UN Security Council decision-making: testing the bribery hypothesis

Liberal-Institutionalism and Structural Realism expectations about international organizations are confronted by looking at if and how US-controlled international aid is granted, and particularly if it is related or not to political affinity and to United Nations Security Council (UNSC) non-permanent membership. A preliminary assessment suggests that these relations only hold for the period of the Cold War, and, even then, only when UNSC non-permanent membership is in years in which the Security Council was deemed very important.

Forty Years of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 (XXX) on Zionism and Racism: the Brazilian Vote as an instance of United States - Brazil Relations

Abstract In 1975, Brazil voted in favor of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 3379 (XXX), equating Zionism with a form of racism. Focusing on the decision-making process of president Ernesto Geisel's (1974-1979) foreign policy, "responsible pragmatism", this article discusses how the ultimate decision to vote in favor of resolution was taken taking into account mainly US-Brazil relationship.

A model of destination competitiveness/sustainability: Brazilian perspectives

This paper reviews the understanding I have gained from several years of research, and from several more years of ongoing discussions with industry leaders regarding the nature of competitiveness among tourism destinations. This understanding has been captured, in summary form, in the model of Destination Competitiveness/Sustainability (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003). This model contains seven (7) components which we have found to play a major role, from a policy perspective, in determining the competitiveness/sustainability of a tourism destination. In addition to the valuable understanding which these seven components provide from a policy perspective, the specific elements of each the major components provide a more useful/practical guidance to those who are responsible for the ongoing management of a DMO (Destination Management Organization). With this overview in mind, this paper will provide a detailed review and explanation of the model that I have developed with colleague, Dr. Geoffrey I. Crouch of Latrobe University in Melbourne, Australia. Based on previous presentations throughout the world, it has proven very helpful to both academics and practitioners who seek to understand the complex nature of tourism destination competitiveness/sustainability.

"Goa Jesuits: 250 Years Ago and Since"

A Companhia de Jesus foi extinta em Goa como em Portugal em 1759. A Companhia restaurada regressou à Goa somente em 1931 via Belgaum, no território vizinho de Goa, na Índia britânica. A primeira base em Goa foi o Seminário de Rachol, e a seguir a residência de Bom Jesus, a antiga casa professa. Ao contrário da antiga Companhia de Jesus a Companhia restaurada regressou à India a partir de França. Era pró-Propaganda Fide e pouco favorável aos interesses políticos do Estado português da Índia. O que ajudou foi a abertura da Companhia restaurada para receber candidatos nativos goeses, o que não acontecera com a Companhia antes da extinção.

Ler em tempo livre durante o Estado Novo: A função do suplemento infantil Pim-Pam-Pum na formação da criança

RESUMO: Esta dissertação tem como objectivo compreender a influência da ideologia do Estado Novo nos conteúdos inseridos no suplemento infantil Pim-Pam-Pum. Visa ainda relacionar, num determinado momento temporal o suplemento infantil de um dos jornais mais lidos da época O Século, com a ideologia do Estado Novo. Procura identificar os valores incutidos nos números a analisar no Pim-Pam-Pum num período de dois anos. O período histórico em análise do suplemento infantil Pim-Pam-Pum compreende os exemplares entre 1953 a 1955. Como principais conclusões do estudo retira-se que o suplemento infantil procurava educar o seu público de forma lúdica. Por outro lado, transmitia e incutia em colaboração com a família os principais valores salazaristas. A imprensa escrita passa a ser uma arma de propaganda ideológica do Estado Novo numa tentativa de conter informação desfavorável ao regime perante as pressões internas e externas. Com a institucionalização da censura após a segunda Guerra Mundial, a vigilância e o exame das publicações dos organismos competentes em colaboração com a própria auto-censura dos jornalistas, simplificou-se. No entanto a imprensa procurou cumprir com a sua missão de divulgação cultural e lúdica através de jornais diários, revistas e suplementos infantis. ABSTRACT:The aim of this dissertation is to understand the influence of the ideology of the "Estado Novo" in the contents inserted in the children's supplement Pim-Pam-Pum. It also aims to relate, in a certain historical period, the children’s supplement of one of the most important newspapers of the time, "O Século", with the ideology of the "Estado Novo". In addition, it intends to identify the values ingrained in the numbers to be analysed in Pim-Pam-Pum in a period of two years. The period under analysis of the children's supplement Pim-Pam-Pum includes the numbers from 1953 to 1955. One of the main conclusions of this study is that the children's aforementioned supplement aimed to educate its audience in a joyful manner. On the other hand, it transmitted as well as inculcated with the families’ collaboration the main Salazarist values. The press becomes a weapon of ideological propaganda of the "Estado Novo" in an attempt to keep harmful information to the regime from the internal and external pressures. With the institucionalization of censorship after the Second World War, the careful surveillance of publications by the competent and relevant organisms in collaboration with the censorship made by the journalists themselves, was simplified. However, the press tried to accomplish its mission of cultural and playful diffusion by means of newspapers, magazines and children's supplements.

Possible consequences of increasing life expectancy in Brazil: the perspective of a European historical demographer

Those over sixty years of age accounted for 6.6% of the total population of Brazil in 1985, in the Federal Republic of Germany this proportion was 20.3% in 1984. As early as 1950 it had been 14.5%. This proportion will not even be reached in Brazil in the year 2000 when persons aged sixty years and older are only projected to make up 8.8% of the total population. Similarly, in 1982/84 life expectancy at birth in the Federal Republic was 70.8 years for men and 77.5 for women; in Brazil the figures for 1980/85 were, by contrast, "only" 61.0 and 66.0. Against this background it is easy to understand why the discussion concerning an ageing society with its many related medical, economic, individual and social problems has been so slow in coming into its own in Brazil. As important as a more intensive consideration of these aspects may be in Brazil at present, they are, nevertheless, only one side of the story. For a European historical demographer with a long-term perspective of three of four hundred years, the other side of the story is just as important. The life expectancy which is almost ten years lower in Brazil is not a result of the fact that no one in Brazil lives to old age. In 1981 people sixty-five years and older accounted for 34.4% of all deaths! At the same time infants accounted for only 22.1% of total mortality. They are responsible, along with the "premature" deaths among youths and adults, for the low, "average" life expectancy figure. In Europe, by contrast, these "premature" deaths no longer play much of a role. In 1982/84 more than half of the women (52.8%) in the Federal Republic of Germany lived to see their eightieth birthdays and almost half of the men (47.3%) lived to see their seventy-fifth. Our biological existence is guaranteed to an extent today that would have been unthinkable a few generations ago. Then, the classic troika of "plague, hunger and war" threatened our forefathers all the time and everywhere. The radical transition from the formerly uncertain to a present-day certain lifetime, which is the result of the repression of "plague, hunger and war", led to unexpected consequences for our living together. Our forefathers were forced to live in closely knit Gemeinschaften in the interest of physical survival and to subordinate their egoistic goals to a common value, but now these pressures have, for the most part, fallen away. Correspondingly, this much more certain EGO has taken center stage. An ever greater number of us chooses to live life as single beings: the number of marriages is lower every year; the number of divorces is on the increase; in Berlin (West) more than half (sic! 52.3%) of all households are already composed on only one person. For the last dozen years the annual number of births in the Federal Republic has been insufficient to ensure population replacement. Not a population explosion but rather the opposite, a population implosion, is our problem. Human beings do not appear to be "social animals", as was axiomatically assumed for so long. They were only forced to behave as such for as long as "plague, hunger and war" forced them to do so. When these life endangering conditions no longer exist and life becomes certain even without their being integrated into a Gemeinschaft then humans suddenly show themselves more and more to be independent single beings. It is not the percentage of the population that is over sixty or sixty-five that is decisive in this context but rather how certain adults perceive their biological lives to be, since they are the ones who organize their lives, who build communities or who are ever more often willing only to enter into means-to-an-end personal unions without lasting or close ties and mutual responsibilities. There are many signs which seem to point to a development in this direction in Brazil as well. More and more adults in Brazil are caught up in the deep-seated transition from an uncertain to a certain lifetime. A third of them die after having reached their sixty-fifth birthday. It therefore seems to me to be high time that one began to give more consideration to the other side of the story in Brazil as well. And who is more suited intensively to consider the long-term perspectives than those engaged in the public health sector in whose competence, after all, such aspects, as "life certainty", "life expectancy" and "age at death" belong?

Occupational exposure to formaldehyde: effects of years of exposure in the frequency of micronucleus

Formaldehyde: an important industrial compound used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and chemical compounds such as lubricants and adhesives; also applied as a disinfectant, preservative and in cosmetics productions; relevant workplace exposure to FA also occurs in anatomy, pathology and in mortuaries; classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals; manifold in vitro studies indicated that FA can induce genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Aim of the study: to evaluate if years of exposure induced a genotoxic biomarkers increase, namely MN in lymphocytes and buccal cells, in workers occupationally exposed to FA (factory and pathology anatomy laboratory).

Efeitos de um programa de exercício na aptidão física pós transplante hepático: o caso da polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar nas suas componentes composição corporal, capacidade funcional e função neuromuscular

Introdução – A Polineuropatia Amiloidotica Familiar (PAF) é uma amiloidose sistémica heredo-degenerativa e autossómica dominante, e cuja manifestação predominante é a polineuropatia mista sensitiva motora e autonómica. Aos sintomas motores e sensitivos associam-se também alterações cardíacas, renais, urinárias, genitais e digestivas que se traduzirão em incapacidade funcional progressiva. Esta doença endémica de Portugal apresenta o seu início em média depois dos 20 anos com progressão para a morte em cerca de 10 anos. O tratamento etiopatogénico desta doença, com reconhecida eficácia, passa ainda pelo transplante hepático que apesar de tudo é efectuado já numa fase sintomática da doença e ao qual se encontra associada medicação com efeitos negativos para o metabolismo muscular e consequentemente para a capacidade de produção de força. Tanto a progressão da PAF como o próprio transplante resultam em limitações funcionais que podem ser melhoradas através do exercício físico. Do nosso conhecimento não existem estudos sobre a aptidão física destes pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático nem sobre os efeitos de um programa de exercício físico. Objectivo: Verificar o efeito de um programa de exercício físico combinado na aptidão física de indivíduos portadores de PAF submetidos a transplante hepático há menos de 12 meses. Adicionalmente, analisar de que modo algumas componentes da aptidão física (composição corporal, força muscular e capacidade funcional) seriam ou não e em que medida, diferentes da população saudável. Material e métodos: Trinta e nove pacientes PAF transplantados (4.3±3.3 meses pós transplante foram avaliados quanto à sua composição corporal (DEXA), força de preensão (dinamometro de preensão E-Link), força isométrica do quadricipete (dinamometria isocinética-Biodex) e capacidade funcional (teste 6 minutos de marcha - 6MWT e capacidade para a marcha – 6MWT×peso). Os níveis de actividade física e de qualidade de vida percebida foram avaliados respectivamente através dos questionários Seven Days Physical Activity Recall (7-PAR) e Medical Outcome Study item shortform Health Survey (SF-36Ò). Os pacientes foram alocados em três grupos: grupo de controlo(GC) com 16 pacientes (13H e 3M; 33±9 anos, IMC 22.6±3.3 kg.m-2) sem programa de exercício; grupo de exercício supervisionado (GES) com 8 pacientes (5H e 3M; 34±±7 years; IMC 20.4±4.5 kg.m-2) submetidos a um programa de exercício físico combinado trissemanal com a duração de 24 semanas e um grupo de exercício físico domiciliário ou home-based (GHB) com 15 pacientes (4H e 11M; 35±5 anos; IMC 22.3±4.3 kg.m-2) que fizeram exercício físico em casa durante 24 semanas. Para comparar variáveis da aptidão física entre pacientes PAF transplantados e indivíduos aparentemente saudáveis, submetemos 48 indivíduos PAF transplantados há menos de 12 meses e 24 indivíduos saudáveis não activos, ao mesmo protocolo de avaliação (composição corporal, força muscular e capacidade funcional). Resultados: O programa de exercício influenciou positivamente a composição corporal (peso, IMC, massa magra total e regional, massa muscular esquelética total e T-score do fémur proximal), o risco de incapacidade física, a capacidade para a marcha e a força de preensão da mão direita, mas não influenciou a percepção de qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A distância percorrida aumentou de forma clinicamente significativa apenas no grupo GES. Os pacientes PAF transplantados apresentaram valores inferiores aos indivíduos saudáveis na composição corporal (peso, IMC, massa óssea, massa gorda, massa magra e massa muscular) força muscular e capacidade funcional. Conclusões: O programa de exercício físico melhorou a composição corporal, capacidade funcional e força muscular e aumentou o peso corporal e o IMC nos doentes PAF. Esta melhoria foi maior no grupo GES do que no grupo GHB em todas as variáveis analisadas.

Chagas disease in an area of recent occupation in Cochabamba, Bolivia

INTRODUCTION: A descriptive, entomological and seroepidemiological study on Chagas disease was conducted in a place of recent occupation on the outskirts of Cochabamba, Bolivia: Avaroa/Primer de Mayo (population:3,000), where the socio-economic level is low and no control measures have been made available. METHODS: The immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used for IgG and IgM anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in filter paper bloodspot eluates from 128 subjects (73 females, 55 males) selected by systematic sampling. Concerning each subject age, gender, birthplace, occupation, duration of residence and building materials used in their houses were recorded. Vectors were captured both in domestic and peridomestic environments. RESULTS: Seropositive, 12.5% (16/128): females, 15.1% (11/73); males, 9.1% (5/55). Average time of residence: 6.1 years for the whole population sample and 7.4 years for the seropositive subjects. Most houses had adobe walls (76.7% , n= 30), galvanized iron rooves (86.7%) and earthen floors (53.4%) 80% of the walls had crevices. One hundred forty seven specimens of Triatoma infestans were captured, of which 104 (70.7%) were domestic, and 1 peridomestic Triatoma sordida. Precipitin host identification: birds, 67.5%; humans, 27.8%; rodents, 11.9%; dogs, 8.7%; cats, 1.6%. House infestation and density indices were 53.3 and 493.0 respectively. We found 21 (14.3%) specimens of T. infestans infected with trypanosomes, 18 (85.7%) of which in domestic environments. DISCUSSION: The elements for the vector transmission of Chagas disease are present in Avaroa/Primer de Mayo and the ancient custom of keeping guinea pigs indoors adds to the risk of human infection. In neighboring Cochabamba, due to substandard quality control, contaminated blood transfusions are not infrequent, which further aggravates the spread of Chagas disease. Prompt action to check the transmission of this infection, involving additionally the congenital and transfusional modes of acquisition, is required.

Estudo da prevalência de sintomas de lesões músculoesqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho nos profissionais de educação de infância: educadores de infância e auxiliares de acção educativa

Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene no Trabalho.

Relatório de estágio. Terapia manual ortopédica

Este estudo refere-se a uma paciente de 33 anos com paralisia do nervo toráxico longo direito e consequente atrofia do grande dentado A paciente foi acompanhada durante 7 meses no serviço de Fisioterapia e tratada segundo as guidelines para o tratamento desta patologia. Após estabilização de resultados, por não apresentar mais melhoria, foi sujeita a análise electromigráfica no sentido de perceber quais as estratégias utilizadas pela paciente para compensar o défice do grande dentado, na manutenção de 4 movimentos: Elevação anterior a 90º, elevação lateral a 90º, elevação lateral no plano da omoplata a 90º e no push-up contra a parede. Foram avaliados o trapézio superior, médio e inferior, bem como o grande dentado. Verificou-se que não existe um padrão de activação consistente dos estabilizadores da omoplata em cadeia cinética aberta, sendo que o padrão é mantido em cadeia cinética fechada.

Evaluation of alcohol outlet density and its relation with violence

OBJECTIVES: The current study set out to investigate alcohol availability in a densely populated, residential area of suburban São Paulo associated with high levels of social deprivation and violence. Gun-related deaths and a heavy concentration of alcohol outlets are notable features of the area surveyed. Given the strong evidence for a link between alcohol availability and a number of alcohol-related problems, including violent crime, measures designed to reduce accessibility have become a favored choice for alcohol prevention programs in recent years. METHODS: The interviewers were 24 residents of the area who were trained for the study. It was selected an area of nineteen streets, covering a total distance of 3.7 km. A profile of each alcohol outlet available on the area was recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and seven alcohol outlets were recorded. The number of other properties in the same area was counted at 1,202. Two measures of outlet density may thus be calculated: the number of outlets per kilometer of roadway (29 outlets/km); and the proportion of all properties that sold alcohol (1 in 12). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study is compared with others which are mainly from developed countries and shown that the area studied have the highest density of alcohol outlet density ever recorded in the medical literature. The implication of this data related to the violence of the region is discussed. By generating a profile of alcohol sales and selling points, it was hoped to gain a better understanding of alcohol access issues within the sample area. Future alcohol prevention policy would be well served by such knowledge.