Pratiquer l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes au sein des organisations : étude de cas des ONG au Mali

Cette thèse analyse les pratiques d’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes au sein des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) maliennes qui ont reçu du financement canadien. En effet, l’aide publique au développement a subi des transformations majeures depuis les années 1950. L’une de ces transformations a été le rôle important joué par les ONG dans les années 1990, à la suite de l’adoption des politiques d’ajustements structurels et de la fin de la monopolisation par l’État en ce qui a trait à l’aide publique pour les projets de développement. Entre autres, les ONG ont été sollicitées pour promouvoir les politiques d’égalité entre hommes et femmes. L’importance des ONG dans l’aide publique au développement a créé des relations de dépendances vis-à-vis des bailleurs de fonds qui imposent des conditionnalités. Nos résultats ont montré que les bailleurs de fonds exigent l’égalité entre les sexes en ce qui concerne les bénéficiaires des programmes, mais, paradoxalement, ne l’exigent pas à l’intérieur des ONG et dans leurs ressources humaines. En analysant la composition du personnel de huit ONG maliennes, nos résultats montrent que 34 % du personnel sont des femmes alors que 66 % sont des hommes, ce qui démontre un déséquilibre assez important en matière de parité. Cependant, une analyse plus fine nous indique que les pratiques d’égalité entre femmes et hommes dans les structures et dans la gestion des ressources humaines diffèrent d’une ONG à une autre. Ces pratiques dépendent beaucoup de la volonté et des valeurs des gestionnaires. Notre recherche a fait ressortir plusieurs explications de cette disparité au niveau de l’emploi des femmes. Les raisons souvent mentionnées étaient : 1) la nécessité d’avoir du personnel compétent, 2) la conciliation famille-travail, 3) le contexte socioculturel, 4) l’interprétation de la religion musulmane en matière d’égalité. En effet, nos résultats ont démontré que sous l’influence des bailleurs de fonds les ONG se sont professionnalisées, que l’impact de la professionnalisation a été différent selon le genre et que celle-ci s’est faite aux dépens des femmes. Ainsi, certains gestionnaires, quel que soit leur sexe, préfèrent recruter plus d’hommes parce qu’ils les jugent plus compétents.Nos résultats confirment la théorie du plafond de verre qui met en exergue le fait que les femmes ont de la difficulté à accéder à des postes de responsabilité. Nos résultats ont aussi démontré qu’au Mali, le contexte socioculturel et la religion jouent un grand rôle dans les relations sociales et surtout en ce qui concerne la place des femmes au sein de la société.

Purificación de aire mediante oxidación fotocatalítica de gases contaminantes NOₓ: estudio de los fotocatalizadores TiO₂ y ZnO

Los óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) son gases contaminantes que afectan al medio ambiente al ser responsables de la formación de smog fotoquímico, lluvia ácida, ozono troposférico, reducción de la capa de ozono, además de participar en el efecto invernadero en la forma de N2O. Adicionalmente, la exposición a estos gases provoca daños a la salud de los seres humanos. Una propuesta tecnológica para abordar esta problemática ambiental es su eliminación mediante un proceso fotooxidativo, lo cual requiere del empleo de óxidos semiconductores con alta actividad fotocatalítica. En el presente trabajo de investigación se valoró el alcance de la tecnología de fotocatálisis heterogénea para la purificación de aire por eliminación de gases tipo NOx. Para este propósito, en una primera parte del trabajo se construyó un reactor fotocatalítico de acuerdo a la norma internacional ISO 22197-1 con el fin de realizar las pruebas fotocatalíticas en condiciones estándar a las establecidas por la regulación internacional y dar así consistencia a los resultados obtenidos. La segunda parte del trabajo consistió en la síntesis y caracterización de los óxidos semiconductores TiO2 y ZnO por el método sol-gel para lo cual en cada caso se aplicó un diseño de experimentos con el fin de encontrar las condiciones experimentales que permitieran la obtención del mejor fotocatalizador de cada sistema en base a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. La actividad fotocatalítica de las muestras de TiO2 y ZnO se determinó en la reacción de fotooxidación de óxido nítrico (NO) en aire bajo radiación UV. Los mejores fotocatalizadores fueron seleccionados para pruebas de desempeño variando las condiciones experimentales de la reacción fotocatalítica como el caudal volumétrico que entró al reactor, la irradiancia y la cantidad de humedad presente en el medio de reacción, evaluando además el efecto de diversas variables experimentales de la reacción fotocatalítica en sus respectivos valores. Asimismo, el seguimiento de los productos de reacción confirmó la presencia iones nitrato (NO3-) como producto mayoritario de la fotooxidación de NO, lo que dota al proceso de eliminación de NO de un carácter sustentable. En una tercera parte del trabajo se probó la actividad fotocatalítica del fotocatalizador TiO2 cuando fue incorporado en un prototipo de material de construcción. El desempeño fue probado bajo condiciones simuladas y reales de exposición a la intemperie. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron la potencial aplicación de los materiales para el desarrollo comercial de productos fotocatalíticos. En la parte final del trabajo se presentan resultados obtenidos con óxidos semiconductores alternos a los convencionales como Bi2Mo3O12 y TiO2/WO3 cuyo principal propósito fue el de desarrollar fotocatalizadores cuya activación fuera mediante absorción en la porción visible del espectro solar.

Estudos de Durabilidade Frente ao Ataque Ácido de Compósitos Portland-Polímero para Cimentação de Poços de Petróleo

Portland-polymers composites are promising candidates to be used as cementing material in Northeastern oil wells of Brazil containing heavy oils submitted to steam injection. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate its degradation in the commonly acidizind agents. In addition, to identify how aggressive are the different hostile environments it is an important contribution on the decision of the acidic systems to be used in. It was investigated the performance of the Portland-polymer composites using powdered polyurethane, aqueous polyurethane, rubber tire residues and a biopolymer, those were reinforced with polished carbon steel SAE 1045 to make the electrochemical measurements. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) and HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % were used as degrading environment and electrolytes. The more aggressive acid solution to the plain Portland hardened cement paste was the regular mud acid, that showed loss of weight around 23.0 %, followed by the soft mud acid, the showed 11.0 %, 15.0 % HCl with 7,0 % and, at last the 10.0 % HAc plus HF 1.5 % with just 1.0 %. The powdered polyurethane-composite and the aqueous polyurethane one showed larger durability, with reduction around 87.0 % on the loss of weight in regular mud acid. The acid attack is superficial and it occurs as an action layer, where the degraded layer is responsible for the decrease on the kinetic of the degrading process. This behavior can be seen mainly on the Portland- aqueous polyurethane composite, because the degraded layer is impregnated with chemically modified polymer. The fact of the acid attack does not have influence on the compressive strength or fratography of the samples, in a general way, confirms that theory. The mechanism of the efficiency of the Portland-polymers composites subjected to acid attack is due to decreased porosity and permeability related with the plain Portland paste, minor quantity of Ca+2, element preferentially leached to the acidic solution, wave effect and to substitute part of the degrading bulk for the polymeric one. The electrolyte HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % was the least aggressive one to the external corrosion of the casing, showing open circuit potentials around +250 mV compared to -130 mV to the simulated pore solution to the first 24 hours immersion. This behavior has been performed for two months at least. Similar corrosion rates were showed between both of the electrolytes, around 0.01 μA.cm-2. Total impedance values, insipient arcs and big polarization resistance capacitive arcs on the Nyquist plots, indicating passivity process, confirm its efficiency. In this way, Portlandpolymers composites are possible solutions to be succeed applied to oilwell cementing concomitant submitted to steam injection and acidizing operation and the HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % is the less aggressive solution to the external corrosion of the casing

Derecho internacional ambiental. Un análisis a partir de las relaciones entre economía, derecho y medioambiente

En la actualidad es evidente el riesgo al que se ve sometida toda la humanidad, así como los ecosistemas del planeta como consecuencia del deterioro ambiental; tal situación ya se manifiesta en todos los países del mundo, independiente de su nivel de desarrollo, con el agravante de que en las poblaciones más pobres el impacto ha sido, es y será más severo. Esta situación está asociada a la forma como se ha concebido el progreso en el actual modelo de desarrollo, generando un crecimiento económico desproporcionado, lo cual implica una proyección sin límites que no considera la capacidad de carga del planeta, de un lado, por el mayor uso de recursos naturales para la satisfacción de la demanda global de bienes y servicios, y de otro lado por la capacidad de asimilación de residuos y contaminación con cargo a la naturaleza. Con el advenimiento de los avances tecnológicos, la idea de progreso asociada a grandes volúmenes de producción, y el consecuente crecimiento de la población y de las grandes ciudades que ha caracterizado a las sociedades "modernas" desde el siglo XIX hasta nuestros días, la humanidad intensificó la capacidad de alterar el medioambiente, pasando de una dimensión inferior a escala local, a una dimensión superior a escala global, lo cual implicó cambios globales que originaron problemas ambientales de impacto planetario como la disminución de la capa de ozono, la lluvia ácida, la pérdida de biodiversidad, la desertificación, el cambio climático y, por supuesto, la contaminación transfronteriza que ha afectado el aire, la tierra, los ríos, y los mares, entre otros recursos naturales.

Investigating the role and function of Tribbles 2 (TRIB2) in drug resistance within cancer

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Efeito da adição de grafite expandido por microondas nas propriedades térmicas, elétricas e mecânicas de nanocompósitos de matriz epóxi

Epoxy based nanocomposites with 1 wt % and 3 wt % of nanographite were processed by high shear mixing. The nanographite was obtained by chemical (acid intercalation), thermal (microwave expansion) and mechanical (ultrasonic exfoliation) treatments. The mechanical, electrical and thermal behavior of the nanocomposites was determined and evaluated as a function of the percentage of reinforcement. According to the experimental results, the electrical conductivity of epoxy was not altered by the addition of nanographite in the contents evaluated. However, based on the mechanical tests, nanocomposites with addition of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% of nanographite showed increase in tensile strength of 16,62 % and 3,20 %, respectively, compared to the neat polymer. The smaller increase in mechanical strength of the nanocomposite with 3 wt.% of nanographite was related to the formation of agglomerates. The addition of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% of nanographite also resulted in a decrease of 6,25 % and 17,60 %, respectively, in the relative density of the material. Thus, the specific strength of the nanocomposites was approximately 33,33 % greater when compared to the neat polymer. The addition of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% of nanographite in the material increased the mean values of thermal conductivity in 28,33 % and 132,62 %, respectively, combined with a reduction of 26,11 % and 49,80 % in volumetric thermal capacity, respectively. In summary, it has been determined that an addition of nanographite of the order of 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% produced notable elevations in specific strength and thermal conductivity of epoxy

Biological and chemical strategies for the recovery of precious and rare metals as nanoparticles

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar da Terra e do Ambiente, Ramo: Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Especialidade em Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Estudo do resíduo fosfogesso na formulação de uma pasta para revestimento interno de edifícios

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Adsorção de cobre e cromo utilizando fibra de sisal visando o tratamento da água produzida pela indústria petrolífera

Currently, the oil industry is the biggest cause of environmental pollution. The objective was to reduce the concentration of copper and chromium in the water produced by the oil industry. It was used as adsorbent natural sisal fiber Agave sp treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. All vegetable fibers have physical and morphological properties that enablies the adsorption of pollutants. The basic composition of sisal is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The features are typically found in the characterization of vegetable fibers, except the surface area that was practically zero. In the first stage of adsorption, it was evaluated the effect of temperature and time skeeking to optimize the execution of the factorial design. The results showed that the most feasible fiber was the one treated with acid in five hours (30°C). The second phase was a factorial design, using acid and five hours, this time was it determined in the first phase. The tests were conducted following the experimental design and the results were analyzed by statistical methods in order to optimize the main parameters that influence the process: pH, concentration (mol / L) and fiber mass/ metal solution volume. The volume / mass ratio factor showed significant interference in the adsorption process of chromium and copper. The results obtained after optimization showed that the highest percentages of extraction (98%) were obtained on the following operating conditions: pH: 5-6, Concentration: 100 ppm and mass/ volume: 1 gram of fiber/50mL solution. The results showed that the adsorption process was efficient to remove chromium and copper using sisal fibers, however, requiring further studies to optimize the process.

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Toxicidade in vitro e in vivo de quantum dots de carbono recobertos com boronato

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2016.

Pirólise rápida catalítica do capim elefante utilizando materiais mesoporosos e óxidos metálicos para deoxigenação em bio-óleo

The fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a thermochemical conversion process for production energy which have been very atratactive due to energetic use of its products: gas (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc.), liquid (bio-oil) and charcoal. The bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis, and its final composition and characteristics is intrinsically related to quality of biomass (ash disposal, moisture, content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and efficiency removal of oxygen compounds that cause undesirable features such as increased viscosity, instability, corrosiveness and low calorific value. The oxygenates are originated in the conventional process of biomass pyrolysis, where the use of solid catalysts allows minimization of these products by improving the bio-oil quality. The present study aims to evaluate the products of catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) using solid catalysts as tungsten oxides, supported or not in mesoporous materials like MCM-41, derived silica from rice husk ash, aimed to reduce oxygenates produced in pyrolysis. The biomasss treatment by washing with heated water (CEL) or washing with acid solution (CELix) and application of tungsten catalysts on vapors from the pyrolysis process was designed to improve the pyrolysis products quality. Conventional and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC/MS. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, temperature programmed reduction and thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic studies applying the Flynn and Wall model were performed in order to evaluate the apparent activation energy of holoceluloce thermal decomposition on samples elephant grass (CE, CEL and CELix). The results show the effectiveness of the treatment process, reducing the ash content, and were also observed decrease in the apparent activation energy of these samples. The catalytic pyrolysis process converted most of the oxygenate componds in aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc

Metais, ambiente e vida: Interferência dovanádio nos sistemas vivos e sua contextualização no ensino das ciências experimentais

A actividade aqui descrita teve como objectivo aproximar alunos do ensino secundário a uma abordagem fisiológica e molecular sobre os efeitos dos metais nos seres vivos. Os alunos ficaram familiarizados com abordagens teóricas e experimentais que permitiram avaliar o crescimento celular por observação qualitativa, determinação do conteúdo proteico e da actividade específica fosfatase alcalina (ALP), recorrendo a centrifugação diferencial, leituras de absorvência e tratamento informático dos resultados. Os estudantes concluíram que a presença de metavanadato de amónio inibiu o crescimento da levedura vínica Saccharomyces cerevisiae UE-ME3, causando um decréscimo significativo do conteúdo proteico e da actividade específica ALP, um marcador da proliferação celular. A avaliação de competências adquiridas, bem como, os inquéritos de opinião mostraram que a maior parte dos alunos do 10° e 12° ano da Escola Secundária Dom Manuel Martins de Setúbal, envolvidos nesta acção, atingiram com sucesso e satisfação os objectivos previamente traçados, revelando uma aprendizagem significativa. ABSTRACT: The work described here aimed to bring high school students to a physiological and molecular approach on the effects of metals in living organisms. The students were familiar with theoretical and experimental approaches that allowed them to evaluate cell growth by qualitative observation, protein contents and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) determination, using differential centrifugation, absorbance readings and computational analysis of data. The students concluded that the presence of ammonium metavanadate inhibited the wine-wild yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UE-ME3 growth, and cause a significant decrease of protein content and ALP specific activity, a cell proliferation marker. The assessment of acquired skills, as well as opinion surveys showed that the vast majority of students of 10th and 12nd years of High School Dom Manuel Martins of Setúbal, involved in this project have reached with success and satisfaction the goals previously set for this action and reveals a significant learning.

Impacto da contaminação de sedimento de mangue com óleo na atividade de microrganismos.

Sedimentos de mangue contaminados ou não com produtos derivados do petróleo foram avaliados quanto à atividade microbiana e enzimática. Os maiores valores de C na biomassa microbiana foram obtidos nas áreas de transição e restinga, independentemente da contaminação. No mangue contaminado,a biomassa microbiana encontrada na área de transição significativamente menor que as outras áreas. Os maiores valores de qCO2 foram encontrados no mangue contaminado, indicando que a população microbiana gasta mais energia para a manutenção da sua biomassa. Os maiores resultados das atividades enzimáticas, principalmente arilsulfatase, B-glucosidase e fosfatase, foram obtidos na área de transição no mangue contaminado.

Produção de mudas de citros com diferentes combinações copa e porta-enxerto em viveiro protegido.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de mudas de laranjeiras doces 'Pera' e 'Westin', tangerineira-tangor 'Piemonte' e limeira-ácida 'Tahiti' enxertadas em 14 porta-enxertos de citros em viveiro protegido. As mudas de laranjeiras-doces 'Pera D-6' e 'Westin', tangerineira-tangor 'Piemonte' e limeira-ácida 'Tahiti CNPMF-02' foram avaliadas em viveiro protegido após a enxertia, em 11 porta-enxertos híbridos: citrandarins 'Indio', 'Riverside' e 'San Diego', citrumelo 'Swingle 4475', HTR-051, TSKC x (LCR x TR)-040 e 059, LVK x LCR-010 e 038, TSKC x CTTR-002 e TSKC x CTSW-041, além de trifoliata 'Flying Dragon', limoeiro ?Cravo Santa Cruz' e tangerineira ?Sunki Tropical?. Coletaram-se variáveis biométricas e fisiológicas, sendo o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com 56 tratamentos, três repetições e dez plantas na parcela. Independentemente do porta-enxerto, a limeira-ácida 'Tahiti CNPMF-02' foi a copa mais vigorosa em viveiro, seguida da tangerineira-tangor 'Piemonte' e, por fim, pelas laranjeiras 'Pera-D6' e 'Westin'. A tangerineira 'Sunki Tropical' induziu maior crescimento vegetativo e de sistema radicular em combinação com todas as copas estudadas. O trifoliata 'Flying Dragon'e o híbrido HTR-051 necessitam de maior período para a formação das mudas em função do menor vigor desses genótipos, em combinação com todas as variedades copas avaliadas.