insectivory, with an increase in feeding activity during the dry season. The aquatic oxygen to interfere very importance in the feeding activity than the others factors physico-chemicals of water and rainfall. There was a predominance of females, with a sex proportion of 1M:7F. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries and testicles revealed four stages of gonadal development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. A temporal variation was observed for the gonadal development of males and females. There was reproductive activity through out the year, with peaks in the months of February, April and June to correspond with the rain of precipitation of the region. The mean fecundity was 7.681 mature oocytes, varying from 4.476 to 12.036, with mean of 7.681. There was positive relation between fecundity and body mass. Condition Factor is not an efficient indicator of the reproductive period of this species. The species A. cf. lacustris is an opportunist and is well adapted to the conditions of the semi-arid Caatinga Biome

The census of Iowa, as returned in the year 1873 : showing, in detail, the population, agricultural statistics, and other items of interest / published under direction of the Executive Council, 1874

This is the Census of Iowa as returned in the year 1873, showing in detail, the population, agricultural statistics, and other items of interest

Del sincretismo ideológico en la reflexión económica novogranadina: política económica y economía política en Cartagena de Indias, 1800-1809

De 1800 a 1808, diferentes comerciantes y funcionarios reales en Cartagena de Indias solicitaron la ejecución de una política económica que les permitiera sobrevenir los bloqueos portuarios generados por las guerras que España libró en aquellos años: el comercio neutral. Al tomar la historia de las discusiones alrededor de esta política comercial como una puerta de entrada a la reflexión sobre economía política en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, este artículo busca explorar los fundamentos teóricos del comercio neutral. Tres momentos de la discusión sobre la medida se ponen de relieve en el artículo: 1800, 1805 y 1808. En cada uno de ellos, defensores y opositores del comercio neutral argumentaron a favor y en contra sustentados en dos premisas fundamentales. Primera, la observación de la aplicación de políticas económicas en territorios vecinos era un método válido para analizar su pertinencia y, segunda, un comercio activo era inexcusable para alcanzar la “felicidad pública” del reino. Estas dos premisas y su finalidad pragmática señalan el sincretismo ideológico que informó los fundamentos teóricos del reformismo borbónico, del cual emergió el comercio neutral. Este artículo propone una respuesta a la pregunta sobre la naturaleza de la reflexión económica novogranadina al situarla dentro de su intención práctica, esto es, la formulación y evalución de políticas económicas, y al sugerir que dentro de estos límites pragmáticos se encuentran nuevas voces, nuevos documentos y una nueva propuesta historiográfica sobre la economía política en el Nuevo Reino de Granada.

Invención de una tradición: la fiesta de la independencia durante la construcción del Estado costarricense, 1821-1874

ResumenAnaliza la invención de la fiesta de la independencia en el calendario civil del Estado Costarricense, en el periodo de 1824-1874, y retoma la función de las fiestas civiles en la construcción del Estado y nación. Abstract This article analyzes the invention of Independence Day festivities in the civil calendar of the Costa Rican state, in the years 1821 to 1874, and reconsiders the function of civic celebrations in the construction of state and nation

Inicios de la Marina Mercante de Chile: 1800-1870

Introducción El tema que he escogido para mi disertación en este Simposio sobre “Historia Marítima del Pacífico”, al que hemos sido convocados por el Centro de Investigaciones Historicas de America Central de la Universidad de Costa Rica y que se realiza el San José entre los días 13 y 15 de febrero del año 2001, tiene relación con algunas figuras de empresarios chilenos que constituyen en autenticos precursores de la actividad naviera privada y del comercion chileno de ultramar, como son los señores Jose Francisco de Urrutia Mendiburu y su sueño frustrado de abrir ruta del intercambio mercantil con las islas filipinas en el siglo XVII; Manuel Maria de Undurraga y Yavar, precursor de la idea de establecer una zona marítima costera de explotación exclusiva para Chile; Nicolas de la Curz y Bahamonde, exitoso comerciante chileno establecido en Cadis, caballero ilustrado y primer Conde de Maule…

El café y las transacciones inmobiliarias en Costa Rica (1800-1850): un balance

Introducción Varios trabajos publicados en los años recientes tratan de profundizar en diversos temas relativos a  aspectos socio económicos de la Costa Rica de los inicios de la expansión cafetalera. Resumiremos a  continuación nuestras nuevas  investigaciones sobre le tema, que deben  considerarse como una revisión de nuestro aporte efectuado en 1975. Roger Chrrnside intentó demostrar que si existe un proceso temprano de concentración de  la propiedad de  la tierra en la economía del café, llamando la atención este ha sido sin duda el aspecto más estimulante de su trabajo sobre  la necesidad de definir rigurosamente el concepto  y las medidas utilizadas en la apreciación del fenómeno