TWEAK/Fn14 Signaling Is Required for Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice

Background & Aims: Pro-inflammatory cytokines are important for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). Expression of Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), the receptor for TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), is induced rapidly after PH and remains elevated throughout the period of peak hepatocyte replication. The role of Fn14 in post-PH liver regeneration is uncertain because Fn14 is expressed by liver progenitors and TWEAK-Fn14 interactions stimulate progenitor growth, but replication of mature hepatocytes is thought to drive liver regeneration after PH. Methods: To clarify the role of TWEAK-Fn14 after PH, we compared post-PH regenerative responses in wild type (WT) mice, Fn14 knockout (KO) mice, TWEAK KO mice, and WT mice treated with anti-TWEAK antibodies. Results: In WT mice, rare Fn14(+) cells localized with other progenitor markers in peri-portal areas before PH. PH rapidly increased proliferation of Fn14(+) cells; hepatocytic cells that expressed Fn14 and other progenitor markers, such as Lgr5, progressively accumulated from 12-8 h post-PH and then declined to baseline by 96 h. When TWEAK/Fn14 signaling was disrupted, progenitor accumulation, induction of pro-regenerative cytokines, hepatocyte and cholangiocyte proliferation, and over-all survival were inhibited, while post-PH liver damage and bilirubin levels were increased. TWEAK stimulated proliferation and increased Lgr5 expression in cultured liver progenitors, but had no effect on either parameter in cultured primary hepatocytes. Conclusions: TWEAK-FN14 signaling is necessary for the healthy adult liver to regenerate normally after acute partial hepatectomy.

Regeneração do autoimplante esplênico em ratos: avaliação morfofuncional e imuno-histoquímica

Diante da importância do baço, deve-se tentar a sua preservação sempre que possível e, nas situações em que a esplenectomia total é inevitável, a única alternativa para a preservação de sua função parece ser a realização do autoimplante esplênico. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o desenvolvimento da regeneração morfológica do tecido autoimplantado, sob microscopia de luz e por imunomarcação, e avaliar a regeneração funcional, por meio da depuração dos corpúsculos de Howell-Jolly, em ratos submetidos a esplenectomia total combinada com autoimplante esplênico. Foram utilizados 112 ratos Wistar albinos machos adultos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em 16 grupos. Semanalmente, durante 16 semanas, os sete animais de cada grupo foram submetidos a coleta sanguínea, sendo preparadas lâminas para avaliação da presença de corpúsculos de Howell-Jolly (avaliação funcional), que estiveram presentes durante as 15 primeiras semanas, sendo que, a partir da oitava semana, houve uma diminuição significativa, mas somente não foram mais identificados na 16 semana. Em seguida à coleta sanguínea, os animais correspondentes a cada semana foram mortos por sobredose anestésica e submetidos a relaparotomia para retirada do tecido esplênico autoimplantado regenerado. Posteriormente, esse tecido regenerado foi analisado sob microscopia de luz, onde, sob coloração de hematoxilina-eosina, observou-se regeneração morfológica completa do tecido autoimplantado a partir da oitava semana, sendo encontrado um tecido morfologicamente idêntico ao baço normal. Com a técnica de resorcina-fucsina de Weigert, identificaram-se fibras do sistema elástico, demonstrando elastogênese intensa no processo de regeneração do tecido esplênico autoimplantado. Na imunomarcação com antígeno de proliferação celular nuclear (PCNA), observou-se proliferação celular, evidenciando uma expressão gradativa das células a partir da 2 semana, sendo que, nas 9 e 10 semanas, observou-se aumento significativo na imunodensidade, quando comparadas às demais, o que não ocorreu com a técnica para caspase-3, onde a apoptose mais intensa ocorreu nas primeiras semanas. Nossos resultados mostram que, com oito semanas, existe regeneração morfológica do autoimplante esplênico, assemelhando-se a um baço normal, no mesmo momento em que parece iniciar-se a sua regeneração funcional.

Muscle wasting in myotonic dystrophies: a model of premature aging

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1 or Steinert's disease) and type 2 (DM2) are multisystem disorders of genetic origin. Progressive muscular weakness, atrophy and myotonia are the most prominent neuromuscular features of these diseases, while other clinical manifestations such as cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance and cataracts are also common. From a clinical perspective, most DM symptoms are interpreted as a result of an accelerated aging (cataracts, muscular weakness and atrophy, cognitive decline, metabolic dysfunction, etc.), including an increased risk of developing tumors. From this point of view, DM1 could be described as a progeroid syndrome since a notable age dependent dysfunction of all systems occurs. The underlying molecular disorder in DM1 consists of the existence of a pathological (CTG) triplet expansion in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the Dystrophia ll/Iyotonica Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene, whereas (CCTG)n repeats in the first intron of the Cellular Nucleic acid Binding Protein/Zinc Finger Protein 9 (CNBP/ZNF9) gene cause DM2. The expansions are transcribed into (CUG)n and (CCUG)n-containing RNA, respectively, which form secondary structures and sequester RNA binding proteins, such as the splicing factor muscleblind-like protein (MBNL), forming nuclear aggregates known as foci. Other splicing factors, such as CUGBP, are also disrupted, leading to a spliceopathy of a large number of downstream genes linked to the clinical features of these diseases. Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on muscle progenitor cells, known as satellite cells, which are activated after muscle damage, and which proliferate and differentiate to muscle cells, thus regenerating the damaged tissue. Satellite cell dysfunction seems to be a common feature of both age-dependent muscle degeneration (sarcopenia) and muscle wasting in DM and other muscle degenerative diseases. This review aims to describe the cellular, molecular and macrostructural processes involved in the muscular degeneration seen in DM patients, highlighting the similarities found with muscle aging.

Influence of Extracellular Matrix Components on the Expression of Integrins and Regeneration of Adult Retinal Ganglion Cells

Purpose Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are exposed to injury in a variety of optic nerve diseases including glaucoma. However, not all cells respond in the same way to damage and the capacity of individual RGCs to survive or regenerate is variable. In order to elucidate factors that may be important for RGC survival and regeneration we have focussed on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and RGC integrin expression. Our specific questions were: (1) Do adult RGCs express particular sets of integrins in vitro and in vivo? (2) Can the nature of the ECM influence the expression of different integrins? (3) Can the nature of the ECM affect the survival of the cells and the length or branching complexity of their neurites? Methods Primary RGC cultures from adult rat retina were placed on glass coverslips treated with different substrates: Poly-L-Lysine (PL), or PL plus laminin (L), collagen I (CI), collagen IV (CIV) or fibronectin (F). After 10 days in culture, we performed double immunostaining with an antibody against beta III-Tubulin to identify the RGCs, and antibodies against the integrin subunits: alpha V, alpha 1, alpha 3, alpha 5, beta 1 or beta 3. The number of adhering and surviving cells, the number and length of the neurites and the expression of the integrin subunits on the different substrates were analysed. Results PL and L were associated with the greatest survival of RGCs while CI provided the least favourable conditions. The type of substrate affected the number and length of neurites. L stimulated the longest growth. We found at least three different types of RGCs in terms of their capacity to regenerate and extend neurites. The different combinations of integrins expressed by the cells growing on different substrata suggest that RGCs expressed predominantly alpha 1 beta 1 or alpha 3 beta 1 on L, alpha 1 beta 1 on CI and CIV, and alpha 5 beta 3 on F. The activity of the integrins was demonstrated by the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Conclusions Adult rat RGCs can survive and grow in the presence of different ECM tested. Further studies should be done to elucidate the different molecular characteristics of the RGCs subtypes in order to understand the possible different sensitivity of different RGCs to damage in diseases like glaucoma in which not all RGCs die at the same time.