Unsteady compressible 3-dimensional boundary-layer flow near an asymmetric stagnation point with mass transfer

The heat and mass transfer for unsteady laminar compressible boundary-layer flow, which is asymmetric with respect to a 3-dimensional stagnation point (i.e. for a jet incident at an angle on the body), have been studied. It is assumed that the free-stream velocity, wall temperature, and surface mass transfer vary arbitrarily with time and also that the gas has variable properties. The solution in the neighbourhood of the stagnation point has been obtained by series expansion in the longitudinal distance. The resulting partial differential equations have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The results show that, in contrast with the symmetric flow, the maximum heat transfer does not occur at the stagnation point. The skin-friction and heat-transfer components due to asymmetric flow are only weakly affected by the mass transfer as compared to those components associated with symmetric flow. The variation of the wall temperature with time has a strong effect on the heat transfer component associated with the symmetric part of the flow. The skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by the variation of the density-viscosity product across the boundary layer. The skin friction responds more to the fluctuations of the free stream oscillating velocities than the heat transfer. The results have been compared with the available results and they are found to be in excellent agreement.

Kaksi perspektiiviä Etykiin: Viro suomalaisten ja ruotsinvirolaisten lehtien silmin 1973-1975

Suomen ja Viron välillä on ollut kontakteja tuhansien vuosien ajan. Vilkkaammiksi yhteydet muuttuivat kansallisen heräämisen ajalla ja sotien välisenä aikana. Toinen maailmansota katkaisi suomalais-virolaiset suhteet lähes 20 vuodeksi Neuvostoliiton miehitettyä Viron. Yhteydet Viroon palasivat jossakin muodossa 1960-luvulla, mutta olivat silloin ja tutkimusajankohtana 1970-luvulla tiukasti säädeltyjä. Kaikki virallisen tason yhteydenpito tapahtui Moskovan kautta ja valvonnassa, ja kansalaisyhteiskunnan tasolla tapahtuvaa toimintaa maiden välillä ei ollut. Myös lehtikirjoittelu oli Moskovan seurannassa ja Neuvostoliitto puuttui usein, mikäli Suomessa kirjoitettiin Virosta jotakin mikä ei ollut sille mieleen. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, millainen maa Viro oli 1970-luvun alkupuolella ja millainen kuva siitä oli Suomessa sekä Ruotsissa eläneen pakolaisvirolaisen yhteisön keskuudessa. Aineistona on sanomalehtiartikkeleita vuosilta 1973–1975 neljästä suomalaisesta ja kahdesta ruotsinvirolaisesta sanomalehdestä. Erityinen painopistealue on Euroopan turvallisuus- ja yhteistyökokous eli Etyk, jonka järjestelyihin Suomi otti aktiivisesti osaa. Länsivaltiot ajoivat Ety-asiakirjaan periaatteita mm. vapaammasta tiedonvälityksestä ja ihmisten liikkumisesta, Neuvostoliitto taas tavoitteli rauhansopimuksen korviketta, jolla Euroopan toisen maailmansodan jälkeiset rajat vahvistettaisiin. Etyk oli siis virolaisille monella tavalla merkittävä: he saattoivat toivoa kokouksen tuovan mahdollisuuksia ottaa Baltian asia esille ja saada Baltian maille itsenäisyys, tai ainakin suurempi itsemääräämisoikeus. Toisaalta he pelkäsivät Neuvostoliiton vain vahvistavan otettaan Virosta Etykin avulla. Etykiin liittyvässä kirjoittelussa suomalaislehtien haluttomuus ottaa Viron asiaa esille näkyy erityisen selvästi.Virosta ei muutenkaan 1970-luvulla uutisoitu usein ja Etykin yhteydessä virolaisten toiveita ja tavoitteita ei juuri julkistettu. Baltian maista paenneet pyrkivät kyllä tuomaan asiaansa julkisuuteen Helsingin 1973 ja 1975 kokousten aikaan, mutta suomalaislehdissä se ei näkynyt. Virosta myös annettiin siloiteltu kuva sanomalehdissä ja epäkohtia kuten venäläistämistoimenpiteitä, pidätyksiä tai elintarvikepulaa ei julkistettu. Samaan aikaan Ruotsissa pakolaisvirolaisten toimesta ilmestyneiden lehtien maailma oli aivan toisenlainen. Niiden Etyk-aiheiset kirjoitukset käsittelivät lähes pelkästään Viron asiaa ja Etykin kolmannen korin asioita eli ihmisoikeuskysymyksiä. Ne myös toivat esille aivan toisenlaisen kuvan Neuvosto-Viron oloista kuin suomalaislehdet. Muissa kuin Etykiin liittyvissä artikkeleissa suomalaislehtien välillä on kuitenkin eroja. Yhdenkään tutkituista suomalaislehdistä (Helsingin Sanomat, Hufvudstadsbladet, Kansan Uutiset ja Uusi Suomi) ei voi sanoa noudattaneen täysin horjumatta mitään tiettyä linjaa Viro-kirjoittelussa. Yhdenmukaisimmin suhtautui Kansan Uutiset, joka harvoja poikkeuksia lukuun ottamatta ei tuonut esiin kritiikkiä Neuvostoliittoa kohtaan. Vaihtelevin suhtautuminen oli Helsingin Sanomilla, jonka tapauksessa ei oikeastaan voi puhua minkäänlaisesta linjasta. Hufvudstadsbladet oli melko neutraali joskin etäinen ja maltillinen. Eniten neuvostokritiikkiä viljeli Uusi Suomi. Kuitenkin myös siinä ilmestyi esimerkiksi kaunistelevia kuvauksia elämästä Neuvosto-Virossa, eikä sekään Ety-kokousten aikaan asettunut balttipakolaisten puolelle. Yhdessäkään lehdessä ei ilmestynyt Viro-aiheisia kirjoituksia usein; kaikkiaan artikkeleita aineistossani oli 4 lehdestä 3 vuodelta 247. Monissa niistäkään Viro ei ollut pääasia vaan sitä vain sivuttiin. Ruotsinvirolaisia lehtikirjoituksia aineistossani oli 318. Lehtien (Eesti Päevaleht ja Teataja) välillä ei ollut merkittäviä sisällöllisiä eroja. Suomalaislehdistä ne taas erosivat täysin. Viron kuulumisten ja maailmanpolitiikan lisäksi ne seurasivat myös Suomen asioita ja etenkin niitä tapauksia, joissa Viro ylitti uutiskynnyksen suomalaislehdissä. Suomen lehdissä taas ei paria lähinnä Uuden Suomen poikkeusta lukuun ottamatta kirjoitettu pakolaisvirolaisista mitään, eikä etenkään heidän toiminnastaan Viron asian eteen. Pakolaisvirolaisten lisäksi myös Neuvosto-Viro oli 1970-luvulla suurimmalle osalle suomalaisista varsin tuntematon, sillä julkisessa keskustelussa se esiintyi erittäin harvoin ja oli poistettu jopa oppikirjoista. Suomalaisten yleisen käsityksen mukaan Virossa kaikki oli hyvin ja siellä asui tyytyväisiä ihmisiä. Myös Etyk nähtiin Suomessa täysin toisenlaisessa valossa kuin Pohjanlahden toisella puolella, jossa kirjoittelua leimasi pettymys Etykiin toisen maailmansodan jälkeisten rajojen vahvistajana.

High resolution genetic and physical mapping of the I-3 region of tomato chromosome 7 reveals almost continuous microsynteny with grape chromosome 12 but interspersed microsynteny with duplications on Arabidopsis chromosomes 1, 2 and 3

The tomato I-3 gene introgressed from the Lycopersicon pennellii accession LA716 confers resistance to race 3 of the fusarium wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. We have improved the high-resolution map of the I-3 region of tomato chromosome 7 with the development and mapping of 31 new PCR-based markers. Recombinants recovered from L. esculentum cv. M82 × IL7-2 F2 and (IL7-2 × IL7-4) × M82 TC1F2 mapping populations, together with recombinants recovered from a previous M82 × IL7-3 F2 mapping population, were used to position these markers. A significantly higher recombination frequency was observed in the (IL7-2 × IL7-4) × M82 TC1F2 mapping population based on a reconstituted L. pennellii chromosome 7 compared to the other two mapping populations based on smaller segments of L. pennellii chromosome 7. A BAC contig consisting of L. esculentum cv. Heinz 1706 BACs covering the I-3 region has also been established. The new high-resolution map places the I-3 gene within a 0.38 cM interval between the molecular markers RGA332 and bP23/gPT with an estimated physical size of 50-60 kb. The I-3 region was found to display almost continuous microsynteny with grape chromosome 12 but interspersed microsynteny with Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes 1, 2 and 3. An S-receptor-like kinase gene family present in the I-3 region of tomato chromosome 7 was found to be present in the microsyntenous region of grape chromosome 12 but was absent altogether from the A. thaliana genome.

Lärarens direktiv i svenskundervisningen i grundskolan

Tarkastelen pro gradu -tutkielmassani opettajan direktiivejä eli ohjailevia lausumia peruskoulun ruotsinopetuksessa. Aineistoni koostuu kuudennella ja kahdeksannella luokalla nauhoitetuista ruotsintunneista, ja sitä on yhteensä 3 tuntia 15 minuuttia. Analysoin sitä, miten opettaja muotoilee direktiivinsä, annetaanko direktiivit suomeksi vai ruotsiksi ja miten opettajan ohjaileva puhe vaikuttaa oppilaiden käytökseen. Direktiivien tehtävänä on saada oppilaat toimimaan opettajan toivomalla tavalla. Direktiivit ovat yleensä vierusparin etujäseniä, jolloin oppilaiden kielellinen tai ei-kielellinen reaktio muodostaa jälkijäsenen. Opettajan direktiivi voi olla myös jälkijäsen, jolloin se on reaktio siihen, mitä oppilaat ovat tehneet. On preferoitua, että oppilaat noudattavat opettajan ohjeita. Opettaja voi käyttää direktiivinä imperatiivia, kysymys- ja väitelausetta sekä nominaalilauseketta. Imperatiivi on tunnusmerkitön tapa ilmaista ohjailua, ja opettaja käyttää sitä rutiininomaisissa kehotuksissa. Kysymyslauseen muotoisia direktiivejä opettaja käyttää varmistaakseen, että opetus voi jatkua, ja säilyttääkseen työrauhan. Väitelauseilla opettaja puolestaan antaa erilaisia ohjeita ja säätelee työrauhaa. Nominaalilauseketta opettaja voi käyttää direktiivinä antaessaan oppilaalle vastausvuoron tai kieltäessään oppilasta häiritsemästä työrauhaa. Suomea käytetään direktiiveissä, jotka liittyvät kieliopin opettamiseen, kun taas ruotsiksi ilmaistaan usein toistuvat direktiivit. Usein opettaja käyttää ensin ruotsia ja toistaa sitten direktiivin suomeksi. Opettajan institutionaaliseen rooliin kuuluu se, että hänellä on auktoriteetti luokkahuoneessa. Siksi oppilaiden on noudatettava opettajan ohjeita, ja tavallisesti he tekevätkin niin, mutta siihen kuluu joskus paljon aikaa.

Enzyme-catalysed non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids: I.Purification and spectroscopic properties of 2,3 dihydroxybenzoic acid decarboxylase from Image Image

In order to understand the molecular mechanism of non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids observed in microbial systems, 2,3 dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) decarboxylase from Image Image was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. The enzyme (Mr 120 kDa) had four identical subunits (28 kDa each) and was specific for DHBA. It had a pH optimum of 5.2 and Km was 0.34mM. The decarboxylation did not require any cofactors, nor did the enzyme had any pyruvoyl group at the active site. The carboxyl group and hydroxyl group in the Image -position were required for activity. The preliminary spectroscopic properties of the enzyme are also reported.

School and choice : Anethnography of a primary school with bilingual classes

Based on a one-year ethnographic study of a primary school in Finland with specialised classes in Finnish and English (referred to as bilingual classes by research participants), this research traces patterns of how nationed, raced, classed and gendered differences are produced and gain meaning in school. I examine several aspects of these differences: the ways the teachers and parents make sense of school and of school choice; the repertoires of self put forward by teachers, parents and pupils of the bilingual classes; and the insitutional and classroom practices in Sunny Lane School (pseudonym). My purpose is to examine how the construction of differentness is related to the policy of school choice. I approach this questions from a knowledge problematic, and explore connections and disjunctions between the interpretations of teachers and those of parents, as well as between what teachers and parents expressed or said and the practices they engaged in. My data consists of fieldnotes generated through a one-year period of ethnographic study in Sunny Lane School, and of ethnographic interviews with teachers and parents primarily of the bilingual classes. This data focuses on the initial stages of the bilingual classes, which included the application and testing processes for these classes, and on Grades 1─3. In my analysis, I pursue poststructural feminist theorisations on questions of knowledge, power and subjectivity, which foreground an understanding of the constitutive force of discourse and the performative, partial, and relational nature of knowledge. I begin by situating my ethnographic field in relation to wider developments, namely, the emergence of school choice and the rhetoric of curricular reform and language education in Finland. I move on from there to ask how teachers discuss the introduction of these specialised classes, then trace pupils paths to these classes, their parents goals related to school choice, teachers constructions of the pupils and parents of bilingual classes, and how these shape the ways in which school and classroom practices unfold. School choice, I argue, functioned as a spatial practice, defining who belongs in school and demarcating the position of teachers, parents and pupils in school. Notions of classed and ethnicised differences entered the ways teachers and parents made sense of school choice. Teachers idealised school in terms of social cohesiveness and constructed social cohesion as a task for school to perform. The hopes parents iterated were connected to ensuring their children s futurity, to their perceptions of the advantages of fluency in English, but also to the differences they believed to exist between the social milieus of different schools. Ideals such as openmindedness and cosmopolitanism were also articulated by parents, and these ideals assumed different content for ethnic majority and minority parents. Teachers discussed the introduction of bilingual classes as being a means to ensure the school s future, and emphasised bilingual classes as fitting into the rubric of Finnish comprehensive schooling which, they maintained, is committed to equality. Parents were expected to accommodate their views and adopt the position of the responsible, supportive parent that was suggested to them by teachers. Teachers assumed a posture teachers of appreciating different cultures, while maintaining Finnishness as common ground in school. Discussion on pupils knowledge and experience of other countries took place often in bilingual classes, and various cultural theme events were organized on occasion. In school, pupils are taught to identify themselves in terms of cultural belonging. The rhetoric promoted by teachers was one of inclusiveness, which was also applied to describe the task of qualifying pupils for bilingual classes, qualifying which pupils can belong. Bilingual classes were idealised as taking a neutral, impartial posture toward difference by ethnic majority teachers and parents, and the relationship of school choice to classed advantage, for example, was something teachers, as well as parents, preferred not to discuss. Pupils were addressed by teachers during lessons in ways that assumed self responsibility and diligence, and they assumed the discursive category of being good, competent pupils made available to them. While this allowed them to position themselves favourably in school, their participation in a bilingual class was marked by the pressure to succeed well in school.

Pitch discrimination in optimal and suboptimal acoustic environments: electroencephalographic, magnetoencephalographic, and behavioral evidence

Pitch discrimination is a fundamental property of the human auditory system. Our understanding of pitch-discrimination mechanisms is important from both theoretical and clinical perspectives. The discrimination of spectrally complex sounds is crucial in the processing of music and speech. Current methods of cognitive neuroscience can track the brain processes underlying sound processing either with precise temporal (EEG and MEG) or spatial resolution (PET and fMRI). A combination of different techniques is therefore required in contemporary auditory research. One of the problems in comparing the EEG/MEG and fMRI methods, however, is the fMRI acoustic noise. In the present thesis, EEG and MEG in combination with behavioral techniques were used, first, to define the ERP correlates of automatic pitch discrimination across a wide frequency range in adults and neonates and, second, they were used to determine the effect of recorded acoustic fMRI noise on those adult ERP and ERF correlates during passive and active pitch discrimination. Pure tones and complex 3-harmonic sounds served as stimuli in the oddball and matching-to-sample paradigms. The results suggest that pitch discrimination in adults, as reflected by MMN latency, is most accurate in the 1000-2000 Hz frequency range, and that pitch discrimination is facilitated further by adding harmonics to the fundamental frequency. Newborn infants are able to discriminate a 20% frequency change in the 250-4000 Hz frequency range, whereas the discrimination of a 5% frequency change was unconfirmed. Furthermore, the effect of the fMRI gradient noise on the automatic processing of pitch change was more prominent for tones with frequencies exceeding 500 Hz, overlapping with the spectral maximum of the noise. When the fundamental frequency of the tones was lower than the spectral maximum of the noise, fMRI noise had no effect on MMN and P3a, whereas the noise delayed and suppressed N1 and exogenous N2. Noise also suppressed the N1 amplitude in a matching-to-sample working memory task. However, the task-related difference observed in the N1 component, suggesting a functional dissociation between the processing of spatial and non-spatial auditory information, was partially preserved in the noise condition. Noise hampered feature coding mechanisms more than it hampered the mechanisms of change detection, involuntary attention, and the segregation of the spatial and non-spatial domains of working-memory. The data presented in the thesis can be used to develop clinical ERP-based frequency-discrimination protocols and combined EEG and fMRI experimental paradigms.

Everyday beliefs about food and health

The series of studies addresses several everyday beliefs about food and health from the perspective of everyday thinking and paranormal beliefs. They are "you are what you eat" beliefs, attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods, and belief in alternative medicine. The survey studies included from 239 to 3261 Finnish participants. It was found that food consumption can have far-stretching consequences for the impressions of the eater in a "you are what you eat" manner. The results also demonstrated that belief in alternative medicine was related to belief in the paranormal, as were to a lesser degree attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods. The study also addressed paranormal beliefs and belief in alternative medicine from the perspective of category observance. Paranormal believers as well as believers in alternative medicine were much more liberal than skeptics in violating categorical boundaries and attributed, for example, intentionality (mental) to body growth (biological) and life (biological) to energy (physical). In addition, the study addressed the relation of these attitudes and beliefs with preferred thinking style. The results demonstrated that belief in alternative medicine was especially appealing to intuitive thinkers, while rational thinking was unrelated to it. The same pattern was demonstrated for negative attitudes towards genetically modified food and positive attitudes towards organic food. In addition, it was demonstrated, however, that such unscientific notions may exist not instead of but parallel with "better knowledge". In sum, the present thesis contributes to the understanding of superstitious elements in various everyday attitudes and beliefs, and investigates their relationship with general inclinations towards belief in the paranormal. It appears that some very common everyday beliefs and attitudes about food and health contain elements of a superstitious nature. Involving conceptual enmeshment they go beyond mere associations, and can coincide with scientifically valid views on the same topic.

A cryptographic analysis of the TLS 1.3 handshake protocol candidates

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is currently developing the next version of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, version 1.3. The transparency of this standardization process allows comprehensive cryptographic analysis of the protocols prior to adoption, whereas previous TLS versions have been scrutinized in the cryptographic literature only after standardization. This is even more important as there are two related, yet slightly different, candidates in discussion for TLS 1.3, called draft-ietf-tls-tls13-05 and draft-ietf-tls-tls13-dh-based. We give a cryptographic analysis of the primary ephemeral Diffie–Hellman-based handshake protocol, which authenticates parties and establishes encryption keys, of both TLS 1.3 candidates. We show that both candidate handshakes achieve the main goal of providing secure authenticated key exchange according to an augmented multi-stage version of the Bellare–Rogaway model. Such a multi-stage approach is convenient for analyzing the design of the candidates, as they establish multiple session keys during the exchange. An important step in our analysis is to consider compositional security guarantees. We show that, since our multi-stage key exchange security notion is composable with arbitrary symmetric-key protocols, the use of session keys in the record layer protocol is safe. Moreover, since we can view the abbreviated TLS resumption procedure also as a symmetric-key protocol, our compositional analysis allows us to directly conclude security of the combined handshake with session resumption. We include a discussion on several design characteristics of the TLS 1.3 drafts based on the observations in our analysis.

Identification of two distinct bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 genotypes

The partial gene sequencing of the matrix (M) protein from seven clinical isolates of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), and the complete sequencing of a representative isolate (Q5592) was completed in this study. Nucleotide sequence analysis was initiated because of the failure of in-house BPIV-3 RT-PCR methods to yield expected products for four of the isolates. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the nucleotide sequences for the M-protein and the entire genome, using all of the available BPIV-3 nucleotide sequences, demonstrated that there were two distinct BPIV-3 genotypes (BPIV-3a and BPIV-3b). These newly identified genotypes have implications for the development of BPIV-3 molecular detection methods and may also impact on BPIV-3 vaccine formulations.

In Defence of "the Lesser Cousin of History": An Interview with Rohan Wilson

Few branches of postcolonial literature are as contested as the historical fiction of settler societies. This interview with the Australian historical novelist Rohan Wilson, author of The Roving Party (2011) and To Name Those Lost (2014), explores the intersections between truth, accuracy, and existential authenticity in his fictional accounts of nineteenth-century Tasmania. Wilson offers a nuanced yet robust defence of fiction’s role in narrating colonial history. He explains his intentions in writing two linked yet distinctive novels of the frontier—one that focuses on the “Black War” of the 1820s and 1830s, and another that explores how racial violence is refracted by capitalism in subsequent decades.

Structure of (6S,13bR)-1,2,3,5,6,13b-hexahydro-6-isopropyl-8H-pyrrolo[1',2':1,2]pyrazino[3,4,-b]quinazoline-5,8-dione

C17H19N302, monoclinic, P21, a = 5.382 (1), b = 17.534(4), c = 8.198(1)/L ,8 = 100.46(1) °, Z= 2, d,, = 1.323, dc= 1.299 Mg m-3, F(000) = 316, /~(Cu .Ka) = 0.618 mm -1. R = 0.052 for 1284 significant reflections. The proline-containing cispeptide unit which forms part of a six-membered ring deviates from perfect planarity. The torsion angle about the peptide bond is 3.0 (5) ° and the peptide bond length is 1.313 (5)A. The conformation of the proline ring is Cs-Cf~-endo. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H... O interactions.

Interaction of Cibacron Blue F3G-A and Procion Red HE-3B with sheep liver 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

Cibacron Blue F3G-A, a probe used to monitor nucleotide binding domains in enzymes, inhibited sheep liver 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase competitively with respect to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and NADPH. The Ki values obtained by kinetic methods and the Kd value for the binding of the dye to the enzyme estimated by protein fluorescence quenching were in the range 0·9-1·2 μM. Another triazine dye, Procion Red HE-3B interacted with the enzyme in an essentially similar manner to that observed with Cibacron Blue F3G-A. These results as well as the interaction of the dye with the enzyme monitored by difference spectroscopy and intrinsic protein fluorescence quenching methods indicated that the dye was probably interacting at the active site of the enzyme by binding at a hydrophobic region.

3-D kinematical conservation laws (KCL): Evolution of a surface in R-3 - in particular propagation of a nonlinear wavefront

3-D KCL are equations of evolution of a propagating surface (or a wavefront) Omega(t), in 3-space dimensions and were first derived by Giles, Prasad and Ravindran in 1995 assuming the motion of the surface to be isotropic. Here we discuss various properties of these 3-D KCL.These are the most general equations in conservation form, governing the evolution of Omega(t) with singularities which we call kinks and which are curves across which the normal n to Omega(t) and amplitude won Omega(t) are discontinuous. From KCL we derive a system of six differential equations and show that the KCL system is equivalent to the ray equations of 2, The six independent equations and an energy transport equation (for small amplitude waves in a polytropic gas) involving an amplitude w (which is related to the normal velocity m of Omega(t)) form a completely determined system of seven equations. We have determined eigenvalues of the system by a very novel method and find that the system has two distinct nonzero eigenvalues and five zero eigenvalues and the dimension of the eigenspace associated with the multiple eigenvalue 0 is only 4. For an appropriately defined m, the two nonzero eigenvalues are real when m > 1 and pure imaginary when m < 1. Finally we give some examples of evolution of weakly nonlinear wavefronts.