Elaboración de materiales didácticos en la enseñanza del inglés, como 2ª lengua, en los niveles de Educación Infantil y 1õ ciclo de Educación primaria.

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Las trayectorias formativo-laborales de los jóvenes con Formación Profesional de Grado Superior.

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Importancia de las becas como elemento dinamizador de las tasas de éxito escolar en la Educación Secundaria Post-obligatoria : un análisis cuasi-experimental para España a partir de la ECV-06.

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La representación como estrategia de resolución de problemas.

Elaborar materiales para el entrenamiento de los alumnos en estrategias de resolución de problemas. Establecer pautas que permitan utilizar estas estrategias como instrumento metodológico en el área de Matemáticas. Comprobar las posibles diferencias entre sexos. Demostrar la transferibilidad de estas estrategias a otras situaciones. Comprobar las posibles variaciones de CI en la población experimental. Hipótesis de trabajo: utilizar la estrategia de la representación mejora los resultados en la resolución de problemas. 206 sujetos alumnos de octavo de EGB y tercero de ESO perteneceientes a cinco centros del municipio de Cartagena: 4 públicos y 1 privado concertado localizados en zonas urbanas y semiurbanas; resultado de la aplicación de un procedimiento (Mean Matching) para igualar las distribuciones de las variables perturbadoras en los grupos experimental y de control. Varones 38 por ciento y mujeres 62 por ciento. Edad media: 13.4 años. Variables independientes: presencia o ausencia de tratamiento (dicotómica), sexo (dicotómica), grupo al que pertenece: experimental/control (dicotómica). Variable dependiente: resultados obtenidos por los alumnos en las pruebas de Matemáticas, Ciencias Sociales y Ciencias Naturales, teniendo en cuenta el sexo y la utilización o no de la estrategia (variable de frecuencia). Pruebas de Matemáticas, Ciencias Sociales y Ciencias Naturales utilizadas en fase pretest y posttest. Protocolo TEA-2 en las dos fases. Escala de actitud hacia las Matemáticas. Paquete estadísico SYSTAT TABLES. Análisis descriptivo de las variables sexo y grupo: histograma de frecuencias. Análisis de correlaciones utilizando el estadístico Mantel-Haenszel. Análisis de varianza. Análisis descriptivo de la escala de actitud. 1. El uso de estrategias de representación aumenta la capacidad de los alumnos para resolver problemas, sobre todo en el área de Matemáticas y tanto para hombres como para mujeres; 2. Existe transferencia de estrategias para la resolución de problemas a otras áreas y por tanto, una generalización; 3. El entrenamiento ha incidido de forma distinta en hombres y mujeres; 4. Aumento del CI general; 5. El cambio de actitud hacia las Matemáticas no ha podido ser demostrado. El estudio contiene un programa de instrucción que puede enmarcarse dentro del paradigma instruccional del aprendizaje ya que no pretende crear cambios de naturaleza cuantitativa o cualitativa en los sujetos, sino facilitar las condiciones para que se adquieran las estrategias típicas que un experto aplica cuando soluciona un problema.

Estudio de la inadaptación infanto-juvenil : estudio descriptivo de la inadaptación social infanto juvenil en la Región de Murcia : factores de riesgo y factores pronósticos.

Estudio descriptivo que intenta llegar a definir y categorizar los factores de riesgo y los factores pronósticos que caracterizan a la infancia y juventud inadaptadas en la región de Murcia. 189 sujetos entre los 11 y los 18 años (110 varones y 79 mujeres) procedentes de instituciones dependientes de la Consejería de Bienestar Social de la Comunidad Autónoma, con expedientes de protección y-o tutela en el momento de comenzar el estudio (total de individuos), además de procedentes de otros centros, colegios, hogares funcionales, etc., dependientes de otras administraciones. El estudio se estructuró en dos partes. La primera consta de una exploración psicológica mediante entrevista, la segunda de un cuestionario psicobiográfico de elaboración propia que consta de 307 ítems en el que se recogen los datos de escolarización, conflictividad familiar, empleo del ocio, consumo de drogas (institucionalizadas y no), historia clínica, sexualidad, antecedentes de conductas asociales, antecedentes sociobiográficos y familiares. Los resultados del estudio reflejan los datos globales ordenados según el sexo de los sujetos entrevistados y, algunos de ellos, según el centro del que procedía el entrevistado. Además del cuestionario psicobiográfico, los rasgos de personalidad se analizaron con los siguientes instrumentos: EPI (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, EPQ. Seisdedos, 1982), STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory-SelfEvaluation Questionnaire-, Spielberg y cols. Bermúdez, 1978). Test de factor g (Culture Fair Intelligence Test, Cattell y Cattell. Ey y cols., 1975). Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Transtornos Mentales (DSMIII), de la American Psychiatric Association APA, 1987. Subtest de figuras incompletas de lña Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) y el Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT, Kupietz y Richardson, 1978. Raport y cols., 1980). Prueba de atención-percepción de Toulouse-Piéron. Test del Laberinto en Espiral de Gibson (test psicomotor que mide la velocidad y precisión de la expresión muscular en respuesta a un estímulo controlado). Todos estos instrumentos miden los siguientes rasgos de personalidad: extroversión/introversión; neuroticismo/estabilidad; temperamento (Galeno, Kant,Wundt);ansiedad; inteligencia; hiperactividad; atención; impulsividad/reflexividad. El análisis de los datos obtenidos se realiza con el paquete estadístico BMDP y el proceso estadístico se compone de: análisis univariante, bivariante , multivariante y discriminante. Los sujetos estudiados muestran elevados niveles de neuroticismo, baja atención, altos niveles de impulsividad, bajas puntuaciones en la variable CI. Prevalencia alta de ansiedad, según el análisis global del total de la muestra. Son numerosos los trabajos que relacionan la inadapatación juvenil con un déficit de inteligencia, esto puede deberse a que las dificultades de desarrollo y maduración determinan unos niveles de inteligencia inferiores a los que se hubiesen alcanzado siendo el medio más favorable. Existen muchas referencias que reflejan cómo la ansiedad es un fenómeno relativamente constante en la institucionalización de los delincuentes juveniles.

Efficient topology estimation for large scale optical mapping

Large scale image mosaicing methods are in great demand among scientists who study different aspects of the seabed, and have been fostered by impressive advances in the capabilities of underwater robots in gathering optical data from the seafloor. Cost and weight constraints mean that lowcost Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) usually have a very limited number of sensors. When a low-cost robot carries out a seafloor survey using a down-looking camera, it usually follows a predetermined trajectory that provides several non time-consecutive overlapping image pairs. Finding these pairs (a process known as topology estimation) is indispensable to obtaining globally consistent mosaics and accurate trajectory estimates, which are necessary for a global view of the surveyed area, especially when optical sensors are the only data source. This thesis presents a set of consistent methods aimed at creating large area image mosaics from optical data obtained during surveys with low-cost underwater vehicles. First, a global alignment method developed within a Feature-based image mosaicing (FIM) framework, where nonlinear minimisation is substituted by two linear steps, is discussed. Then, a simple four-point mosaic rectifying method is proposed to reduce distortions that might occur due to lens distortions, error accumulation and the difficulties of optical imaging in an underwater medium. The topology estimation problem is addressed by means of an augmented state and extended Kalman filter combined framework, aimed at minimising the total number of matching attempts and simultaneously obtaining the best possible trajectory. Potential image pairs are predicted by taking into account the uncertainty in the trajectory. The contribution of matching an image pair is investigated using information theory principles. Lastly, a different solution to the topology estimation problem is proposed in a bundle adjustment framework. Innovative aspects include the use of fast image similarity criterion combined with a Minimum spanning tree (MST) solution, to obtain a tentative topology. This topology is improved by attempting image matching with the pairs for which there is the most overlap evidence. Unlike previous approaches for large-area mosaicing, our framework is able to deal naturally with cases where time-consecutive images cannot be matched successfully, such as completely unordered sets. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed methods is discussed and a comparison made with other state-of-the-art approaches, using a series of challenging datasets in underwater scenarios

A proposal to estimate the motion of an underwater vehicle through visual mosaicking

This thesis proposes a solution to the problem of estimating the motion of an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV). Our approach is based on the integration of the incremental measurements which are provided by a vision system. When the vehicle is close to the underwater terrain, it constructs a visual map (so called "mosaic") of the area where the mission takes place while, at the same time, it localizes itself on this map, following the Concurrent Mapping and Localization strategy. The proposed methodology to achieve this goal is based on a feature-based mosaicking algorithm. A down-looking camera is attached to the underwater vehicle. As the vehicle moves, a sequence of images of the sea-floor is acquired by the camera. For every image of the sequence, a set of characteristic features is detected by means of a corner detector. Then, their correspondences are found in the next image of the sequence. Solving the correspondence problem in an accurate and reliable way is a difficult task in computer vision. We consider different alternatives to solve this problem by introducing a detailed analysis of the textural characteristics of the image. This is done in two phases: first comparing different texture operators individually, and next selecting those that best characterize the point/matching pair and using them together to obtain a more robust characterization. Various alternatives are also studied to merge the information provided by the individual texture operators. Finally, the best approach in terms of robustness and efficiency is proposed. After the correspondences have been solved, for every pair of consecutive images we obtain a list of image features in the first image and their matchings in the next frame. Our aim is now to recover the apparent motion of the camera from these features. Although an accurate texture analysis is devoted to the matching pro-cedure, some false matches (known as outliers) could still appear among the right correspon-dences. For this reason, a robust estimation technique is used to estimate the planar transformation (homography) which explains the dominant motion of the image. Next, this homography is used to warp the processed image to the common mosaic frame, constructing a composite image formed by every frame of the sequence. With the aim of estimating the position of the vehicle as the mosaic is being constructed, the 3D motion of the vehicle can be computed from the measurements obtained by a sonar altimeter and the incremental motion computed from the homography. Unfortunately, as the mosaic increases in size, image local alignment errors increase the inaccuracies associated to the position of the vehicle. Occasionally, the trajectory described by the vehicle may cross over itself. In this situation new information is available, and the system can readjust the position estimates. Our proposal consists not only in localizing the vehicle, but also in readjusting the trajectory described by the vehicle when crossover information is obtained. This is achieved by implementing an Augmented State Kalman Filter (ASKF). Kalman filtering appears as an adequate framework to deal with position estimates and their associated covariances. Finally, some experimental results are shown. A laboratory setup has been used to analyze and evaluate the accuracy of the mosaicking system. This setup enables a quantitative measurement of the accumulated errors of the mosaics created in the lab. Then, the results obtained from real sea trials using the URIS underwater vehicle are shown.

An approach to coded structured light to obtain three dimensional information

The human visual ability to perceive depth looks like a puzzle. We perceive three-dimensional spatial information quickly and efficiently by using the binocular stereopsis of our eyes and, what is mote important the learning of the most common objects which we achieved through living. Nowadays, modelling the behaviour of our brain is a fiction, that is why the huge problem of 3D perception and further, interpretation is split into a sequence of easier problems. A lot of research is involved in robot vision in order to obtain 3D information of the surrounded scene. Most of this research is based on modelling the stereopsis of humans by using two cameras as if they were two eyes. This method is known as stereo vision and has been widely studied in the past and is being studied at present, and a lot of work will be surely done in the future. This fact allows us to affirm that this topic is one of the most interesting ones in computer vision. The stereo vision principle is based on obtaining the three dimensional position of an object point from the position of its projective points in both camera image planes. However, before inferring 3D information, the mathematical models of both cameras have to be known. This step is known as camera calibration and is broadly describes in the thesis. Perhaps the most important problem in stereo vision is the determination of the pair of homologue points in the two images, known as the correspondence problem, and it is also one of the most difficult problems to be solved which is currently investigated by a lot of researchers. The epipolar geometry allows us to reduce the correspondence problem. An approach to the epipolar geometry is describes in the thesis. Nevertheless, it does not solve it at all as a lot of considerations have to be taken into account. As an example we have to consider points without correspondence due to a surface occlusion or simply due to a projection out of the camera scope. The interest of the thesis is focused on structured light which has been considered as one of the most frequently used techniques in order to reduce the problems related lo stereo vision. Structured light is based on the relationship between a projected light pattern its projection and an image sensor. The deformations between the pattern projected into the scene and the one captured by the camera, permits to obtain three dimensional information of the illuminated scene. This technique has been widely used in such applications as: 3D object reconstruction, robot navigation, quality control, and so on. Although the projection of regular patterns solve the problem of points without match, it does not solve the problem of multiple matching, which leads us to use hard computing algorithms in order to search the correct matches. In recent years, another structured light technique has increased in importance. This technique is based on the codification of the light projected on the scene in order to be used as a tool to obtain an unique match. Each token of light is imaged by the camera, we have to read the label (decode the pattern) in order to solve the correspondence problem. The advantages and disadvantages of stereo vision against structured light and a survey on coded structured light are related and discussed. The work carried out in the frame of this thesis has permitted to present a new coded structured light pattern which solves the correspondence problem uniquely and robust. Unique, as each token of light is coded by a different word which removes the problem of multiple matching. Robust, since the pattern has been coded using the position of each token of light with respect to both co-ordinate axis. Algorithms and experimental results are included in the thesis. The reader can see examples 3D measurement of static objects, and the more complicated measurement of moving objects. The technique can be used in both cases as the pattern is coded by a single projection shot. Then it can be used in several applications of robot vision. Our interest is focused on the mathematical study of the camera and pattern projector models. We are also interested in how these models can be obtained by calibration, and how they can be used to obtained three dimensional information from two correspondence points. Furthermore, we have studied structured light and coded structured light, and we have presented a new coded structured light pattern. However, in this thesis we started from the assumption that the correspondence points could be well-segmented from the captured image. Computer vision constitutes a huge problem and a lot of work is being done at all levels of human vision modelling, starting from a)image acquisition; b) further image enhancement, filtering and processing, c) image segmentation which involves thresholding, thinning, contour detection, texture and colour analysis, and so on. The interest of this thesis starts in the next step, usually known as depth perception or 3D measurement.

Automatic mass segmentation in mammographic images

Aquesta tesi està emmarcada dins la detecció precoç de masses, un dels símptomes més clars del càncer de mama, en imatges mamogràfiques. Primerament, s'ha fet un anàlisi extensiu dels diferents mètodes de la literatura, concloent que aquests mètodes són dependents de diferent paràmetres: el tamany i la forma de la massa i la densitat de la mama. Així, l'objectiu de la tesi és analitzar, dissenyar i implementar un mètode de detecció robust i independent d'aquests tres paràmetres. Per a tal fi, s'ha construït un patró deformable de la massa a partir de l'anàlisi de masses reals i, a continuació, aquest model és buscat en les imatges seguint un esquema probabilístic, obtenint una sèrie de regions sospitoses. Fent servir l'anàlisi 2DPCA, s'ha construït un algorisme capaç de discernir aquestes regions són realment una massa o no. La densitat de la mama és un paràmetre que s'introdueix de forma natural dins l'algorisme.

Catadioptric stereo based on structured light projection

La percepció per visió es millorada quan es pot gaudir d'un camp de visió ampli. Aquesta tesi es concentra en la percepció visual de la profunditat amb l'ajuda de càmeres omnidireccionals. La percepció 3D s'obté generalment en la visió per computadora utilitzant configuracions estèreo amb el desavantatge del cost computacional elevat a l'hora de buscar els elements visuals comuns entre les imatges. La solució que ofereix aquesta tesi és l'ús de la llum estructurada per resoldre el problema de relacionar les correspondències. S'ha realitzat un estudi sobre els sistemes de visió omnidireccional. S'han avaluat vàries configuracions estèreo i s'ha escollit la millor. Els paràmetres del model són difícils de mesurar directament i, en conseqüència, s'ha desenvolupat una sèrie de mètodes de calibració. Els resultats obtinguts són prometedors i demostren que el sensor pot ésser utilitzat en aplicacions per a la percepció de la profunditat com serien el modelatge de l'escena, la inspecció de canonades, navegació de robots, etc.

Women on March in Goa : the gender transition in Higher Education after the Statehood

This paper attempts to address the interesting phenomenon of dominance of women in higher educational sector of Goa-a remarkable postcolonial event which occurred after Goa attained statehood in 1987. The Indian state of Goa has been experiencing a rapid socio-economic and cultural transformation. At present it enjoys many of the highest human development indicators in India, matching some of the developed countries. Its’ projected population at present is 1.45 million (Indian decennial census 2001 reported 1.348 million). When the Portuguese rule ended, the literacy was just 31 % whereas it stood at 82 % in 2001. Goa is a highly urbanized state in India. In 1960 there were just five towns and 15 % urban population. In 2001 the figures were, 44 towns and 50 % urban population. On economic front Goa has made tremendous progress mainly on account of the growth of mining, tourism and the service sector. Tourist arrivals in Goa have exceeded the state’s population from 2001. The Gross state domestic product (GSDP) at current prices in 2003-04 was Indian Rupees (Rs.) 96570 million, up from Rs. 3930 million when Goa became a full-fledged state. The banks are flush with funds indicating a booming economy. Goa has lowest birth and death rates and a life expectancy of 68 years for the males and 72 for females. The sex ratio however has shown a declining trend since 1960, from 1066 to 960 in 2001 (Table 1).The sex ratio for 0-6 years age group was 933. On this background we intend to examine the changing pattern of female education in Goa.