Geochemistry and isotopes at DSDP Leg 80 Holes

Thirty-eight samples from DSDP Sites 549 to 551 were analyzed for major and minor components and trace element abundances. Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data groups the samples into two major classes: an organic-carbon- rich group (> 1% TOC) containing high levels of marine organic matter and certain trace elements (Cu, Zn, V, Ni, Co, Ba, and Cr) and an organic-carbon-lean group depleted in these components. The greatest organic and trace metal enrichments occur in the uppermost Albian to Turanian sections of Sites 549 to 551. Carbon-isotopic values of bulk carbonate for the middle Cenomanian section of Site 550 (2.35 to 2.70 per mil) and the upper Cenomanian-Turonian sections of Sites 549 (3.35 to 4.47 per mil) and 551 (3.13 to 3.72 per mil) are similar to coeval values reported elsewhere in the region. The relatively heavy d13C values from Sites 549 and 551 indicate that this interval was deposited during the global "oceanic anoxic event" that occurred at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. Variation in the d18O of bulk carbonate for Section 550B-18-1 of middle Cenomanian age suggests that paleosalinity and/or paleotemperature variations may have occurred concurrently with periodic anoxia at this site. Climatically controlled increases in surface-water runoff may have caused surface waters to periodically freshen, resulting in stable salinity stratification

Geochemistry of volcanic glass from ODP holes 129-801C and 185-801C in the western Pacific

Major element chemistry of basalt from the southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) is different from that of the EPR at the time of the formation of the Pacific Plate at 170 Ma.Glass recovered from Jurassic age (170 Ma) Pacific ocean crust (Bartolini and Larson, 2001, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0735:PMATPS>2.0.CO;2) at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 801C records higher Fe8 (10.77 wt%) and marginally lower Na8 (2.21 wt%) compared to the modern EPR, suggesting deeper melting and a temperature of initial melting that was 60°C hotter than today.Trace element ratios such as La/Sm and Zr/Y, on the other hand, show remarkable similarities to the modern southern EPR, indicating that Site 801 was not generated on a hotspot-influenced ridge and that mantle composition has changed little in the Pacific over the past 170 Ma. Our results are consistent with the observation that mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) older than 80 Ma were derived by higher temperature melting than are modern MORBs (Humler et al., 1999, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00218-6), which may have been a consequence of the Cretaceous superplume event in the Pacific.Site 801 predates the formation of Pacific oceanic plateaus and 801C basalt chemistry indicates that higher temperatures of mantle melting beneath Pacific ridges preceded the initiation of the superplume.

Geochemistry at DSDP Site 76-533

Bulk X-ray mineralogy of 47 hemipelagic mud and clay samples from the Blake Outer Ridge has revealed that the sediments contain low magnesian calcite, calcian dolomite, ferroan dolomite, and magnesian siderite. Dolomite and siderite are authigenic and occur as rhombohedrons scattered through the sediments, whereas calcite is mostly biogenic. Pliocene dolomitic lenses are made up of interlocking polyhedral grains of ferroan dolomite. The contents of authigenic dolomite and siderite are 3 to 8% in carbonate sediments and 70 to 89% in dolomitic lenses. Dolomite occurs largely in the cores above 192 m sub-bottom depth, whereas siderite occurs in the cores below 87 m. The distribution and occurrence of dolomite and siderite have determined the diagenetic zonation of carbonates as Zone I (dolomitic zone, top-90 m), Zone II (transition zone, 90-180 m), and Zone III (sideritic zone, 180 m-bottom). Measurements of major and minor elements in the untreated total sediment samples and the insoluble residues after digestion in acid-reducing solution have revealed that the soluble fraction concentrates carbonates and ferromanganese associations (Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, and Mn). Typical "hydrogenous elements" (Co, Cu, Ni, and V) are more concentrated in the insoluble residues rather than in the soluble fraction; the concentrations of these four elements are low and comparable to modern offshore mud, probably because the Site 533 sediments were deposited at a high rate of sedimentation. The contents of Fe2O3 and MnO are somewhat high for rapidly accumulated mud, particularly in the Pliocene sediments (8.09 and 0.26%, respectively, on a Carbonate-free basis). The high Fe and Mn contents are mainly due to the high contribution of the leacheable nonlithogenous fraction; leacheable Fe and Mn originate in the ferromanganese oxide accumulated on the seafloor. Only a small amount of ferric oxide was converted to iron sulfide in the surficial part of Zone I. Most ferromanganese oxide was reduced and precipitated as ferroan dolomite and magnesian siderite in Zones II and III under high alkalinity and high pH conditions in the organic-matter-rich sediments. Fe2+ and Mn2+ in the deeper sediments beneath Zone III possibly migrated upward and concentrated as siderite in Zone III, hence resulting in high contents of Fe and Mn in the Pliocene sediments. Analysis of carbonate zonation on the Blake Outer Ridge has revealed that the zonation is subparallel to the bedding plane rather than to the present seafloor. The sediments at Site 103 on the flank region of the Ridge are lacking Zone I and most of Zone II, probably the result of erosion of the most of the Pleistocene and Pliocene sediments by the enhanced bottom currents during the Pleistocene.

Chemistry of altered basalts from ODP Hole 123-765D

Volcanic basement recovered at Hole 765D is characterized by nonpervasive, oxidative alteration, typical of seafloor weathering. Chilled margins and the mesostasis of the lavas are variably altered to assemblages of celadonite, Fe-oxyhydroxides, zeolites, and calcite with trace saponite. Plagioclase is partially altered to Ca-Na zeolites and/or albite. Well-developed alteration halos parallel fracture surfaces and extend several centimeters into the surrounding rock. These clay-rich halos are enriched in K2O and Fe2O3 relative to the adjacent clay-poor rock. The halos and adjacent rock are characterized by d18O values 2 per mil-3 per mil higher than those of fresh MORB. The "freshness" of the samples and the scarcity of saponite suggest that the duration of seawater circulation was short-lived. Albitization of plagioclase indicates that the volcanic rocks were altered initially at low temperatures and were subsequently reheated off-axis in a closed environment. Reheating did not result in significant modification of the bulk composition of the crust.

Concentrations of major-element oxides and minor and trace elements at DSDP Legs 87, 57, 56 and 31

Sediments from Sites 582 (11 samples), 583 (19 samples), 584 (31 samples), 294 (1 sample), 296 (9 samples), 297 (3 samples), 436 (11 samples), and 439 (3 samples) were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and/or instrumental neutron activation analysis. Ten major elements and 24 minor and trace elements (including 7 rare earth elements) were determined with these methods. Geochemistry varies systematically with both the site location and sediment age. Such variations are explained in terms of changes in sedimentation processes caused by plate motion and changes in ocean currents.

Elemental abundance and water content at DSDP Leg 86 Holes

X-ray fluorescence analyses of 1143 samples from Site 576 (32°21.4'N, 164°16.5'E) and 539 samples from Site 578 (33°55.6'N, 151°37.7'E) for the elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ba, and S show consistent trends from Si-rich surficial deposits to dark brown clays rich in Mn, Fe, P, and Ti in early Cenozoic sections. These data sets form the basis for a detailed paleogeochemical stratigraphy of North Pacific "red" clays.

Geochemistry of ash from Santorin, Greece

Santorin, am südlichsten Punkt des Kykladenbogens gelegen, ist der einzige noch tätige Vulkan in der südlichen Ägäis. Der Vulkanismus begann vor ca. 1.6 Mio. Jahren. Santorin besteht aus 5 Inseln, die nahezu vollständig aus vulkanischen Gesteinen aufgebaut sind, die im Laufe der Vulkangeschichte aus verschiedenen Eruptionszentren gefördert wurden. Abgesehen von den Laven im N der Hauptinsel Thera, wird der Zentral- und Südteil der Insel in der Hauptsache von den pyroklastischen Förderprodukten des sog. Thera-Vulkans aufgebaut. In der vorliegenden Arbeit waren diese pyroklastischen Serien Ziel der Untersuchungen. Die Ergebnisse daraus können folgendermaßen zusammengefaßt werden: - Die Aufnahme von 14 detaillierten Profilen und deren Korrelierung erbrachte die Einteilung der pyroklastischen Schichten in 5 Haupt-Folgen: T5/1 - Untere Bimsstein-Folge (Bu), T5/2-Mittlere Bimsstein-Folge (Bm), - T5/3, Die Obere Bimsstein-Folge (Bo) wurde dabei nicht weiter berücksichtigt, da sie bereits in zahlreichen Arbeiten untersucht worden ist. - Die als T5/1-3 bezeichneten Serien bestehen aus Aschen, Schlacken, wenigen Bimsstein-Horizonten und untergeordnet Ignimbriten, 'pyroclastic' und 'ash flow'-Ablagerungen, sowie Laharen. Umlagerungen und Bodenhorizonte zeigen die Unterbrechung in der vulkanischen Tätigkeit an. - In den Tg-Folgen konnten jeweils einer oder mehrere Leit-Horizonte gefunden werden, die es ermöglichen die drei Tg-Serien zu unterscheiden und zu korrelieren. - Die Untere Bimsstein-Folge (Bu) wurde in sechs Einheiten unterteilt, die eine Wechselfolge von 'pumice fall' und 'pumice flow'-Ablagerungen bilden. - Mineralogische Untersuchungen zeigen für die 5 Haupt-Folgen nur geringe Unterschiede. Die Bimssteine und Schlacken bestehen überwiegend aus Glas und haben nur wenige Phänokristalle (3-12 Vol.*), wobei der Plagioklas (Andesin-Labradorit) überwiegt; Orthopyroxen (Hypersthen) und Klinopyroxen (diops. Augit) stellen ca. 30% der Einsprengunge. An Akzessorien sind vorhanden: Apatit, Magnetit, Hämatit und sehr selten Hornblende. - Ein Versuch zur Unterscheidung der Gesteine in den einzelnen Schicht-Einheiten war die Bestimmung der Lichtbrechung und der Dichte. Es zeigte sich, daß die Dichte weniger geeignet ist, die Lichtbrechung aber eine schwache Differenzierung widerspiegelt und somit für die Bimssteine und Schlacken, aber auch für die Bimssteine innerhalb des Bu unterschiedliche Werte gefunden wurden - Aus den Korngrößen-Analysen des Asche-Leithorizontes der T5/3-Folge ergaben sich die Lage des Eruptionszentrums und die damals vorherrschende Windrichtung. - Die Oberen Ignimbrite (Ign., im Hangenden der T5/3-Folge) konnten erstmals in 5 Einheiten unterteilt werden. - Die Seltenen Erden-Analysen erbrachten für die einzelnen Folgen in etwa die gleichen SEE-Spektren. - Die geochemischen Untersuchungen von ca. 120 Proben sind in verschiedenen Diagrammen dargestellt. Daraus wird deutlich, daß die T5-Folgen die basischsten Glieder sind. Es handelt sich überwiegend um Quarz-Andesite und Quarz-Latiandesite, während die Bimsstein-Serien (Bu u. Bm) eine quarz-latiandesitische bis rhyodacitische Zusammensetzung haben. Es sind aber alles kalkalkaline Gesteine, die in den Bereich der Kontinentalrand-Andesite gehören. - Es wird angenommen, daß die Gesteine des Thera-Vulkans aus einer Magmakammer stammen. Während Zeiten ± kontinuierlicher, explosiver Tätigkeit wurden die Aschen und Schlacken der T5-Serien gefördert, die gegenüber den Bimsstein-Folgen relativ basisch sind. Während längerer Ruheperioden (Bodenhorizonte am Top der Tc-Folgen) differenzierte die Schmelze in der Magmakammer, vorwiegend durch Kristallfraktionierung. In den paroxysmalen Ausbrüchen wurden dann die sauren, gasreichen Bimssteine des Bu, Bm und Bo gefördert. - Anhand der lithologischen und geochemischen Untersuchungen ließen sich die etwaigen Eruptionszentren, die Ausbruchsmechanismen und der Ablagerungstyp der Schichten herleiten und daraus die Vulkangeschichte rekonstruieren, wie sie in vier Tabellen übersichtlich zusammengefaßt sind. - Schließlich sollen paläomorphologische Karten die einzelnen Stadien des Thera-Vulkans veranschaulichen.

Geochemistry of Lau Backarc Basin sediments

Major and minor (Mn, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Zr, Y, Sc) elements and mineralogic compositions were determined on bulk sediments collected during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 135. Three classes of sediment samples from holes drilled in the Lau Basin are discriminated by mineralogy and major element data. Samples labeled Class 1 are significantly enriched in biogenic calcite and occur predominantly in the northern part of the basin (Sites 834-835), whereas those of Class 3 are mostly enriched in volcanogenic material and are predominant in the central part of the basin (Sites 836-839). The minor element composition records the effects of the hydrothermal activity on the sediments. In the northern area of the basin (Sites 834-835), sedimentation is characterized by higher accumulation rates of the carbonate and hydrothermal fractions. These sediments are probably reworked predominantly, transported in the water column, and then settled locally. Thus, ponded sediments are probably responsible to this high accumulation rates. Diagenetic processes altered the volcanic material to a grade corresponding to the stability of phillipsite. In the central area of the basin (Sites 836-839), sedimentation is characterized by the action of bottom currents preferentially reworking the carbonate and hydrothermal fractions. Volcanogenic accumulation rates are greater at these sites than in the northern Lau Basin. Alteration of volcanic material is more important deeper in the holes and records authigenesis of clay rich in Fe-Mg, most likely smectite. Locally, clay minerals have apparently incorporated Cr and other ore-forming elements.

Composition of minerals from peridotides at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 13°N

Peridotites (diopside-bearing harzburgites) found at 13°N of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge fall into two compositional groups. Peridotites P1 are plagioclase-free rocks with minerals of uniform composition and Ca-pyroxene strongly depleted in highly incompatible elements. Peridotites P2 bear evidence of interaction with basic melt: mafic veinlets; wide variations in mineral composition; enrichment of minerals in highly incompatible elements (Na, Zr, and LREE); enrichment of minerals in moderately incompatible elements (Ti, Y, and HREE) from P1 level to abundances 4-10 times higher toward the contacts with mafic aggregates; and exotic mineral assemblages Cr-spinel + rutile and Cr-spinel + ilmenite in peridotite and pentlandite + rutile in mafic veinlets. Anomalous incompatible-element enrichment of minerals from peridotites P2 occurred at the spinel-plagioclase facies boundary, which corresponds to pressure of about 0.8-0.9 GPa. Temperature and oxygen fugacity were estimated from spinel-orthopyroxene-olivine equilibria. Peridotites P1 with uniform mineral composition record temperature of the last complete recrystallization at 940-1050°C and FMQ buffer oxygen fugacity within the calculation error. In peridotites P2, local assemblages have different compositions of coexisting minerals, which reflects repeated partial recrystallization during heating to magmatic temperatures (above 1200°C) and subsequent reequilibration at temperatures decreasing to 910°C and oxygen fugacity significantly higher than FMQ buffer (delta log fO2 = 1.3-1.9). Mafic veins are considered to be a crystallization product from basic melt enriched in Mg and Ni via interaction with peridotite. The geochemical type of melt reconstructed by the equilibrium with Ca-pyroxene is defined as T-MORB: (La/Sm)_N~1.6 and (Ce/Yb) )_N~2.3 that is well consistent with compositional variations of modern basaltic lavas in this segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, including new data on quenched basaltic glasses.

Composition of volcanic rocks from the Alchan Basin, Northwestern Primorie

Geological, petrochemical, and geochemical data are reported for volcanic rocks of a Cretaceous pull-apart basin in the Tan Lu strike-slip system, Asian continental margin. A comparison of these volcanic rocks with magmatic rocks from typical Cenozoic transform margins in the western North America and rift zones of Korea made it possible to distinguish some indicator features of transform-margin volcanic rocks. Magmatic rocks from strike-slip extension zones bear island-arc, intraplate, and occasionally depleted MORB geochemical signatures. In addition to calc-alkaline rocks there are bimodal volcanic series. The rocks are characterized by high K2O, MgO, and TiO2 contents. They show variable enrichment in LILE relative to HFSE, which is typical of island-arc magmas. At the same time they are rich in compatible transition elements, which is a characteristic of intraplate magmas. Trace element distribution patterns normalized to MORB or primitive mantle usually show a negative Ta-Nb anomaly typical of suprasubduction settings. Their Ta/Nb ratio is lower, whereas Ba/Nb, Ba/La, and La/Yb ratios are higher than those of some MORB and OIB. In terms of trace element systematics, for example, Ta-Th-Hf, Ba/La-(Ba/La)_n, (La/Sm)_n-La/Hf, and others, they fall within the area of mixing of magmas from several sources (island arc, intraplate, and depleted reservoirs). Magmatic rocks of transform settings show a sigmoidal chondrite-normalized REE distribution pattern with a negative slope of LREE, depletion in MREE, and an enriched or flat HREE pattern. Magmas with mixed geochemical characteristics presumably originated in a transform margin setting in local extension zones under influence of mantle diapirs, which caused metasomatism and melting of the lithosphere at different levels, and mixing of melts from different sources in variable proportions.

Chemical composition of clinopyroxenes and melt inclusions in clinopyroxenes from rocks of the Malaita Island, Ontong Java Plateau (Pacific Ocean)

The paper is based on new results of melt inclusion studies in minerals. Physicochemical and geochemical parameters of plateau basalt magmatic systems of the Siberian Platform and Ontong Java Plateau (Pacific Ocean) have been established. The studied melts are enriched in Fe. That differs them from magmatic melts of mid-ocean ridges (MOR). A comparative analysis of data on inclusions has shown a similarity of continental and oceanic plateau basalt magmatic systems. They considerably differ from those of MOR and intraplate oceanic islands. Crystallization of oceanic plateau basalts took place at lower temperatures and pressures as compared with similar rocks of the Siberian Platform. The data on inclusions evidence that the melts of the Siberian Platform and the Malaita Island underwent a serious evolution in contrast to magmas of the Nauru Basin that have more stable geochemical parameters. The most fractionated low-temperature high-Fe magmas with elevated contents of trace and rare-earth elements occur in the Malaita Island (Ontong Java Plateau) magmatic system.

Mineralogy and geochemistry of weathered serpentinites in DSDP Leg 84 sediments

At Sites 566, 567, and 570 of Leg 84, ophiolitic serpentinite basement was covered by a sequence of serpentinitic mud that was formed by weathering of the serpentinites under sea- or pore-water conditions. Several mineralogical processes were observed: (1) The serpentinitic mud that consists mainly of chrysotile was formed from the lizardite component of the serpentinites by alteration. (2) Slightly trioctahedral smectites containing nonexpandable mica layers, trioctahedral smectites containing nonexpandable chlorite layers, and swelling chlorites were presumably formed from detrital chlorite and/or serpentine. (3) The occurrence of tremolite, chlorite, analcime, and talc can be attributed to reworking of gabbroic ophiolite rocks. (4) Dolomite, aragonite, and Mg-calcite, all authigenic, occur in the serpentinitic mud.

Chemical and isotopic compositions of basalts and glasses from lavas of the Sierra Leone fault site

According to detailed petrological, geochemical, and isotope-geochemical study, fragments of fresh pillow lavas with chilled glass margins dredged at the Sierra-Leone test site in the axial rift zone of the MAR between 5° and 7°N correspond to MORB tholeiites, which are not primitive mantle melts, but were differentiated in intermediate magmatic (intrusive) chambers. Small-scale geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope heterogeneities were established for the first time in basalts and their glasses. It was shown that some samples have significant nonsystematic differences in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio between basalts and their chilled glasses and less significant difference in e-Nd; higher Sr ratios can be observed both in glasses and basalts of the same lava fragments. No significant correlation is observed between isotope characteristics of samples and their geochemistry; it was also shown that seawater did not affect Sr and Nd isotope compositions of the chilled glasses from the studied pillow lavas. It is suggested that such differences in isotope ratios are related to small-scale heterogeneity of melts owing to incomplete homogenization during their rapid ascent to the surface. Heterogeneity of basaltic melts is explained by their partial contamination by older plutonic rocks (especially gabbroids) of the lower oceanic crust, through which they ascended to the surface of the ocean floor. The wider scatter of the Sr isotopic ratios relative to Nd ones is related to presence of xenocrysts of calcic plagioclase; correspondingly, absence of a Nd mineral carrier in the rocks results in less distinct Nd isotope variations. It was shown that all studied basalts define a single trend along the mantle correlation array in the Sr-Nd isotope diagram. Causes of this phenomenon remain unclear.