Do export promotion agencies increase exports?

In this paper, we examine the role of export promotion agencies (EPAs) in promoting exports from Japan and Korea. Looking at two home countries enables us to tackle endogeneity issues by controlling for both country-pair time-invariant characteristics and importing country time-varying characteristics. Our empirical results indicate that the coefficients of the EPA dummy are similar in size to those of the FTA dummy. This implies that establishing an EPA office in a country is equivalent to signing an FTA with that country. In addition, we find that EPA’s effects are larger for manufactured products than non-manufactured products. Finally, the EPA effect is larger for low income trade partners than for high income trade partners.

Growth strategies in a greener world

Two new developments in the global landscape - growing concerns towards global warming and the rising prices of commodities – require countries to craft new growth strategies. These recent developments in the global market offer fresh industrial opportunities as well as difficulties for developing countries embarking on industrialization. In this paper, we examine current developments in global market that would affect industrialization prospects in East Asia and explores development strategies that are suitable for development based on export oriented manufacturing industries in a green world.

Production networks in the Asia-Pacific region : facts and policy implications

Production networks have been extensively developed in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper employs two micro-level approaches, case studies and econometric analysis, using JETRO's firm surveys which investigate Japanese affiliates operating in Southeast Asia. These two approaches found that production networks have extended, involving suppliers, across various nations in the Asia-Pacific region, and that production bases in host and home countries have different roles. A home country serves as a headquarters with services such as R&D, international marketing, and financing. A high tariff policy in a host country may foster domestic industries through the expansion of procurement from domestic suppliers, either indigenous or foreign, but it may discourage a country from becoming an export platform.

ペルーのブロイラー・インテグレーション形成における統合の範囲と主体

ペルーのブロイラー部門は，1980年代までに外国からの技術導入とインテグレーションの形成が進み，1990年代の淘汰と集中のなかで，生産と消費が急速に拡大した。このブロイラー・インテグレーションの発展は，米国や日本などの先行国と２つの点で大きく異なる。１点目は生産部門でのインテグレーションの進行にもかかわらず，生産と流通の間のインテグレーションが進まず，現在でも生産量の約８割が生きたまま卸売段階まで流通していることである。この要因として挙げられるのが，産地と消費地の近接，安い人件費や消費者の慣習・嗜好による加工度の低い鶏肉への需要，実効性をもたない食鳥衛生管理規制である。２点目は，先行国のように飼料や食肉加工部門ではなく，飼養部門を中心に拡大した企業がインテグレーションを形成していることである。この要因としては，飼料，種鶏，加工部門では付加価値を生み出す余地が少なかったこと，そして飼養部門では規模拡大が比較的容易だったことが指摘できる。

チリのブロイラー産業における所有型インテグレーションの形成

チリのブロイラー産業は近年高い成長を遂げているが，その産業構造は世界的にみても特殊である。契約養鶏農家とパッカーという分業関係がなく，少数の寡占企業によって，完全所有型の垂直統合が進められている。チリにおいて，ブロイラー産業がこのような産業構造をもつことを，本稿では不完備契約論のフレームワークを用いて分析し，パッカーによって寡占が形成され企業が多角化戦略をとる場合には，効率的であることを示した。 ブロイラー産業の寡占の形成の要因は，1980年代の経済危機による中小養鶏農家の倒産，および大規模養鶏企業による積極的な買収と，衛生基準の引き上げによる加工施設投資の増大をあげることができる。また，検疫制度やトレーサビリティーの導入も，参入障壁を形成する要因となっている。ブロイラー産業の寡占企業は垂直的な統合とともに，豚や七面鳥といった，処理施設・流通システム網を利用する他の産品への多角化も積極的に進めている，という共通する特徴を有する。

Foctors that prevent children from gaining access to schooling : a study of Delhi Slum households

This paper examines the factors that prevent slum children aged 5 to 14 from gaining access to schooling in light of the worsening urban poverty and sizable increase in rural-to-urban migration. Bias against social disadvantage in terms of gender and caste is not clearly manifested in schooling, while migrated children are less likely to attend school. I argue that the lack of preparation for schooling in the pre-schooling ages and school admission procedures are the main obstacles for migrated children. The most important implication for universal elementary education in urban India is raising parental awareness and simplifying the admission procedures.

Transport modal choice by multinational firms : firm-level evidence from Southeast Asia

We examine transport modal decision by multinational firms to shed light on the role of freight logistics in multinational activity. Using a firm-level survey in Southeast Asia, we show that foreign ownership has a significantly positive and quantitatively large impact on the likelihood that air/sea transportation is chosen relative to truck shipping. This result is robust to the shipping distance, cross-border freight, and transport infrastructure. Both foreign-owned exporters and importers also tend to use air/sea transportation. Thus, our analysis presents a new distinction between multinational and domestic firms in their decision over transport modes.

Competition of the mechanisms : how Chinese home appliance firms coped with default risk of trade credit?

During the transition period from a planned economy to a market economy in 1990s of China, there was a considerable accrual of deferred payment, and default due to inferior enforcement institutions. This is a very common phenomenon in the transition economies at that time. Interviews with home electronics appliance firms revealed that firms coped with this problem by adjusting their sales mechanisms (found four types), and the benefit of institutions was limited. A theoretical analysis claim that spot and integration are inferior to contracts, a contract with a rebate on volume and prepayment against an exclusive agent can realize the lowest cost and price. The empirical part showed that mechanisms converged into a mechanism with the rebate on volume an against exclusive agent and its price level is the lowest. The competition is the driving force of the convergence of mechanisms and improvement risk management capacity.

ベトナムのカンボジア侵攻に対するASEANコンセンサス形式と議長国の役割

ASEAN諸国にとって，ベトナムのカンボジア侵攻は1980年代の最大の安全保障上の脅威であった。ASEAN諸国はこの問題にASEANとして何らかの方針を打ち出すべきだという点では一致したものの，その具体化をめぐってベトナムに強硬姿勢で臨むべきとする強硬派とベトナムとの対話を模索する柔軟派で対立していた。強硬派と柔軟派は互いに譲歩して，ベトナムに対するASEANコンセンサスを形成した。本稿では，強硬派，柔軟派がどのような条件で譲歩し，また，その条件はいかにして整うのかについて新たな視点を提示する。 具体的には，譲歩の条件とは，反対意見の表明を控えるに足る説得的な材料が提示されることであり，譲歩の条件を成り立たせる要因とは，利害調整のための協議が継続されることである。本稿では，会議の議事運営を担う議長国がその利害や意向にもとづいて，協議を継続するかどうかを判断する点を指摘する。

新興民主主義の不安定 -- 勝利連合の変更と制度からの逸脱

本稿は，新興民主主義の不安定化を，民主化による勝利連合の変更から説明しようとするものである。基本として民主主義体制における政治的不安定は，主要な政治的プレーヤー，具体的には，権力者もしくは権力外主体の２者のいずれかが，民主主義制度から逸脱しようとするインセンティブを持つ状態だと考える。ここで権力外主体の逸脱行為に焦点を当てた場合，不安定化は権威主義体制期に権力を支えた勝利連合が民主化後，勝利連合から外れ，新しい政策傾向に不満を持つことによって発生すると考えられる。権力外主体の不満が，自らの勢力規模との関係である閾値を越えたとき，制度外行動による権力者への挑戦行為を引き起こすのである。ゆえに，政治的不安定化は権力者と権力外主体の利得の差と権力外主体の勢力規模に規定される。本稿では都市と農村の亀裂を例としてこの勝利連合の変更と制度からの逸脱について理論化を試みる。さらに，理論を検証するため，フィリピンの事例を取りあげる。フィリピンでは，民主化後にそれまでの都市セクター偏重が転換され，都市は政権に対して恒常的に不支持の傾向を示してきた。そうしたなか，2001年には，都市エリートを中心として，大統領を排除しようとする憲法制度外行動が発生し，権力者が交代することになった。

Effects of birth order and sibling sex composition on human capital investment in children in India

The paper explores the effects of birth order and sibling sex composition on human capital investment in children in India using the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS). Endogeneity of fertility is addressed using instruments and controlling for household fixed effects. Family size effect is also distinguished from the sibling sex composition effect. Previous literature has often failed to take endogeneity into account and shows a negative birth order effect for girls in India. Once endogeneity of fertility is addressed, there is no evidence for a negative birth order effect or sibling sex composition effect for girls. Results show that boys are worse off in households that have a higher proportion of boys specifically when they have older brothers.

Restructuring the state budget system for disinflation and exchange rate unification in Myanmar

The installment of a new government has augmented the prospect for implementing disinflation and exchange rate unification in Myanmar. A close look at the state budget shows that the reform of the budget system for state economic enterprises (SEEs) is essential. Reforms need to hold the replacement of controlled prices including the official exchange rate with market prices in SEE operations, and the separation of the SEEs from the state budget. But separating the SEEs from the state budget will necessitate careful planning to cope with SEE bankruptcies which would imposes another fiscal burden on the government. Therefore, economic viability must be a criterion for the continuation of their operations.

The gap between recognition and the 'compensation business' : the claim against Britain for compensation by Kenya's former Mau Mau fighters

During the first Kibaki administration (2002-2007), a movement by the former Mau Mau fighters demanded recognition for the role that they had played in the achievement of independence. They began to demand, also, monetary compensation for past injustices. Why had it taken over 40 years (from independence in 1963) for the former Mau Mau fighters to initiate this movement? What can be observed as the outcome of their movement? To answer these questions, three different historical currents need to be taken into account. These were, respectively, changing trends in the government of Kenya, progress in historical research into the actual circumstances of colonial control, and a realization, based on mounting experience, that launching a legal action against Britain could turn out to be a lucrative initiative. This paper concludes that, regardless of the actual purpose of the legal case, neither of their objectives was certain to be achieved. Two inescapable realities remain: the doubts cast on the reputation of the government by its decision to lift the Mau Mau‟s outlaw status – a decision that was widely seen as a latter-day example of the „Kikuyu favouritism‟ policy followed by the first Kibaki administration – and the popular interpretation of the involvement of Leigh Day, well known in Kenya ever since the unexploded bombs case for its success in obtaining substantial compensation payments, as a vehicle for squeezing large amounts of money from the British government for the benefit of the Kikuyu people.