Relationships between secchi disk visibility, water temperature and dissolved oxygen in freshwater fishpond

A study was conducted to determine the relationships between secchi disk variability, water temperature and dissolved oxygen in fish ponds. Multiple regression correlation analysis was done to evaluate the relationships between the variables. Results indicated that the ranges of secchi disk visibility, water temperature and dissolved oxygen in the study ponds were just within the ranges of the variables for tilapia culture. Multiple regression correlation showed no (or insignificant) relationships with dissolved oxygen and water temperature, dissolved oxygen with secchi disk visibility and water temperature with secchi disk visibility.

Standardization of setting temperature and time for fish meat

Meat to water ratio used for washing was 1:3 for oil sardine and mackerel; but for pink perch and croaker, it was 1:2. Again the washing process was repeated three times for oil sardine and mackerel; but two times for pink perch and croaker. The washed meat was mixed with 2.5% NaC1 and set at +5°C and +40°C for 1, 2 and 3hrs. The gel strength and expressible water content was measured. Basing on this study, setting temperature at +40°C was selected and with respect to time 1hr for sardine and mackerel and 3hrs for pink perch and croaker was selected.

Altitudinal Ranging of Black-Crested Gibbons at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan: Effects of Food Distribution, Temperature and Human Disturbance

We studied the altitudinal ranging of one habituated group of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) at Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China, between March 2005 and April 2006. The group ranged from 1,900 to 2,680 m above sea level. Food distribution was the driving force behind the altitudinal ranging patterns of the study group. They spent 83.2% of their time ranging between 2,100 and 2,400 m, where 75.8% of important food patches occurred. They avoided using the area above 2,500 m despite a lack of human disturbance there, apparently because there were few food resources. Temperature had a limited effect on seasonal altitudinal ranging but probably explained the diel altitudinal ranging of the group, which tended to use the lower zone in the cold morning and the higher zone in the warm afternoon. Grazing goats, the main disturbance, were limited to below 2,100 m, which was defined as the high-disturbance area (HDA). Gibbons spent less time in the HDA and, when ranging there, spent more time feeding and travelling and less time resting and singing. Human activities directly influenced gibbon behaviour, might cause forest degradation and create dispersal barriers between populations. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

Current composition, distribution and relative abundance of the fish stocks of Lake Victoria, Uganda

An experimental bottom trawl survey was carried out in the Uganda sector of Lake Victoria during the period May 1993 through May 1995 with the aim of establishing the current composition, distribution and abundance of the fish stocks. A total of 205 successful one-hour hauls were taken using the 25.4mm mesh size codend trawl net during the 19 cruises. Fourteen fish taxa (excluding the haplochromines) were recorded with Lates niloticus constituting the bulk (97 %) of the fish retained. Haplochromines and L. nilolicus were encountered in all areas sampled while Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and other tilapiines were restricted to waters less than 20 metres deep. An average catch of 154 kg/hr was obtained in waters less than 30 metres deep. Species diversity and relative abundance varied with depth. Only two of the fifteen fish taxa (haplochromines and L.niloticus) were recorded in waters deeper than 30 metres and the bulk of the fish by weight (92 %) was obtained in waters less than 30 metres.

Air quality and public health impacts of UK airports. Part I: Emissions

The potential adverse human health and climate impacts of emissions from UK airports have become a significant political issue, yet the emissions, air quality impacts and health impacts attributable to UK airports remain largely unstudied. We produce an inventory of UK airport emissions - including aircraft landing and takeoff (LTO) operations and airside support equipment - with uncertainties quantified. The airports studied account for more than 95% of UK air passengers in 2005. We estimate that in 2005, UK airports emitted 10.2 Gg [-23 to +29%] of NOx, 0.73 Gg [-29 to +32%] of SO2, 11.7 Gg [-42 to +77%] of CO, 1.8 Gg [-59 to +155%] of HC, 2.4 Tg [-13 to +12%] of CO2, and 0.31 Gg [-36 to +45%] of PM2.5. This translates to 2.5 Tg [-12 to +12%] CO2-eq using Global Warming Potentials for a 100-year time horizon. Uncertainty estimates were based on analysis of data from aircraft emissions measurement campaigns and analyses of aircraft operations.The First-Order Approximation (FOA3) - currently the standard approach used to estimate particulate matter emissions from aircraft - is compared to measurements and it is shown that there are discrepancies greater than an order of magnitude for 40% of cases for both organic carbon and black carbon emissions indices. Modified methods to approximate organic carbon emissions, arising from incomplete combustion and lubrication oil, and black carbon are proposed. These alterations lead to factor 8 and a 44% increase in the annual emissions estimates of black and organic carbon particulate matter, respectively, leading to a factor 3.4 increase in total PM2.5 emissions compared to the current FOA3 methodology. Our estimates of emissions are used in Part II to quantify the air quality and health impacts of UK airports, to assess mitigation options, and to estimate the impacts of a potential London airport expansion. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Dual-mode thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators for parallel sensing of temperature and mass loading.

Thin film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) devices supporting simultaneously multiple resonance modes have been designed for gravimetric sensing. The mechanism for dual-mode generation within a single device has been discussed, and theoretical calculations based on finite element analysis allowed the fabrication of FBARs whose resonance modes have opposite reactions to temperature changes; one of the modes exhibiting a positive frequency shift for a rise of temperature whilst the other mode exhibits a negative shift. Both modes exhibit negative frequency shift for a mass load and hence by monitoring simultaneously both modes it is possible to distinguish whether a change in the resonance frequency is due to a mass load or temperature variation (or a combination of both), avoiding false positive/negative responses in gravimetric sensing without the need of additional reference devices or complex electronics.

Dual-mode thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators for parallel sensing of temperature and mass loading

Thin film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) devices supporting simultaneously multiple resonance modes have been designed for gravimetric sensing. The mechanism for dual-mode generation within a single device has been discussed, and theoretical calculations based on finite element analysis allowed the fabrication of FBARs whose resonance modes have opposite reactions to temperature changes; one of the modes exhibiting a positive frequency shift for a rise of temperature whilst the other mode exhibits a negative shift. Both modes exhibit negative frequency shift for a mass load and hence by monitoring simultaneously both modes it is possible to distinguish whether a change in the resonance frequency is due to a mass load or temperature variation (or a combination of both), avoiding false positive/negative responses in gravimetric sensing without the need of additional reference devices or complex electronics. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Au-catalyzed InP nanowires: The influence of growth temperature and V/III ratio

Growth of Au-catalyzed InP nanowires (NWs) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been studied in the temperature range of 400-510 °C and V/III ratio of 44-700. We demonstrate that minimal tapering of InP NWs can be achieved at 400 °C and V/III ratio of 350. Zinc-blende (ZB) or wurtzite (WZ) NWs is obtained depending on the growth conditions. 4K microphotoluminescence (μ-PL) studies show that emission energy is blue-shifted as growth temperature increases. By changing these growth parameters, one can tune the emission wavelength of InP NWs which is attractive for applications in developing novel optoelectronic devices. © 2010 IEEE.

Growth temperature and V/III ratio effects on the morphology and crystal structure of InP nanowires

The effects of growth temperature and V/III ratio on the morphology and crystallographic phases of InP nanowires that are grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition have been studied. We show that higher growth temperatures or higher V/III ratios promote the formation of wurtzite nanowires while zinc-blende nanowires are favourableat lower growth temperatures and lower V/III ratios. A schematic map of distribution of zinc-blende and wurtzite structures has been developed in the range of growth temperatures (400-510 °C) and V/III ratios (44 to 700) investigated in this study. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.

A single FBAR-based temperature and pressure sensors

A novel temperature and pressure sensor based on a single film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) is designed. This FBAR support two resonant modes, which response opposite to the change of temperature. By sealed the back cavity of a back-trench membrane type FBAR with silicon wafer, an on-chip single FBAR sensor suitable for measuring temperature and pressure simultaneously is proposed. For unsealed device, the experimental results show that the first resonant mode has a temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of 69.5ppm/K, and the TCF of the second mode is -8.1ppm/K. After sealed the back trench, it can be used as a pressure sensor, the pressure coefficient of frequency (PCF) for the two resonant mode is -17.4ppm/kPa and -6.1 ppm/kPa respectively, both of them being more sensitive than other existing pressure sensors. © 2013 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and a green alga Scenedesmus

The dynamics of planktonic cyanobacteria in eutrophicated freshwaters play an important role in formation of annual summer blooms, yet overwintering mechanisms of these water bloom forming cyanobacteria remain unknown. The responses to darkness and low temperature of three strains (unicellular Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905, colonial M. aeruginosa FACHB-938, and a green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda FACHB-45) were investigated in the present study. After a 30-day incubation under darkness and low temperature, cell morphology, cell numbers, chlorophyll a, photosynthetic activity (ETRmax and I-k), and malodialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited significant changes in Scenedesmus. In contrast, Microcystis aeruginosa cells did not change markedly in morphology, chlorophyll a, photosynthetic activity, and MDA content. The stress caused by low temperature and darkness resulted in an increase of the antioxidative enzyme-catalase (CAT) in all three strains. When the three strains re-grew under routine cultivated condition subjected to darkness and low temperature, specific growth rate of Scenedesmus was lower than that of Microcystis. Flow cytometry (FCM) examination indicated that two distinct types of metabolic response to darkness and low temperature existed in the three strains. The results from the present study reveal that the cyanobacterium Microcystis, especially colonial Microcystis, has greater endurance and adaptation ability to the stress of darkness and low temperature than the green alga Scenedesmus.

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on hatching of eggs of Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) (Diptera : Chironomidae)

The hatching time of eggs of Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) decreased significantly when temperature was increased from 5degreesC to 25degreesC; eggs fail to hatch at 30degreesC. The percentage of T akamusi eggs that developed into normal larva also was negatively correlated with temperature. The hatching time decreased with lengthened photoperiod.

Temperature- and salinity-dependent development of a Nordic strain of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis from rainbow trout

During the twentieth century evidence was presented which suggested the presence of various strains and races of the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet. However, ecological profiles of various parasite isolates from different climatic zones are sparse. Such stringent characterizations of parasite development at defined abiotic conditions could provide valuable criteria for the different races: profile comparison from various localities is one way to differentiate these strains. Baseline investigations were therefore performed on the associations between abiotic factors (temperature/salinity) and the development of theronts in tomocysts of I. multifiliis isolated from rainbow trout in a Danish trout farm. It was shown that tomocyst formation and theront development took place between 5 and 30degreesC. Development rates and sizes of theronts were clearly affected by temperature: theronts escaped tomocysts already after 16-27 h at 25degreesC and 30degreesC, whereas this process took 8-9 days at 5degreesC. Likewise, theront size decreased steadily from a maximum of 57.4 x 28.6 mum at 5degreesC to 28.6 x 20.0 mum at 30degreesC. This size variation was only partly associated with the number of theronts that appeared at different temperatures. The lowest number of theronts escaping from one tomocyst was indeed found at 5-7degreesC (mean 329-413). At 11.6, 17.0 and 21degreesC. the highest number of theronts appeared (mean 546-642). However, at 25 and 30degreesC, the number decreased (458 and 424, respectively). Additional studies on the salinity dependent development of the parasite (at 11.6degreesC) showed that salinities above 5 p.p.t. totally inhibited development. Even at 5 p.p.t. the developmental time significantly increased and the number of theronts produced from one tomocyst decreased.