地震波散射非线性反演问题不动点理论及方法的研究

How to create a new method to solve the problem or reduce the influence of that the result of the seismic waves scattering nonlinear inversion is not uniqueness is a main purpose of this research work in the paper. On the background of research into the seismic inversion, new progress of the nonlinear inversion is introduced at the first chapter in this paper. Especially, the development, basic theories and assumptions on some major theories of seismic inversion are analyzed, discussed and summarized in mathematics and physics. Also, the problems faced by the mathematical basis of investigations of the seismic inversion are discussed, and inverse questions of strongly seismic scattering due to strong heterogeneous media in the Earth interior are analyzed and viewed. What the kernel of paper is that gathers all our attention making a new nonlinear inversion method of seismic scattering. The paper provides a theory and method of how to introduce the fixed-point theory into the nonlinear seismic scattering inversion and how to obtain the solution, and gives the actually method to create a serials of contractive mappings of velocity parameter's in the mapping space of wave. Therefore, the results testify the existence of fixed point of velocity parameter and give the method the find it. Further, the paper proves the conclusion that the value obtained by taking the fixed point of velocity parameter into wave equation is the fixed point of the wave of the contractive mapping. Thence, the fixed point is the global minima since the stabilities quality of the fixed point. Based on the new theory, in the chapter three, many inverse results are obtained in the numerical value test. By analysis the results one could find a basic facts that all the results, which are inversed by the different initial model, are tended to the true value in theoretical true model. In other words, the new method mostly eliminates the non-uniqueness that which is existed in seismic waves scattering nonlinear inversion in degree. But, since the test results are quite finite now, more test is need here to positive our theory. As a new theoretical method, it must be existed many weaken in it. The chapter four points out all the questions which is bother us. We hope more people to join us to solve the problem together.

天然地震转换波偏移成像方法研究

Butovskaya, a scholar of Former Soviet Union, first determined the depth of basalt layer in Tashkent Zone by using converted waves on seismogram in 1952. From then on, more and more scholars developed the comprehensive research that imaged the earth interior structures by applying converted waves information. With the digitalization of earthquake observation, The inversion imaging of complete or partial waveform record can efficiently improve inversion quality and widen its usage scope, therefore great progress is made in converted wave imaging. This paper makes a certain study in converted wave imaging on that basis. Transmitted PP waves and converted PS waves are generated when a P-wave propagates through an interface separating two media with large impedance contracts. A PS converted wave is a seismic body wave, which result from the conversion of an incident parent P wave at a boundary within the crust to a refracted S wave. The thickness of a single crustal layer can theoretically be determined by observing, with three-componented seismometer at a single station, the difference in time of the arrival of the parent P wave and the arrival of the PS converted wave. For a multilayered media, PS converted wave arrivals corresponding to each of the layers can theoretically be observed, provided the station is sufficiently from the source of the parent P wave to allow initial penetration of the P wave beneath the deepest layer considered. To avoid the difficulty of picking up transmitted P-wave and converted wave phases, this paper proposed a converted wave migration method by estimating the travel time difference between PS converted wave and PP transmitted wave. To verify its validity, we apply the converted wave PS migration algorithm to synthetic data generated by three forward modeling. The migration results indicate that PS converted wave may be migrated to reconstruct the transmitting interface. This technique is helpful to investigate the deep earth structures by using earthquake data.

指数矩阵近似计算在地震波场延拓中的应用

Seismic wave field numerical modeling and seismic migration imaging based on wave equation have become useful and absolutely necessarily tools for imaging of complex geological objects. An important task for numerical modeling is to deal with the matrix exponential approximation in wave field extrapolation. For small value size matrix exponential, we can approximate the square root operator in exponential using different splitting algorithms. Splitting algorithms are usually used on the order or the dimension of one-way wave equation to reduce the complexity of the question. In this paper, we achieve approximate equation of 2-D Helmholtz operator inversion using multi-way splitting operation. Analysis on Gauss integral and coefficient of optimized partial fraction show that dispersion may accumulate by splitting algorithms for steep dipping imaging. High-order symplectic Pade approximation may deal with this problem, However, approximation of square root operator in exponential using splitting algorithm cannot solve dispersion problem during one-way wave field migration imaging. We try to implement exact approximation through eigenfunction expansion in matrix. Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) method is selected because of its lowest computation. An 8-order Laplace matrix splitting is performed to achieve a assemblage of small matrixes using FFT method. Along with the introduction of Lie group and symplectic method into seismic wave-field extrapolation, accurate approximation of matrix exponential based on Lie group and symplectic method becomes the hot research field. To solve matrix exponential approximation problem, the Second-kind Coordinates (SKC) method and Generalized Polar Decompositions (GPD) method of Lie group are of choice. SKC method utilizes generalized Strang-splitting algorithm. While GPD method utilizes polar-type splitting and symmetric polar-type splitting algorithm. Comparing to Pade approximation, these two methods are less in computation, but they can both assure the Lie group structure. We think SKC and GPD methods are prospective and attractive in research and practice.

古潜山油藏非均质三维地质建模

The discovery of the highly productive Renqiu buried hill reservoir in Bohai Bay Basin in 1975 started the high tide of finding buried hill reservoirs in China and their research. As the advance of E&P technologies, the study of buried hill reservoir in China had a qualitative leap. The reservoir description and some other aspects of development have reached or approached to the international leading level. However, some core techniques for reservoir study such as structure & faulting system study, formation prediction and connection study and heterogeneous model's construction could not completely carry out the quantitative or accurate reservoir description, e. g. the areal distribution of porosity, permeability and oil saturation. Especially, the modeling for reservoir simulation is still wandering in the stage of simplicity. The inaccurate understanding of geology could not derive 3D heterogeneous geological model that can reveal the actual underground situation thus could not design practical and feasible oilfield development plan. Therefore, the problems of low oil recovery rate, low recovery factor and poor development effectiveness have not been solved. The poor connection of the reservoir determined that waterflooding could not get good development effect and the production had to depend on the reservoir elastic energy, and this will bring big difficulty for development modification and improvement of oil recovery. This study formed a series of techniques for heterogeneous model research that can be used to construct heterogeneous model consistent with the reservoir geology. Thus the development effectiveness, success ratio of drilling and percent of producing reserves can be enhanced. This study can make the development of buried hill reservoir be of high recovery rate and high effect. The achievements of this study are as follows: 1. Evaluated the resources, summarized the geological characteristics and carried out the reservoir classification of the buried hill reservoirs in Shengli petroliferous area; 2. Established the markers for stratigraphical correlation and formed the correlation method for complex buried hill reservoirs; 3. Analyzed the structural features of the buried hill reservoirs, finished the structure interpretation and study of faulting system using synthetic seismograms, horizontal slices and coherent analysis, and clarified structural development history of the buried hill reservoirs in Shengli petroliferous area; 4. Determined the 3 classes and 7 types of pore space and the main pore space type, the logging response characteristics and the FMI logging identified difference between artificial and natural fractures by the comprehensive usage of core analysis, other lab analyses, conventional logging, FMI logging and CMR logging; 5. Determined the factors controlled the growth of the fractures, vugs and cavities, proposed the main formation prediction method for buried hill reservoir and analyzed their technical principium and applicability, and formed the seismic method and process for buried hill reservoir description; 6. Established the reserve calculation method for buried hill reservoirs, i. e. the reserves of fractures and matrix are calculated separately; the recoverable reserves are calculated by decline method and are classified by the SPE criteria; 7. Studied restraining barriers and the sealing of the faults thus clarified the oil-bearing formations of the buried hill reservoirs, and verified the multiple reservoir forming theory; 8. Formed reasonable procedure of buried hill reservoir study; 9. Formed the 3 D modeling technology for buried hill reservoirs; 10. Studied a number of buried hill blocks on the aspects of reservoir description, reservoir engineering and development plan optimization based on the above research and the profit and social effect are remarkable.

大港千米桥地区综合地质地球物理研究

Qianmiqiao buried hill, which is a high-yield burial hill pool, was discovered at Dagang oilfield in 1998. To employ the integrated geological and geophysical research at Qianmiqiao area, it is very valuable and meaningful for the petroleum exploration of Bohai Bay Basin and even the whole country. Based on the previous results, this paper is carried out from the research on Huanghua depression, following the law, i.e. the deep part constrains the shallow, the regional constrains the local, takes the geophysical research in Qianmiqiao oilfield, discusses the formation history of burial hills, burial history, thermal history, the generated and expelling history of hydrocarbon, and migration characteristics, probes into the formation of burial hill pool. This paper uses the gravity and magnetic methods which are based on potential field, with natural sources, configures the inner structure of the earth according to the difference in the density and magnetism of the rock. The geophysical characteristics of Dagang oil field is that it is an area with positive Buge gravity anomal. The upheaval of Moho boundary is in mirror symmetry with the depression of the basin's basement. The positive and negative anomaly distributein axis symmetry, and the orientation is NNE. The thickness of the crust gradually reduces from west to east, from land to sea. The depth gradient strip of Curie surface is similar to Moho boundary, whereas their local buried depth is different. Local fractures imply that the orientation of base rock fractures is NNE-NE, and the base rock is intersected by the fractures of the same/ later term, whose orientation is NW, so the base rock likes rhombic mosaic. The results of tomography show that there exists significant asymmetry in vertical and horizontal direction in the velocity configuration of Huanghua depression. From Dezhou to Tianjin, there exits high-speed block, which extends from south to north. The bottom of this high-speed block is in good agreement with the depth of Moho boundary. Hence we can conclude that the high-speed block is actually the crystal basement. According to seismic data, well data and outcrop data, Huanghua depression can be divided into four structure layers, i.e. Pi,2-T, Ji,2-K, E, N-Q. Qianmiqiao burial hills undergo many tectonic movement, where reverse faults in developed in inner burial hill from Indosinian stage to Yanshanian stage, the normal faults extended in Himalayan stage. Under the influence of tectonic movements, the burial hills show three layers, i.e. the reverse rushing faults in buried hills, paleo-residual hill, and extended horst block. The evolution of burial hills can be divided into four stages: steady raising period from Calenonian to early Hercynian, rushing brake drape period from Indosinian to middle Yanshanian, block tilting period in early Tertiary, and heating depression period from late Tertiary to Quaternary. The basin modeling softwares BasinMod 1-D and Basin 2-D, which are made by PRA corporation, are used in this paper, according to the requirement, corresponding geological model is designed. And we model the burial history, thermal history, hydrocarbon generation and hydrocarbon expelling history of Qianmiqiao area. The results show that present bury depth is the deepest in the geological history, the sedimentary rate of Tertiary is highest and its rising rate of temperature rate is higher. During sedimentary history, there is no large erosion, and in the Tertiary, the deeper sediment was deposited in large space, therefore it is in favor of the conservation and transformation of oil and gas. The thermal research shows that the heat primarily comes from basement of the basin, present geotherm is the highest temperature in the geological history. Major source rock is the strata of ES3, whose organic is abundant, good-typed, maturative and of high-expulsive efficiency. The organic evolution of source rock of O has come to the overmature stage, the evolving time is long and the source rock can be easily destroyed. Therefore it is more difficult for the O formation source rock to form the huge accumulation of oil and gas than Es3 formation. In the research of oil assembling, we first calculated the characteristics of the fluid pressure of single well, then analyzed the distribution of the surplus fluid pressure of each formation and profile, and probe the first hydrocarbon migration situation and the distribution of pressure system of buried hill pool. In every formation, the pressure system of each burial hill has its own characteristics, e.g. high pressure or low pressure. In the research of secondary migration, the fluid potential is calculated while the relative low potential area is figured out. In Qianmiqiao area, the west margin faults have the low potential, and hence is the favorable reconnoiter belt.

f-x-y域去除随机噪音方法研究

The seismic survey is the most effective prospecting geophysical method during exploration and development of oil/gas. The structure and the lithology of the geological body become increasingly complex now. So it must assure that the seismic section own upper resolution if we need accurately describe the targets. High signal/noise ratio is the precondition of high-resolution. For the sake of improving signal/noise ratio, we put forward four methods for eliminating random noise on the basis of detailed analysis of the technique for noise elimination using prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. The four methods are put forward for settling different problems, which are in the technique for noise elimination using prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. For weak noise and large filters, the response of the noise to the filter is little. For strong noise and short filters, the response of the noise to the filter is important. For the response of the noise, the predicting operators are inaccurate. The inaccurate operators result in incorrect results. So we put forward the method using prediction filtering by inversion in f-x-y domain. The method makes the assumption that the seismic signal comprises predictable proportion and unpredictable proportion. The transcendental information about predicting operator is introduced in the function. The method eliminates the response of the noise to filtering operator, and assures that the filtering operators are accurate. The filtering results are effectively improved by the method. When the dip of the stratum is very complex, we generally divide the data into rectangular patches in order to obtain the predicting operators using prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. These patches usually need to have significant overlap in order to get a good result. The overlap causes that the data is repeatedly used. It effectively increases the size of the data. The computational cost increases with the size of the data. The computational efficiency is depressed. The predicting operators, which are obtained by general prediction filtering in f-x-y domain, can not describe the change of the dip when the dip of the stratum is very complex. It causes that the filtering results are aliased. And each patch is an independent problem. In order to settle these problems, we put forward the method for eliminating noise using space varying prediction filtering in f-x-y domain. The predicting operators accordingly change with space varying in this method. Therefore it eliminates the false event in the result. The transcendental information about predicting operator is introduced into the function. To obtain the predicting operators of each patch is no longer independent problem, but related problem. Thus it avoids that the data is repeatedly used, and improves computational efficiency. The random noise that is eliminated by prediction filtering in f-x-y domain is Gaussian noise. The general method can't effectively eliminate non-Gaussian noise. The prediction filtering method using lp norm (especially p=l) can effectively eliminate non-Gaussian noise in f-x-y domain. The method is described in this paper. Considering the dip of stratum can be accurately obtained, we put forward the method for eliminating noise using prediction filtering under the restriction of the dip in f-x-y domain. The method can effectively increase computational efficiency and improve the result. Through calculating in the theoretic model and applying it to the field data, it is proved that the four methods in this paper can effectively solve these different problems in the general method. Their practicability is very better. And the effect is very obvious.

中强地震震源的破裂过程

With the large developments of the seismic sources theory, computing technologies and survey instruments, we can model and rebuild the rupture process of earthquakes more realistically. On which earthquake sources' properties and tectonic activities law are realized more clearly. The researches in this domain have been done in this paper as follows. Based on the generalized ray method, expressions for displacement on the surface of a half-space due to an arbitrary oriented shear and tensile dislocation are also obtained. Kinematically, fault-normal motion is equivalent to tensile faulting. There is some evidence that such motion occurs in many earthquakes. The expressions for static displacements on the surface of a layered half-space due to static point moment tensor source are given in terms of the generalized reflection and transmission coefficient matrix method. The validity and precision of the new method is illustrated by comparing the consistency of our results with the analytical solution given by Okada's code employing same point source and homogenous half-space model. The computed vertical ground displacement using the moment tensor solution of the Lanchang_Gengma earthquake displays considerable difference with that of a double couple component .The effect of a soft layer at the top of the homogenous half-space on a shallow normal-faulting earthquake is also analyzed. Our results show that more seismic information would be obtained utilizing seismic moment tensor source and layered half-space model. The rupture process of 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake investigated by using co-seismic surface displacement GPS observations and far field P-wave records. In according to the tectonic analysis and distributions of aftershock, we introduce a three-segment bending fault planes into our model. Both elastic half-space models and layered-earth models to invert the distribution of co-seismic slip along the Chi-Chi earthquake rupture. The results indicate that the shear slip model can not fit horizontal and vertical co-seismic displacements together, unless we add the fault-normal motion (tensile component) in inversions. And then, the Chi Chi earthquake rupture process was obtained by inversion using the seismograms and GPS observations. Fault normal motions determined by inversion, concentrate on the shallow northern bending fault from Fengyuan to Shuangji where the surface earthquake ruptures reveal more complexity and the developed flexural slip folding structures than the other portions of the rupture zone For understanding the perturbation of surface displacements caused by near-surface complex structures, We have taken a numeric test to synthesize and inverse the surface displacements for a pop-up structure that is composed of a main thrust and a back thrust. Our result indicates that the pop-up structure, the typical shallow complex rupture that occurred in the northern bending fault zone form Fengyuan to Shuangji, can be modeled better by a thrust fault added negative tensile component than by a simple thrust fault. We interpret the negative tensile distributions, that concentrate on the shallow northern bending fault from Fengyuan to Shuangji, as a the synthetic effect including the complexities of property and geometry of rupture. The earthquake rupture process also reveal the more spatial and temporal complexities form Fenyuan to SHuangji. According to the three-components teleseismic records, the S-wave velocity structure beneath the 59 teleseismic stations of Taiwan obtained by using the transform function method and the SA techniques. The integrated results, the 3D crustal structure of Taiwan reveal that the thickest part of crustal local in the western Central Range. This conclusion is consistent with the result form the Bouguer gravity anomaly. The orogenic evolution of Taiwan is young period, and the developing foot of Central Range dose not in static balancing. The crustal of Taiwan stays in the course of dynamic equilibrium. The rupture process of 2003)2,24,Jiashi, Xinjiang earthquake was estimated by the finite fault model using far field broadband P wave records of CDSN and IRIS. The results indicate that the earthquake focal is north dip trust fault including some left-lateral strike slip. The focal mechanism of this earthquake is different form that of earthquakes occurred in 1997 and 1998, but similar to that of 1996, Artux, Xinjiang earthquake. We interpreted that the earthquake caused trust fault due to the Tarim basin pushing northward and orogeny of Tianshan mountain. In the end, give a brief of future research subject: Building the Real Time Distribute System for rupture process of Large Earthquakes Based on Internet.

用宽频带远震体波波形研究中国及邻近地区地壳构造及地质意义初探

The theory and approach of the broadband teleseismic body waveform inversion are expatiated in this paper, and the defining the crust structure's methods are developed. Based on the teleseismic P-wave data, the theoretic image of the P-wave radical component is calculated via the convolution of the teleseismic P-wave vertical component and the transform function, and thereby a P-wavefrom inversion method is built. The applied results show the approach effective, stable and its resolution high. The exact and reliable teleseismic P waveforms recorded by CDSN and IRIS and its geodynamics are utilized to obtain China and its vicinage lithospheric transfer functions, this region ithospheric structure is inverted through the inversion of reliable transfer functions, the new knowledge about the deep structure of China and its vicinage is obtained, and the reliable seismological evidence is provided to reveal the geodynamic evolution processes and set up the continental collisional theory. The major studies are as follows: Two important methods to study crustal and upper mantle structure -- body wave travel-time inversion and waveform modeling are reviewed systematically. Based on ray theory, travel-time inversion is characterized by simplicity, crustal and upper mantle velocity model can be obtained by using 1-D travel-time inversion preliminary, which introduces the reference model for studying focal location, focal mechanism, and fine structure of crustal and upper mantle. The large-scale lateral inhomogeneity of crustal and upper mantle can be obtained by three-dimensional t ravel-time seismic tomography. Based on elastic dynamics, through the fitting between theoretical seismogram and observed seismogram, waveform modeling can interpret the detail waveform and further uncover one-dimensional fine structure and lateral variation of crustal and upper mantle, especially the media characteristics of singular zones of ray. Whatever travel-time inversion and waveform modeling is supposed under certain approximate conditions, with respective advantages and disadvantages, and provide convincing structure information for elucidating physical and chemical features and geodynamic processes of crustal and upper mantle. Because the direct wave, surface wave, and refraction wave have lower resolution in investigating seismic velocity transitional zone, which is inadequate to study seismic discontinuities. On the contrary, both the converse and reflected wave, which sample the discontinuities directly, must be carefully picked up from seismogram to constrain the velocity transitional zones. Not only can the converse wave and reflected wave study the crustal structure, but also investigate the upper mantle discontinuities. There are a number of global and regional seismic discontinuities in the crustal and upper mantle, which plays a significant role in understanding physical and chemical properties and geodynamic processes of crustal and upper mantle. The broadband teleseismic P waveform inversion is studied particularly. The teleseismic P waveforms contain a lot of information related to source time function, near-source structure, propagation effect through the mantle, receiver structure, and instrument response, receiver function is isolated form teleseismic P waveform through the vector rotation of horizontal components into ray direction and the deconvolution of vertical component from the radial and tangential components of ground motion, the resulting time series is dominated by local receiver structure effect, and is hardly irrelevant to source and deep mantle effects. Receiver function is horizontal response, which eliminate multiple P wave reflection and retain direct wave and P-S converted waves, and is sensitive to the vertical variation of S wave velocity. Velocity structure beneath a seismic station has different response to radial and vertical component of an accident teleseismic P wave. To avoid the limits caused by a simplified assumption on the vertical response, the receiver function method is mended. In the frequency domain, the transfer function is showed by the ratio of radical response and vertical response of the media to P wave. In the time domain, the radial synthetic waveform can be obtained by the convolution of the transfer function with the vertical wave. In order to overcome the numerical instability, generalized reflection and transmission coefficient matrix method is applied to calculate the synthetic waveform so that all multi-reflection and phase conversion response can be included. A new inversion method, VFSA-LM method, is used in this study, which successfully combines very fast simulated annealing method (VFSA) with damped least square inversion method (LM). Synthetic waveform inversion test confirms its effectiveness and efficiency. Broadband teleseismic P waveform inversion is applied in lithospheric velocity study of China and its vicinage. According to the data of high quality CDSN and IRIS, we obtained an outline map showing the distribution of Asian continental crustal thickness. Based on these results gained, the features of distribution of the crustal thickness and outline of crustal structure under the Asian continent have been analyzed and studied. Finally, this paper advances the principal characteristics of the Asian continental crust. There exist four vast areas of relatively minor variations in the crustal thickness, namely, northern, eastern southern and central areas of Asian crust. As a byproduct, the earthquake location is discussed, Which is a basic issue in seismology. Because of the strong trade-off between the assumed initial time and focal depth and the nonlinear of the inversion problems, this issue is not settled at all. Aimed at the problem, a new earthquake location method named SAMS method is presented, In which, the objective function is the absolute value of the remnants of travel times together with the arrival times and use the Fast Simulated Annealing method is used to inverse. Applied in the Chi-Chi event relocation of Taiwan occurred on Sep 21, 2000, the results show that the SAMS method not only can reduce the effects of the trade-off between the initial time and focal depth, but can get better stability and resolving power. At the end of the paper, the inverse Q filtering method for compensating attenuation and frequency dispersion used in the seismic section of depth domain is discussed. According to the forward and inverse results of synthesized seismic records, our Q filtrating operator of the depth domain is consistent with the seismic laws in the absorbing media, which not only considers the effect of the media absorbing of the waves, but also fits the deformation laws, namely the frequency dispersion of the body wave. Two post stacked profiles about 60KM, a neritic area of China processed, the result shows that after the forward Q filtering of the depth domain, the wide of the wavelet of the middle and deep layers is compressed, the resolution and signal noise ratio are enhanced, and the primary sharp and energy distribution of the profile are retained.

青藏高原东部电性结构特征及地球动力学意义

As the largest and highest plateau on the Earth, the Tibetan Plateau has been a key location for understanding the processes of mountain building and plateau formation during India-Asia continent-continent collision. As the front-end of the collision, the geological structure of eastern Tibetan Plateau is very complex. It is ideal as a natural laboratory for investigating the formation and evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) carried out MT survey from XiaZayii to Qingshuihe in the east part of the plateau in 1998. After error analysis and distortion analysis, the Non-linear Conjugate Gradient inversion(NLCG), Rapid Relaxation Inversin (RRI) and 2D OCCAM Inversion algorithms were used to invert the data. The three models obtained from 3 algorithms provided similar electrical structure and the NLCG model fit the observed data better than the other two models. According to the analysis of skin depth, the exploration depth of MT in Tibet is much more shallow than in stable continent. For example, the Schmucker depth at period 100s is less than 50km in Tibet, but more than 100km in Canadian Shield. There is a high conductivity layer at the depth of several kilometers beneath middle Qiangtang terrane, and almost 30 kilometers beneath northern Qiangtang terrane. The sensitivity analysis of the data predicates that the depth and resistivity of the crustal high conductivity layer are reliable. The MT results provide a high conductivity layer at 20~40km depth, where the seismic data show a low velocity zone. The experiments show that the rock will dehydrate and partially melt in the relative temperature and pressure. Fluids originated from dehydration and partial melting will seriously change rheological characteristics of rock. Therefore, This layer with low velocity and high conductivity layer in the crust is a weak layer. There is a low velocity path at the depth of 90-110 km beneath southeastern Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas from seismology results. The analysis on the temperature and rheological property of the lithosphere show that the low velocity path is also weak. GPS measurements and the numerical simulation of the crust-mantle deformation show that the movement rate is different for different terranes. The regional strike derived from decomposition analysis for different frequency band and seismic anisotropy indicate that the crust and upper mantle move separately instead of as a whole. There are material flow in the eastern and southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, the faults, the crustal and upper mantle weak layers are three different boundaries for relatively movement. Those results support the "two layer wedge plates" geodynamic model on Tibetan formation and evolution.