Otimização do sistema experimental para a calibração de acelerómetros-padrão em regime de alta-frequência

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Voting and Peer Effects: Experimental Evidence from Mozambique*

Voter education campaigns often aim to increase voter particpation and political accountability. We follow randomized interventions implemented nationwide during the 2009 Mozambican elections using a free newspaper, leaflets, and text messaging. We investigate whether treatment effects were transmitted through social networks (kinship and chatting) and geographical proximity. For individuals personally targeted by the campaign, we estimate the reinforcement effect of proximity to other targeted individuals. For untargeted individuals, we estimate the diffusion of the campaign depending on a proximity to targeted individuals. We find evidence for both effects, similar across the different treatments and across the different connectedness measures. We observe that the treatments worked through the networks by raising the levels of information and interest about the election, in line with the average treatment effects of voter education on voter participation. We interpret this result as a free riding effect, likely to occur for costly actions

Avaliação terapêutica do artesunato na infecção experimental pelo Schistosoma mansoni

Camundongos infectados experimentalmente com Schistosoma mansoni foram tratados, em dose oral única, com artesunato (LACTAB®), 300 ou 500mg/kg ou durante cinco dias consecutivos. Os animais foram sacrificados 7, 30, 60 ou 90 dias após o tratamento. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas na distribuição e mortalidade dos vermes e na alteração do oograma nos grupos tratados quando comparados ao controle, em todos os esquemas testados quando os animais foram sacrificados 30 dias após o tratamento. A análise morfológica dos vermes mostrou alterações no aparelho reprodutor feminino com diminuição do volume ovariano, rarefação dos folículos vitelínicos, alterações estas mais acentuadas nas dosagens mais altas, justificando o encontro na alteração do oograma que chegou a 100%. Entretanto, quando os animais foram sacrificados 60 ou 90 dias após o tratamento, as diferenças e alterações foram menores, mostrando que os vermes sobreviventes se recuperaram e reiniciaram a postura.

Experimental treatment with sodium stibogluconate of hamsters infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

The present paper reports the experimental treatment of hamsters infected with Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania amazonensis with sodium stibogluconate (20mg/kg/day x 20 days). Only with L. chagasi did the treatment result in the complete elimination of parasites from the spleen. However, no parasitological cure was achieved in hamsters infected with L. amazonensis.

Removal of Trypanosoma cruzi by white cell-reduction filters: an electronmicroscopic study

White cell (WBC)-reduction filters have been shown to be effective in removing infectious agents from infected blood products. In this study, the mechanisms of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) retention by WBC-reduction filters were assessed. Human packed red blood cell (PRBC) and platelet concentrate (PC) samples were contaminated with T. cruzi organisms (Y strain; 3.4 x 10(6)/ml), and then filtered using WBC-reduction experimental filters that provided about 3 log10 WBC removal. Transmission electron microscopy sections showed that T. cruzi parasites were removed from contaminated PRBC and PC samples primarily by mechanical mechanism without interacting with filter fibbers or blood cells. In addition, we found that T. cruzi parasites were also removed by a direct fibber adhesion. These data indicate that T. cruzi parasites are removed from infected blood not only by mechanical mechanism but also by biological mechanism probably mediated by parasite surface proteins.

Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in high and low antibody - producer mice (selection IV-A)

Leishmaniasis is a typical parasite infection whose protective immunity depends on macrophage activation. Susceptibility to Leishmania donovani infection was compared in H (high antibody responder) and L (low antibody responder) mice from selection IV-A. H mice infected intravenously with 10(7) amastigotes of L. donovani were more susceptible to infection than their L counterparts. This higher susceptibility was characterized by a higher splenic and hepatic parasite burden. An increased splenic index was observed in both lines after sixty days of infection. This splenomegaly was caused, at least partially, by an increase in the number of splenic cells as determined by direct counts of cells from spleen. The results show that selection IV-A is susceptible to visceral leishmaniasis, with the H line being more susceptible than the L line.

Avaliação da eficácia da azitromicina e da pirimetamina, usadas isolada ou associadamente, no tratamento de infecção experimental de camundongos pelo Toxoplasma gondii

Foi comprovada a eficácia da azitromicina e da pirimetamina no tratamento da infecção experimental de camundongos pelo Toxoplasma gondii. Houve administração cotidiana, pela via oral de 200mg/kg e 12,5mg/kg, respectivamente durante dez dias. O uso dos medicamentos ocorreu mediante associação ou não e o emprego concomitante proporcionou o melhor resultado e convirá efetuar investigação semelhante com cepa cistogênica do parasita.

Report on ticks collected in the Southeast and Mid-West regions of Brazil: analyzing the potential transmission of tick-borne pathogens to man

Specimens of ticks were collected in 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1998, mostly from wild and domestic animals in the Southeast and Mid-West regions of Brazil. Nine species of Amblyommidae were identified: Anocentor nitens, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma fulvum, Amblyomma striatum, Amblyomma rotundatum, Boophilus microplus, Boophilus annulatus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The potential of these tick species as transmitters of pathogens to man was analyzed. A Flaviviridade Flavivirus was isolated from Amblyomma cajennense specimens collected from a sick capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris). Amblyomma cajennense is the main transmitter of Rickettsia rickettsii (=R. rickettsi), the causative agent of spotted fever in Brazil. Wild mammals, mainly capybaras and deer, infested by ticks and living in close contact with cattle, horses and dogs, offer the risk of transmission of wild zoonosis to these domestic animals and to man.

Therapeutic trial in experimental tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. A comparative study between mefloquine and aminosidine

One hundred and eighty-two male inbred C57/BL/6 mice were infected with 3 x 106 Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes of the MHOM/BR/PH8 strain by means of a subcutaneous injection in the right ear. The animals were separated in three groups: 1) oral mefloquine hydrochloride treatment (16mg/kg/day/10 days), 2) intramuscular aminosidine (Paromomycin®) treatment (20mg/kg/20 days) and 3) control. Twenty six mice of each treated group were sacrificed, one at the end of treatment (nine weeks after inoculation), and one six weeks later (fifteen weeks after inoculation). Control Group animals were sacrificed at weeks six, nine and fifteen after inoculation. There was no significant difference between Group 1 (mefloquine) and Group 3 (control) subjects. Group 2 animals (aminosidine) presented the smallest differences of all, both at the end of the treatment and six weeks later. The histopato-logical parameters have shown the following findings: a) there was no significant difference between the mefloquine treated group and the control group; the group treated with aminosidine showed fewer of vacuolated macrophages than the control group, at week 9 (end of treatment). b) both at the end of treatment and six weeks later, evaluation of tissue necrosis and tissue fibrosis revealed no differences between the treated groups. It was found that six weeks after the end of treatment, mice in the control group presented significantly more severe degrees of fibrosis than mice in the other groups. It can be concluded that mefloquine showed limited therapeutic effect in this experimental model, whereas aminosidine had a significant effect. Nevertheless, neither of them resulted in cure of the lesions.

Avaliação da atividade antiparasitária do alopurinol, referente ao Trypanosoma cruzi, em sistema experimental que utiliza triatomíneos infectados

Foi avaliada a atividade antiparasitária do alopurinol, referente ao Trypanosoma cruzi, através de procedimento que depende da utilização de triatomíneos infectados. De acordo com a metodologia usada, o fármaco não eliminou o protozoário do tubo digestivo dos insetos. Não ocorreu, portanto, obtenção de novo subsídio para melhor entendimento da posição do alopurinol no contexto do tratamento etiológico da infecção pelo T. cruzi, porquanto ela continua em foco, se bem que eivada de divergências e contradições.

Evidência da ação antiparasitária da azitromicina na infecção experimental de camundongos pelo Plasmodium berghei

A azitromicina debelou a infecção experimental de camundongos pelo Plasmodium berghei quando administrada, pela via oral e durante 28 dias, na dose de 100mg/kg, iniciada no mesmo dia em que os animais foram infectados. Mediante uso de 10mg/kg houve insucesso. Os resultados obtidos suscitam investigações complementares sobre a referida atividade antiparasitária desse medicamento.

Hepatocyte metaplasia in experimental chagasic pancreatitis: preliminary report

Beginning the study of chronic pathologic changes in pancreas of hamsters experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Vic strain, hepatocyte metaplasia was observed in one animal from infected group. This is the first report of oncocytes in Chagas' disease, which could be due to aberrant regenerative response to pancreas inflammatory process.