Relaxed GexSi1-x layer formation with reduced dislocation density grown by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition

A new alternative method to grow the relaxed Ge0.24Si0.76 layer with a reduced dislocation density by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition is reported in this paper. A 1000-Angstrom Ge0.24Si0.76 layer was first grown on a Si(100) substrate. Then a 500-Angstrom Si layer and a subsequent 5000-Angstrom Ge0.24Si0.76 overlayer followed. All these three layers were grown at 600 degrees C. After being removed from the growth system to air, the sample was first annealed at 850 degrees C for 30 min, and then was investigated by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. It is shown that the 5000-Angstrom Ge0.24Si0.76 thick over layer is perfect, and most of the threading dislocations are located in the embedded thin Si layer and the lower 1000-Angstrom Ge0.24Si0.76 layer. The relaxation ratio of the over layer is deduced to be 0.8 from Raman spectroscopy.

Microstructure of SiOx : H films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

The micro-Raman spectroscopy and infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been performed for the study of the microstructure of amorphous hydrogenated oxidized silicon (alpha-SiOx,:H) films prepared by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. It is found that a-SiOx:H consists of two phases: an amorphous silicon-rich phase and an oxygen-rich phase mainly comprised of HSi-SiO2 and HSi-O-3. The Raman scattering; results exhibit that the frequency of TO-like mode of amorphous silicon red-shifts with decreasing size of silicon-rich region. This is related to the quantum confinement effects, similar to the nanocrystalline silicon.

Microstructures of microcrystalline silicon thin films prepared by hot wire chemical vapor deposition

Undoped hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (mu c-Si:H) thin films were prepared at low temperature by hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD). Microstructures of the mu c-Si:H films with different H-2/SiH4 ratios and deposition pressures have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, Fourier transform (FTIR), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAX). The crystallization of silicon thin film was enhanced by hydrogen dilution and deposition pressure. The TEM result shows the columnar growth of mu c-Si:H thin films. An initial microcrystalline Si layer on the glass substrate, instead of the amorphous layer commonly observed in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), was observed from TEM and backside incident Raman spectra. The SAXS data indicate an enhancement of the mass density of mu c-Si:H films by hydrogen dilution. Finally, combining the FTIR data with the SAXS experiment suggests that the Si--H bonds in mu c-Si:H and in polycrystalline Si thin films are located at the grain boundaries. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Initial stages of GaN/GaAs (100) growth by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

We have investigated the growth of GaN buffers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs (100) substrates. Atomic force microscope (AFM) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) were employed to study the dependence of the nucleation on the growth temperature, growth rate, annealing effect, and growth time. A two-step growth sequence must be used to optimize and control the nucleation and the subsequent growth independently. The size and distribution of islands and the thickness of buffer layers have a crucial role on the quality of GaN layers. Based on the experimental results, a model was given to interpret the formation of hexagonal-phase GaN in the cubic-phase GaN layers. Using an optimum buffer layer, the strong near-band emission of cubic GaN with full-width at half maximum (FWHM) value as small as 5.6 nm was observed at room temperature. The background carrier concentration was estimated to be in the range of 10(13) similar to 10(14) cm(-3).

Room-temperature optical transitions in Mg-doped cubic GaN/GaAs(100) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The mechanism of room-temperature optical transitions in a Mg-doped cubic GaN epilayer grown on GaAs(100) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition has been investigated. By examining the dependence of photoluminescence on the excitation intensity (which varied over four orders) at room temperature, four different emissions with different origins were identified. A blue emission at similar to 3.037 eV was associated with a shallow Mg acceptor, while three different lower-energy emissions at similar to 2.895, similar to 2.716, and similar to 2.639 eV were associated with a deep Mg complex. In addition to a shallow acceptor at E congruent to 0.213 eV, three Mg-related deep defect levels were also found at around 215, 374, and 570 meV (from the conduction band). (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(00)01904-6].

High-performance 980-nm quantum-well lasers using a hybrid material system of an Al-free InGaAs-InGaAsP active region and AlGaAs cladding layers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

We report on the material growth and fabrication of high-performance 980-nm strained quantum-well lasers employing a hybrid material system consisting of an Al-free InGaAs-InGaAsP active region and AlGaAs cladding layers. The use of AlGaAs cladding instead of InGaP provides potential advantages in flexibility of laser design, simple epitaxial growth, and improvement of surface morphology and laser performance. The as-grown InGaAs-InGaAsP(1.6 eV)-AlGaAs(1.95 eV) lasers achieve a low threshold current density of 150 A/cm(2) (at a cavity length of 1500 mu m), internal quantum efficiency of similar to 95%, and low internal loss of 1.8 cm(-1). Both broad-area and ridge-waveguide laser devices are fabricated. For 100-mu m-wide stripe lasers with a cavity length of 800 Irm, a slope efficiency of 1.05 W/A and a characteristic temperature coefficient (T-0) of 230 K are achieved. The lifetime test demonstrates a reliable performance. The comparison with our fabricated InGaAs-InGaAsP(1.6 eV)-AlGaAs(1.87 eV) lasers and Al-free InGaAs-InGaAsP (1.6 eV)-InGaP lasers are also given and discussed. The selective etching between AlGaAs and InGaAsP is successfully used for the formation of a ridge-waveguide structure. For 4-mu m-wide ridge-waveguide laser devices, a maximum output power of 350 mW is achieved. The fundamental mode output power can be up to 190 mW with a slope efficiency as high as 0.94 W/A.

Stress corrosion studies of ion implanted austenitic steel

Stress corrosion studies of 50 Mn18Cr4 austenitic steel implanted with 120 keV N+, 100 keV Cr+, 200 keV and 400 keV Er+ ions were carried out by constant strain method in the nitrate solution. Surface composition and depth profiles of the implanted material were measured by AES sputter etching technique. The results exhibit that nitrogen implantation has no significant affection to the stress corrosion, but the chromium and erbium implantation has prolonged the incubation period of the stress corrosion cracking. (C) 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Stability investigation of cubic GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on GaAs (001)

The thermal stability of cubic-phase GaN (c-GaN) films are investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering spectroscopy. C-GaN films are grown on GaAs (001) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. PL measurements show that the near-band-edge emissions in the as-grown GaN layers and thermally treated samples are mainly from c-GaN. No degradation of the optical qualities is observed after thermal annealing. Raman scattering spectroscopy shows that the intensity of the E-2 peak from hexagonal GaN grains increases with annealing temperature for the samples with poor crystal quality, while thermal annealing up to 1000 degrees C has no obvious effect on the samples with high crystal quality. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)04719-1].

Low-temperature growth of cubic GaN by metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition

Low-temperature growth of cubic GaN at 520 degrees C was achieved using CCl4 as an additive by metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs substrate. X-Ray measurement confirmed that the films are single-phase cubic GaN. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) were also used to analyze the surface morphology and the quality of films. The evolution of surface morphology suggests that CCl4 can reduce the hopping barrier and thus Ga adatoms are able to diffuse easily on the GaN surface. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

980nm InGaAs/InGaAsP quantum well lasers with AlGaAs cladding grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition

The authors report on the fabrication of 980 nm InGaAs strained quantum well lasers with hybrid materials of InGaAsP as waveguide and AlGaAs as cladding grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition. The InGaAs/InGaAsP/AlGaAs diode lasers (100 x 800 mu m) with broadened waveguide structure exhibit a threshold current of 180 mA, a slope efficiency of 1.0 W/A, and a high characteristic temperature coefficient (T-0) of 230 K.

The dependence of GexSi1-x epitaxial growth on GeH4 flow using chemical vapour deposition

GexSi1-x epilayers were grown at 700-900 degrees C by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition. GexSi1-x, Si and Ge growth rates as functions of GeH4 flow are considered separately to investigate how the growth of the epilayers is enhanced. Arrhenius plots of Si and Ge incorporation in the GexSi1-x growth show the activation energies associated with the growth rates are about 1.2 eV for silicon and 0.4 eV for germanium, indicating that Si growth is limited by surface kinetics and Ge growth is limited by mass transport. A model based on this idea is proposed and used to simulate the growth of GexSi1-x. The calculation and experiment are in good agreement. Growth rate and film composition increase monotonically with growth pressure; both observations are explained by the model.

Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) incorporated into silicon matrix grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)

Hybrid composites composed of zinc phthalocyanine embedded in silicon matrixes have attracted attention because of the potential for solar energy conversion. We produce hybrid composites by thermal evaporation for the plithalocyanine and PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) for the silicon matrix. Deposition of ZnPc/a-Si(amorphous silicon) composites was achieved in a sequential manner. The compound films were characterized by optical transmittance spectra and photoconductivity measurement. The optical transmittance measurements were carried out in the visible region (500 - 800 nm). Compared to pure silicon film, the photosensitivity of compound functional films was enhanced by one order of magnitude. This demonstrates the Si sensitized by adding ZnPc.

Homoepitaxial growth and characterization of 4H-SiC epilayers by low-pressure hot-wall chemical vapor deposition

Horizontal air-cooled low-pressure hot-wall CVD (LP-HWCVD) system is developed to get high quality 4H-SiC epilayers. Homoepitaxial growth of 4H-SiC on off-oriented Si-face (0001) 4H-SiC substrates purchased from Cree is performed at a typical temperature of 1500 degrees C with a pressure of 40 Torr by using SiH4+C2H4+H-2 gas system. The surface morphologies and structural and optical properties of 4H-SiC epilayers are characterized with Nomarski optical microscope, atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and low temperature photoluminescence (LTPL). The background doping of 32 pm-thick sample has been reduced to 2-5 x 10(15) cm(-3). The FWHM of the rocking curve is 9-16 arcsec. Intentional N-doped and B-doped 4H-SiC epilayers are obtained by in-situ doping of NH3 and B2H6, respectively. Schottky barrier diodes with reverse blocking voltage of over 1000 V are achieved preliminarily.

Growth of ZnO single crystal by chemical vapor transport method

ZnO crystals were grown by CVT method in closed quartz tube under seeded condition. Carbon was used as a transport agent to enhance the chemical transport of ZnO in the growth process. ZnO single crystals were grown by using GaN/sapphire and GaN/Si wafer as seeds. The property and crystal quality of the ZnO single crystals was studied by photoluminescence spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technique.

Hetero-epitaxial growth of ZnO films on silicon by low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Quality ZnO films were successfully grown on Si(100) substrate by low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition method in temperature range of 300-500 degrees C using DEZn and N2O as precursor and oxygen source respectively. The crystal structure, optical properties and surface morphology of ZnO films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical refection and atomic force microscopy technologies. It was demonstrated that the crystalline structure and surface morphology of ZnO films strongly depend on the growth temperature.