An explanation of capital structure of China's listed property firms

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the capital structure of listed property firms in China.Design/methodology/approach– The study is based on quantitative methods such as dynamic panel data models and a panel data set containing financial and accounting data for all listed property companies from 2006 to 2010 in China.Findings– The findings confirm that the state-own shares, the fixed asset values, the total size of assets and profitability have a positive and significant impact on the leverage ratio of listed property firms in China. The negative impact of the tax shields and the currency ratio, and significant impact of state-own shares on capital structure cannot be explained by existing capital structure theory but the unique property market regulation environment and market conditions in China.Research limitations/implications– The findings confirm the applicability of trade-off theory (except for the correlation between leverage and the tax shield) on property companies in China. They also highlight the importance of government policies and special market conditions in explaining the financing behaviour of property companies in transaction countries like China.Practical implications– Complimentary policies should be established along with property market restriction policies to offset their unequal negative effect on property companies with less state-owned shares. Furthermore, government should invest efforts to eliminate the discrimination credit treatment of banks against property companies with non-existent or few state-owned shares.Originality/value– The special financial behaviour of China's property firms and the unique financial and property market conditions highlight the necessity of researching the capital structure of listed property firms in China. However, most of the existing literature focuses on the company financial behaviour in developed countries, and very few studies have been done concerning property firms’ financing behaviour in emerging economies such as China, and this research prospects to fill this blank.

Explaining the environmentally sustainable consumer behavior: a social capital perspective

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of social capital within a community on the adoption of consumer eco-behaviour or environmentally sustainable behaviour of consumers. The authors draw on the behavioural perspective model (BPM) of consumer behaviour and social capital theory in arguing that social capital shapes a consumer's knowledge of environmental issues and pro-environmental attitudes, which in turn influence a consumer's perceived capability to engage in eco-behaviour. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses partial least squares approach to structural equation modelling of survey data involving 1,044 consumers in the Philippines. It involves testing of a measurement model to examine the validity and reliability of the constructs used in the study. This is followed by testing of the structural models to test the hypothesised relationships of the constructs. Findings - The results suggest the substantive influence of social capital on environmental knowledge, pro-environmental attitudes and eco-capability. Both knowledge and attitudes have positive effects on eco-capability, which in turn positively shapes eco-behaviour. Research limitations/implications - Future studies can examine how social capital as a multi-dimensional construct impacts context-specific consumer behaviour. Practical implications - Social and environmental marketing may focus on social network activation to encourage eco-behaviours of consumers. Social implications - Findings highlight the role of social capital within one's community as a resource channel to encourage environmentally responsible consumer behaviour. Originality/value - The study extends the BPM by offering a social capital view as a more nuanced explanation of consumer eco-behaviour.

Determinants of corporate capital structure: a comparison of public and private firms

 This thesis investigates how capital structure decisions of private and public firms in the UK differ in regards to their ownership structure, information asymmetry (proxied by audit quality) and access to debt capital.

Social capital and hygiene practices among the extreme poor in rural Bangladesh

We investigate the effect of social capital on hygiene practices pertaining to lives of the extreme poor in rural Bangladesh. Analysing a unique survey dataset for 5,600 extreme poor households, we document a significant positive effect of social capital on sanitary latrine use and wearing shoes/sandals at home for hygiene. We account for the endogeneity of social capital by instrumental variable estimation. Our findings emphasise the role of social capital in preventing common diseases through improving hygiene practices for the extreme poor, who usually lack access to medical services in the event of illness, which has important policy implications.

Intellectual capital disclosures and corporate governance: an empirical examination

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Empirical examinations of the links between corporate governance and intellectual capital are underresearched, particularly from the context of emerging economies where corporate governance mechanisms tend to be largely ceremonial due to family dominance. This study aims to address this gap in the intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) literature by undertaking an empirical examination of the relationship between corporate governance and the extent of ICD of Bangladeshi companies. Inter alia, the key findings of this study suggest that there is a non-linear relationship between family ownership and the extent of ICD. This research also found that foreign ownership, board independence, and the presence of audit committees are positively associated with the extent of ICD. Conversely, family duality (i.e., where the positions of CEO and chairperson are occupied by two individuals from the same family) is negatively associated with the extent of ICD.

Do social capital building strategies influence the financing behavior of chinese private small and medium-sized enterprises?

© 2013 Baylor University. Using data from 65,485 Chinese private small and medium-sized enterprises over the period 2000-2006, we examine the extent to which firms can improve access to debt by adopting strategies aimed at building social capital, namely entertaining and gift giving to others in their social network, and obtaining political affiliation. We find that although entertainment and gift-giving expenditure leads to higher levels of total and short-term debt, it does not enable firms to obtain greater long-term debt. In contrast, we demonstrate that obtaining political affiliation allows firms greater access to long-term debt.

How does microfinance enhance entrepreneurial outcomes in emerging economies? The mediating mechanisms of psychological and social capital

In this article, a conceptual framework and research propositions are developed to explain how microfinance provision can translate into new venture creation and existing venture growth in an emerging economy context by engendering higher levels of psychological and social capital in clients. In doing this, the extent to which microfinance institutions provide business support and opportunities for social interaction are identified as factors which may strengthen the impact of microfinance provision on psychological and social capital, especially for poor entrepreneurs in resource-constrained settings. The conceptual framework and research propositions developed will be of use to academics in designing an agenda for future empirical research. In addition, they will help policymakers and microfinance providers to better design microfinance initiatives that enhance the well-being of clients and maximise their entrepreneurial outcomes. © The Author(s) 2013.

Psychological capital: A review and synthesis

The concept of psychological capital (PsyCap) has attracted a great deal of interest from both academics and practitioners and has been linked to employee attitudes, behavior and performance at different levels of analysis. Yet, the nature of the concept, its measurement, the factors that influence its development, and when and how it influences individual-level, team-level and organizational-level outcomes are the subject of continued debate in the literature. This article offers a detailed and focused review of the existing literature on PsyCap, with the aim of developing an agenda for future research. In particular, we call for researchers to pay greater attention to possible multi-level applications of PsyCap research, examine the underlying mechanisms by which PsyCap influences individual-level, team-level and organizational-level outcomes, and identify possible factors that may moderate the relationship between PsyCap and its outcomes. In doing this, we provide a roadmap for scholars to progress the development of the field. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

International education, the formation of capital and graduate employment : Chinese accounting graduates’ experiences of the Australian labour market

Since the late 1970s, international education has steadily gained in popularity in China.An emerging middle class seeks to strengthen its position in China’s rapidly stratifyingsociety under its socialist market economy with the shift from wealth creation for all towealth concentration for a few. Previously, a foreign qualification was considered apassport to success in either the host or home country’s labour market. But the growingpopularity of overseas study, coupled with the massification of the Chinese highereducation, means Chinese international students are seeking to distinguish themselvesin an increasingly competitive global labour market. This longitudinal study of internationalgraduates, backgrounded by Australian employer perceptions, examines thejourneys of 13 Chinese accounting graduates as they attempt to transition from anAustralian university into the Australian labour market. Bourdieu’s thinking tools offield, capital, disposition and habitus are utilised to consider how different cultural,social and linguistic capitals inform employer understandings of ‘employability’ meantChinese accounting graduates significantly adjusted their life goals.

Applicability of financial theories of capital structure to the Chinese cultural context: a study of privately owned SMEs

Using a new dataset of 1539 Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises this article investigates the firm-level determinants of capital structure and tests them against the predictions of financial theory. Firm size and profitability are both found to be related to leverage as posited by pecking-order theory. In contrast little support is found for the predicted relationship between asset structure and leverage. These findings are discussed in relationship to their Chinese cultural context. The managerial and policy implications of the research are then explored.

Environmental migration and capital mobility

Based on utility equalization, this paper considers a developing economy with labor migration. Pollution and capital taxes are imposed on producers in the polluted sector. The optimal policy combinations of capital taxes and pollution taxes for the host economy are examined. A zero capital tax is required for increasing mobility of capital to raise real GDP, while a larger than Pigovian pollution tax is needed for enhancing environmental amenities. The impacts on those two optimal tax rates are examined theoretically and numerically if foreign countries adopt higher environmental standards or if foreign countries impose tax credits on foreign investments.

Capital, habitus e as redes no ciberespaço

Valendo-me das categorias da Economia das trocas simbólicas, propostas por Bourdieu, pretendo desenvolver neste artigo uma breve análise das trocas simbólicas produzidas em um novo ambiente sócio-técnico (a internet) e como ele tornou possível o surgimento de um espaço virtual de coalizões (redes de interagentes). Nesse sentido, torna-se fundamental pensar a complexa integração entre as trocas simbólicas no mundo "off-line" e "on-line" que disputam o acesso à produção, apropriação e distribuição universal de novos tipos de recursos mais ou menos escassos. Procuro analisar,brevemente, a relação entre a promessa de abundância e certos tipos de escassez encontrados no ciberespaço e a colocação de uma questão que considero fundamental: a arquitetura distribuída da rede eliminaria totalmente a necessidade de representação e delegação ou estabeleceria diferentes filtros e modalidades de organização e seleção de porta-vozes em novos tipos de comunidades?

A influência da estrutura de controle nas decisões de estrutura de capital das companhias brasileiras

A teoria financeira e pesquisas internacionais indicam que os acionistas controladores buscam decidir por estruturas de capital que não coloquem em risco a perda do controle acionário da companhia, através de ameaças de takeover, ou mesmo, pelo aumento do nível de risco de falência. Esses estudos exploram o fato de as companhias fazerem emissão de dois tipos de ação, as ações com direito ao voto, e as ações sem direito ao voto. Neste sentido, este trabalho procurou testar a existência de relação da estrutura de controle nas decisões de estrutura de capital das companhias brasileiras listadas no Bovespa – Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo em 31/12/1995, 31/12/1996, 31/12/1997, 31/12/1998, 31/12/1999 e 31/12/2000. De acordo com a análise realizada, pode-se concluir que existe uma influência estatisticamente significativa da estrutura de controle acionário sobre as decisões de estrutura de capital, bem como uma estrutura de decisão do tipo pecking order, voltada para a manutenção do controle acionário, já que a opção pela diluição do controle acionário acontece a partir da redução dos níveis de recursos próprios disponíveis e do crescimento do endividamento e do risco. Além do controle acionário e da lucratividade, o modelo utilizado no estudo testou a influência de variáveis relativas ao setor, ano e tamanho das companhias pesquisadas, como aspectos determinantes das decisões de estrutura de capital no mercado brasileiro.

Satisfação dos consumidores em relação às compras em um supermercado virtual : um estudo em uma capital de um estado brasileiro

A investigação do tema satisfação dos consumidores tem merecido destaque no atual contexto acadêmico e empresarial. Numerosas pesquisas nesta área revelam como a satisfação pode afetar o desenvolvimento e o crescimento das empresas ou pode ocasionar perdas de resultados. Em um outro cenário, pode-se assistir à presença da Internet no cotidiano dos consumidores em pleno processo de expansão. Seja na simples navegação na Internet, nas compras regulares de supermercado ou envio e recebimento de mensagens pessoais. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo apresentar os atributos associados às compras por Internet, responsáveis pela composição do nível de satisfação dos consumidores em uma Rede de Supermercados assim como realizar uma breve retrospectiva no campo da satisfação do consumidor e considerações sobre o comércio eletrônico de alimentos. O estudo foi conduzido utilizando-se os dados cadastrais de 954 clientes que haviam comprado pelo menos uma vez durante os três meses que antecederam a pesquisa. Utilizou-se os dados cadastrais de uma empresa supermercadista que atua em várias cidades e na qual foram estudados somente os registros de uma capital de um estado brasileiro. Com os resultados da pesquisa, foram identificados cinco dimensões caraterísticas do processo de compra em supermercados virtuais, com atributos relacionados a: (1)“Produtos”, (2)“Atendimento e Tempo de Entrega”, (3)“Comodidade”, (4)“Pagamento e Segurança” e (5)“Conteúdo Informacional e Apresentação da Home Page”. O estudo revela que o nível de satisfação dos consumidores que compram neste supermercado virtual ficou estabelecido em 70,1%. De forma geral, o nível de satisfação dos consumidores com os aspectos de “Comodidade” e “Atendimento e Tempo de Entrega” do supermercado virtual são mais altos do que os obtidos pelas outras dimensões.

Adequação da escala de Wilson & Vlosky para mensuração de marketing de relacionamento no mercado de bens de capital : um estudo exploratório

As práticas gerencias de marketing das empresas, em tempos de hipercompetição, têm, cada vez mais, se orientado para o estabelecimento de relações de longo prazo com os consumidores. Fornecedores não mais administram produtos, mas sim clientes. Os objetivos desta busca de relacionamentos longos visam à obtenção de benefícios mútuos, onde fornecedor e cliente tenham vantagens por estarem engajados num relacionamento, orientado para o longo prazo, onde existam lealdade, confiança e comprometimento. Trata-se da emergência do Marketing de Relacionamento, novo paradigma que passa a orientar as ações comerciais das empresas. Nesta situação, novas variáveis se apresentam e exigem quantificação para que possam ser operacionalizadas, permitindo a gestão adequada dos esforços de marketing. Consoante com esta necessidade de mensuração, o objetivo deste trabalho foi definir uma escala que pudesse medir os atributos de Marketing de Relacionamento para um segmento específico do mercado business-tobusiness: o mercado de bens de capital. Esta escala foi obtida através de modificações introduzidas na escala de Wilson & Vlosky (1997), modificações estas resultantes de conclusões advindas de pesquisa bibliográfica e de consultas feitas a especialistas em marketing de relacionamento e profissionais com larga experiência na comercialização do tipo de produto em questão. A escala, assim obtida, foi aplicada a uma amostra de clientes da Kepler Weber, tradicional fornecedora brasileira de sistemas de armazenagem para VI grãos vegetais. As respostas obtidas foram, na seqüência, verificadas por meios estatísticos. Estas verificações indicaram algumas modificações na escala proposta inicialmente, resultando em outra de aplicação prática para o mercado de bens de capital. Além disso, foram obtidos os escores, referentes ao relacionamento existente entre a Kepler Weber e seus clientes relacionais, dos atributos medidos pela escala.