Pattern of cytokine and chemokine production by THP-1 derived macrophages in response to live or heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin Moreau strain

Tuberculosis has great public health impact with high rates of mortality and the only prophylactic measure for it is the Mycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. The present study evaluated the release of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor and IL-6] and chemokines [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β] by THP-1 derived macrophages infected with BCG vaccine obtained by growing mycobacteria in Viscondessa de Moraes Institute medium medium (oral) or Sauton medium (intradermic) to compare the effects of live and heat-killed (HK) mycobacteria. Because BCG has been reported to lose viability during the lyophilisation process and during storage, we examined whether exposing BCG to different temperatures also triggers differences in the expression of some important cytokines and chemokines of the immune response. Interestingly, we observed that HK mycobacteria stimulated cytokine and chemokine production in a different pattern from that observed with live mycobacteria.

Computational drug design strategies applied to the modelling of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Reverse transcriptase (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 life cycle and represents a primary target for drug discovery efforts against HIV-1 infection. Two classes of RT inhibitors, the nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) and the nonnucleoside transcriptase inhibitors are prominently used in the highly active antiretroviral therapy in combination with other anti-HIV drugs. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant viral strains has limited the successful rate of the anti-HIV agents. Computational methods are a significant part of the drug design process and indispensable to study drug resistance. In this review, recent advances in computer-aided drug design for the rational design of new compounds against HIV-1 RT using methods such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics, free energy calculations, quantitative structure-activity relationships, pharmacophore modelling and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction are discussed. Successful applications of these methodologies are also highlighted.

The EU ‘2020 Energy Initiative’: The post-Lisbon pattern of change in EU energy policy

El novembre de 2010, la Comissió Europea ha finalment donat a conèixer la seva "Energia 2020 Comunicació", un document estratègic en el marc més ampli del programa "Europa 2020". Una estratègia per al desenvolupament sostenible intel · ligent, i creixement inclusiu posa les bases d'un nou enfocament a la política d'energia a la UE. En el marc d'Europa 2020, la Iniciativa d'Energia recopila els resultats que ja s'han obtingut a través de la Estratègia de Lisboa 2000-2010, s'identifiquen les deficiències del passat i i introdueix nous objectius ambiciosos per a la UE en matèria de política energètica.

Reflux vésico-­‐urétéral et atteinte rénale: rôle de l'albuminurie

Introduction :¦Le reflux vésico-urétéral (RVU) touche environs 1% des nouveau-nés et est retrouvé chez 25 à 30 % des enfants ayant une pyélonéphrite. Le RVU peut être associé à une hypoplasie/dysplasie rénale ou/et à des cicatrices rénales causées par les pyélonéphrites. Ces changements morphologiques sont plus ou moins importants selon le grade du reflux et peuvent conduire à une insuffisance rénale chronique et potentiellement évoluer en une insuffisance rénale terminale.¦La microalbuminurie (MA) reflète une augmentation anormale de la perméabilité capillaire glomérulaire et est un indicateur prédictif de la péjoration de la fonction rénale vers l'insuffisance chronique. La MA est également un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire.¦Objectif :¦Le but de cette recherche transversale est d'évaluer la présence de MA chez des patients atteints de RVU et de voir s'il est possible de corréler la MA avec le degré de reflux, la présence d'une hyperfiltration et le degré de l'insuffisance rénale.¦Patients et méthode :¦Une base de données de 160 dossiers médicaux du service de pédiatrie du CHUV, portant sur les années 2007, 2008, 2009 et 2010, va être investiguée. Ces dossiers regroupent tous les patients atteints de RVU ayant eu une exploration fonctionnelle rénale, dont l'âge varie du nouveau-né au jeune adulte âgé de 21 ans. Les variables suivantes seront considérées et analysées en détail: âge, sexe, taille, type de RVU, taux de filtration glomérulaire (TFG), flux plasmatique rénal (FPR), fraction de filtration (FF), albuminurie, rapport albumine/créatinine.¦- Les RVU sont classés en cinq grades (I, II, III, IV, V) et peuvent être uni- ou bilatéraux¦- Le TFG est calculé avec la clairance à l'inuline, un polymère de glucose filtré, non réabsorbé, ni sécrété, qu'on perfuse au patient. TFG = Uin V/Pin (ml/min)¦- Le FPR est calculé avec la clairance au PAH (acide para-amino-hippurique), une substance entièrement filtrée et sécrétée au premier passage et qu'on injecte au patient. FPR = UPAHV / PPAH (ml/min)¦- La FF est la proportion du FPR qui est filtrée.¦FF= TGF / FPR ou FF = Cl in / Cl PAH¦- La MA a été mesurée par la méthode Immulite (Siemens) jusqu'en fin août 2010 et par la méthode ALBT2 (Roche Diagnostics) à partir d'octobre 2010. Le taux normal d'albuminurie est de moins de 20 mg/l sur un échantillon d'urine.¦- Le rapport albumine urinaire / créatinine urinaire permet d'éviter les problèmes de variation de volume urinaire lors de l'analyse d'échantillon urinaire d'une seule miction. Le rapport normal est de moins de 2,5 g/mol de créatinine.¦Un questionnaire sera envoyé aux patients pour obtenir des précisions sur la fréquence et la sévérité des infections urinaires éventuellement survenues depuis.¦Les dossiers seront revus pour connaître l'évolution du RVU.¦Résultats attendus et discussion: Les résultats nous permettront :¦1) De savoir si les patients avec un RVU ont une MA¦2) De savoir si la MA varie en fonction du grade de leur reflux¦3) De savoir si la MA varie en fonction de l'hyperfiltration mesurée par la FF.¦Interprétation :¦Si la MA varie en fonction de la FF cela indiquera que la MA est la conséquence directe de l'hyperfiltration compensatrice de la perte de la masse néphronique et qu'elle est ainsi le reflet d'une cause principalement mécanique. Si la MA ne varie pas en fonction de la FF cela indiquera qu'elle est liée à l'hypoplasie/dysplasie ou/et aux cicatrices dues aux pyélonéphrites. Elle pourra alors être par exemple la conséquence d'une néphropathie glomérulotubulointerstitielle.¦Du point de vue pratique, cette étude permettra de déterminer si la simple mesure da la MA peut aider à prédire le degré de l'atteinte rénale et/ou le degré de l'hyperfiltration dans ce groupe de patients atteints de RVU.¦Bibliographie¦1. Silbernagl S, Despopoulos A. Atlas de poche de physiologie. Paris : Flammarion médecine-sciences; 2004.¦2. Brenner BM, Rector FC. The Kidney . Philadelphia : WB Saunders Company; 1996.¦3. Brandström P, Esbjörner E, Herthelius M, Holmdahl G, Läckgren G, Nevéus T, et al. The Swedish Reflux Trial in Children: I. Study Design and Study Population Characteristics. The Journal of Urology. 2010;184:274-279.¦4. Holmdahl G, Brandström P, Läckgren G, Sillén U, Stokland E, Jodal U, et al. The Swedish Reflux Trial in Children: II. Vesicoureteral Reflux Outcome. The Journal of Urology. 2010;184:280-285.¦5. Brandström P, Esbjörner E, Herthelius M, Swerkersson S, Jodal U, Hansson S. The Swedish Reflux Trial in Children: III. Urinary Tract Infection Pattern. The Journal of Urology. 2010;184:286-291.¦6. Brandström P, Nevéus T, Sixt R, Stokland E, Jodal U, Hansson S. The Swedish Reflux Trial in Children: IV. Renal Damage. The Journal of Urology. 2010;184:292-297.¦7. Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Time to abandon microalbuminuria? Kidney Int. 2006;70:1214-1222.¦8. Hostetter TH, Olson JL, Rennke HG, Venkatachalam MA, Brenner BM. Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons: a potentially adverse response to renal ablation. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001;12:1315-1325.¦9. Basic J, Golubovic E, Miljkovic P, Bjelakovic G, Cvetkovic T, Milosevic V. Microalbuminuria in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Ren Fail. 2008:639-643.¦10. González E, Papazyan JP, Girardin E. Impact of vesicoureteral reflux on the size of renal lesions after an episode of acute pyelonephritis. The Journal of Urology. 2005;173:571-575.

Let's talk: how communication affects contract design

We study experimentally how the ability to communicate affects the frequency and effectiveness of flexible and inflexible contracts in a bilateral trade context where sellers can adjust trade quality after observing a post-contractual cost shock and a discretionary buyer transfer. In the absence of communication, we find that rigid contracts are more frequent and lead to higher earnings for both buyer and seller. By contrast, in the presence of communication, flexible contracts are much more frequent and considerably more productive, both for buyers and sellers. Also, both buyer and seller earn considerably more from flexible with communication than rigid without communication. Our results show quite strongly that communication, a normal feature in contracting, can remove the potential cost of flexibility (disagreements caused by conflicting perceptions). We offer an explanation based on social norms.

Metabolomic profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma in a European prospective cohort.

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of liver cancer, is difficult to diagnose and has limited treatment options with a low survival rate. Aside from a few key risk factors, such as hepatitis, high alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, and diabetes, there is incomplete etiologic understanding of the disease and little progress in identification of early risk biomarkers. METHODS To address these aspects, an untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic approach was applied to pre-diagnostic serum samples obtained from first incident, primary HCC cases (n = 114) and matched controls (n = 222) identified from amongst the participants of a large European prospective cohort. RESULTS A metabolic pattern associated with HCC risk comprised of perturbations in fatty acid oxidation and amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism was observed. Sixteen metabolites of either endogenous or exogenous origin were found to be significantly associated with HCC risk. The influence of hepatitis infection and potential liver damage was assessed, and further analyses were made to distinguish patterns of early or later diagnosis. CONCLUSION Our results show clear metabolic alterations from early stages of HCC development with application for better etiologic understanding, prevention, and early detection of this increasingly common cancer.

Enterprise Architecture Management Design: Towards Understanding Organizational Contingencies, Design Principles and Effectiveness

Despite the increasing popularity of enterprise architecture management (EAM) in practice, many EAM initiatives either do not fully meet the expected targets or fail. Several frameworks have been suggested as guidelines to EA implementation, but companies seldom follow prescriptive frameworks. Instead, they follow very diverse implementation approaches that depend on their organizational contingencies and the way of adopting and evolving EAM over time. This research strives for a broader understanding of EAM by exploring context-dependent EAM adoption approaches as well as identifying the main EA principles that affect EA effectiveness. Based on two studies, this dissertation aims to address two main questions: (1) EAM design: Which approaches do companies follow when adopting EAM? (2) EA principles and their impact: What impact does EA principles have on EA effectiveness/quality? By utilizing both qualitative and quantitative research methods, this research contributes to exploring different EAM designs in different organizational contingencies as well as using EA principles as an effective means to achieve principle-based EAM design. My research can help companies identify a suitable EAM design that fits their organizational settings and shape their EA through a set of principles.

Early pattern recognition in severe perinatal asphyxia: a prospective MRI study.

On the basis of MRI examinations in 88 neonates and infants with perinatal asphyxia, we defined 6 different patterns on T2-weighted images: pattern A--scattered hyperintensity of both hemispheres of the telencephalon with blurred border zones between cortex and white matter, indicating diffuse brain injury; pattern B--parasagittal hyperintensity extending into the corona radiata, corresponding to the watershed zones; pattern C--hyper- and hypointense lesions in thalamus and basal ganglia, which relate to haemorrhagic necrosis or iron deposition in these areas; pattern D--periventricular hyperintensity, mainly along the lateral ventricles, i.e. periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), originating from the matrix zone; pattern E--small multifocal lesions varying from hyper--to hypointense, interpreted as necrosis and haemorrhage; pattern F--periventricular centrifugal hypointense stripes in the centrum semiovale and deep white matter of the frontal and occipital lobes. Contrast was effectively inverted on T1-weighted images. Patterns A, B and C were found in 17%, 25% and 37% of patients, and patterns D, E and F in 19%, 17% and 35%, respectively. In 49 patients a combination of patterns was observed, but 30% of the initial images were normal. At follow-up, persistent abnormalities were seen in all children with patterns A and D, but in only 52% of those with pattern C. Myelination was retarded most often in patients with diffuse brain injury and PVL (patterns A and D).

A Tool for optimum design of Waste Water Treatment Plants under uncertainty

L’objectiu principal és presentar un nou prototipus d’eina per al disseny de les plantes de tractament d’aigües residuals utilitzant models mecànics dinàmics quantificant la incertesa

RTM mould design and construction for a DN 50 PN 16 flansch

The objective of this project consists of designing and constructing a RTM mould for a loose flange of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP). The design phase has the mission to realise a quality and simple design of the RTM mould, with the objective to obtain an easy and economic phase of construction and the more possible great characteristics of the loose flange. In fact this RTM mould will be a mould prototype, which will be developed in the future to obtain an RTM mould able to support a loose flange production. Therefore when more steps are developed in this project, then the future objective will be near

SwissBioisostere: a database of molecular replacements for ligand design.

The SwissBioisostere database (http://www.swissbioisostere.ch) contains information on molecular replacements and their performance in biochemical assays. It is meant to provide researchers in drug discovery projects with ideas for bioisosteric modifications of their current lead molecule, as well as to give interested scientists access to the details on particular molecular replacements. As of August 2012, the database contains 21 293 355 datapoints corresponding to 5 586 462 unique replacements that have been measured in 35 039 assays against 1948 molecular targets representing 30 target classes. The accessible data were created through detection of matched molecular pairs and mining bioactivity data in the ChEMBL database. The SwissBioisostere database is hosted by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and available via a web-based interface.

Analysis and Design of a secure WLAN solution for Cobre Las Cruces

Cobre Las Cruces is a renowned copper mining company located in Sevilla, with unexpected problems in wireless communications that have a direct affectation in production. Therefore, the main goals are to improve the WiFi infrastructure, to secure it and to detect and prevent from attacks and from the installation of rogue (and non-authorized) APs. All of that integrated with the current ICT infrastructure.This project has been divided into four phases, although only two of them have been included into the TFC; they are the analysis of the current situation and the design of a WLAN solution.Once the analysis part was finished, some weaknesses were detected. Subjects such as lack of connectivity and control, ignorance about installed WiFi devices and their localization and state and, by and large, the use of weak security mechanisms were some of the problems found. Additionally, due to the fact that the working area became larger and new WiFi infrastructures were added, the first phase took more time than expected.As a result of the detailed analysis, some goals were defined to solve and it was designed a centralized approach able to cope with them. A solution based on 802.11i and 802.1x protocols, digital certificates, a probe system running as IDS/IPS and ligthweight APs in conjunction with a Wireless LAN Controller are the main features.

Design of potent inhibitors of human RAD51 recombinase based on BRC motifs of BRCA2 protein: modeling and experimental validation of a chimera peptide.

We have previously shown that a 28-amino acid peptide derived from the BRC4 motif of BRCA2 tumor suppressor inhibits selectively human RAD51 recombinase (HsRad51). With the aim of designing better inhibitors for cancer treatment, we combined an in silico docking approach with in vitro biochemical testing to construct a highly efficient chimera peptide from eight existing human BRC motifs. We built a molecular model of all BRC motifs complexed with HsRad51 based on the crystal structure of the BRC4 motif-HsRad51 complex, computed the interaction energy of each residue in each BRC motif, and selected the best amino acid residue at each binding position. This analysis enabled us to propose four amino acid substitutions in the BRC4 motif. Three of these increased the inhibitory effect in vitro, and this effect was found to be additive. We thus obtained a peptide that is about 10 times more efficient in inhibiting HsRad51-ssDNA complex formation than the original peptide.

Ionotropic and metabotropic mechanisms in chemoreception: 'chance or design'?

Chemosensory receptors convert an enormous diversity of chemical signals from the external world into a common language of electrical activity in the brain. Mammals and insects use several families of transmembrane receptor proteins to recognize distinct classes of volatile and non-volatile chemicals that are produced by conspecifics or other environmental sources. A comparison of the signalling mechanisms of mammalian and insect receptors has revealed an unexpected functional distinction: mammals rely almost exclusively on metabotropic ligand-binding receptors, which use second messenger signalling cascades to indirectly activate ion channels, whereas insects use ionotropic receptors, which are gated directly by chemical stimuli, thereby leading to neuronal depolarization. In this review, we consider possible reasons for this dichotomy, taking into account biophysical, cell biological, ecological and evolutionary influences on how information is extracted from chemosensory cues by these animal classes.