Addressing students' difficulties with Faraday's law: A guided problem solving approach

In traditional teaching, the fundamental concepts of electromagnetic induction are usually quickly analyzed, spending most of the time solving problems in a more or less rote manner. However, physics education research has shown that the fundamental concepts of the electromagnetic induction theory are barely understood by students. This article proposes an interactive teaching sequence introducing the topic of electromagnetic induction. The sequence has been designed based on contributions from physics education research. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between experimental findings (macroscopic level) and theoretical interpretation (microscopic level). An example of the activities that have been designed will also be presented, describing the implementation context and the corresponding findings. Since implementing the sequence, a considerable number of students have a more satisfactory grasp of the electromagnetic induction explicative model. However, difficulties are manifested in aspects that require a multilevel explanation, referring to deep structures where the system description is better defined.

Analysis of Body Composition and Food Habits of Spanish Celiac Women

The purpose of the present work was both to analyze composition of Spanish celiac women and to study the food habits and gluten-free diet of these celiac patients, in order to determine whether they achieve a balanced and healthy diet as well as to highlight nutritional qualitative and/or quantitative differences. 54 adult celiac women (34 +/- 13 years) took part in the six-month study. Height, weight and body composition were measured. An analysis of energy consumption and of the macronutrient distribution of their diet was carried out. Their fulfillment of micronutrient intake recommendations was verified. Participants showed a Body Mass Index of 21.6 +/- 2.4 kg/m(2). Energy Intake was slightly lower than the Dietary Reference Intakes. Excessive protein apart from over-consumption of fat was observed. More than three quarters of participants consumed meat in excess. Carbohydrate consumption along with that of fiber was below recommended levels. Vitamin D, iron, and iodine had a low percentage of recommendation compliance. In general, participants followed the recommendations of dairy products and fruit intake whereas vegetable consumption was not enough for the vast majority. We conclude that although the diet of celiac women does not differ much from the diet of general population, some considerations, such as reducing fat and protein consumption and increasing fiber intake, must be taken into account.

Aquaculture, fisheries, poverty and food security

Fisheries and aquaculture play important roles in providing food and income in many developing countries, either as a stand-alone activity or in association with crop agriculture and livestock rearing. The aim of this paper is to identify how these contributions of fisheries and aquaculture to poverty reduction and food security can be enhanced while also addressing the need for a sustainability transition in over-exploited and over-capitalized capture fisheries, and for improved environmental performance and distributive justice in a rapidly growing aquaculture sector. The focus of the paper is on the poverty and food security concerns of developing countries, with an emphasis on the least developed. The emphasis is on food security rather than poverty reduction policies and strategies, although the two are of course related. The food security agenda is very much to the fore at present; fish prices rose along with other food prices in 2007-8 and as fish provide important nutritional benefits to the poor, food security has become a primary concern for sector policy.

Distribution of Healthcare resources II.Study and Comparison of a Linear Programming Problem and its Dual. Resolution and Evaluation of a Practical Case and its Programming using Excel and Win QSB.

[EN]This research had as primary objective to model different types of problems using linear programming and apply different methods so as to find an adequate solution to them. To achieve this objective, a linear programming problem and its dual were studied and compared. For that, linear programming techniques were provided and an introduction of the duality theory was given, analyzing the dual problem and the duality theorems. Then, a general economic interpretation was given and different optimal dual variables like shadow prices were studied through the next practical case: An aesthetic surgery hospital wanted to organize its monthly waiting list of four types of surgeries to maximize its daily income. To solve this practical case, we modelled the linear programming problem following the relationships between the primal problem and its dual. Additionally, we solved the dual problem graphically, and then we found the optimal solution of the practical case posed through its dual, following the different theorems of the duality theory. Moreover, how Complementary Slackness can help to solve linear programming problems was studied. To facilitate the solution Solver application of Excel and Win QSB programme were used.

Comer, demandar, desejar: considerações psicanalíticas sobre o corpo e o objeto na obesidade

O presente estudo discute o tratamento psicanalítico da obesidade, tendo em vista os impasses no manejo dessa problemática. Para tanto, parte-se da análise da patologização do corpo gordo, sua medicalização e os dispositivos biopolíticos de regulação dos corpos que aí figuram para propor uma diferenciação entre o sintoma médico e seu aspecto subjetivo. Contextualizando a cultura na atualidade, que coloca em evidência o corpo, desenvolve-se a disjunção entre necessidade e demanda proposta por Lacan para pensar uma diferença ética que a abordagem psicanalítica da obesidade oferece em relação ao dispositivo médico, na medida em que não se propõe a normalizar os corpos segundo o peso adequado. Essa proposta coloca em pauta a questão do circuito pulsional que, em sua matriz alteritária, estabelece o objeto pulsional vinculado a uma perda originária que, ao mesmo tempo, constitui o desejo como insatisfeito. Considerando que o dispositivo psicanalítico proposto por Freud se estrutura em torno da falta que advém ao final do complexo de Édipo, e que a angústia de castração ocupa lugar prioritário de motor do tratamento, a obesidade se coloca como um problema à medida que a comida comparece revestindo o objeto perdido e fornecendo a consistência à qual o obeso permanece atado. Para pensar de que maneira a psicanálise pode acolher a demanda feita por pacientes obesos e que recursos teórico-clínicos pode-se lançar mão nesses tratamentos, é estabelecido um paralelo com outras problemáticas, tais como: as toxicomanias e a bulimia. Propomos, por fim, que o tratamento psicanalítico visa oferecer um campo de subjetivação que permita a emergência da angústia não somente referida ao corpo e seus excessos, possibilitando a construção de recursos simbólicos necessários à elaboração do real pulsional. Para tanto, enfatiza-se a importância do estabelecimento da transferência, da presença do analista e da função das entrevistas preliminares que, nesses casos, se constituem como um longo trabalho prévio.

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the food of Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich) in the Ebrié lagoon (Côte d'Ivoire)

The food of Ethmalosa fimbriata in the central part of the Ebrié lagoon, where the salinity is low, consists on limnic phytoplankton. In the region near Abidjan, which is more strongly influenced by coastal water, it consists of marine phyto- and zooplankton. The daily ration of a 12.5 cm fork-length fish is estimated to be between 2 and 3 % of its body weight.

Fish pass design - criteria for the design and approval of fish passes and other structures to facilitate the passage of migratory fish in rivers

Many of British rivers hold stocks of salmon (Salmo salar L.) and sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) and during most of the year some of the adult fish migrate upstream to the head waters where, with the advent of winter, they will eventually spawn. For a variety of reasons, including the generation of power for milling, improving navigation and measuring water flow, man has put obstacles in the way of migratory fish which have added to those already provided by nature in the shape of rapids and waterfalls. While both salmon and sea trout, particularly the former, are capable of spectacular leaps the movement of fish over man-made and natural obstacles can be helped, or even made possible, by the judicious use of fish passes. These are designed to give the fish an easier route over or round an obstacle by allowing it to overcome the water head difference in a series of stages ('pool and traverse' fish pass) or by reducing the water velocity in a sloping channel (Denil fish pass). Salmon and sea trout make their spawning runs at different flow conditions, salmon preferring much higher water flows than sea trout. Hence the design of fish passes requires an understanding of the swimming ability of fish (speed and endurance) and the effect of water temperature on this ability. Also the unique features of each site must be appreciated to enable the pass to be positioned so that its entrance is readily located. As well as salmon and sea trout, rivers often have stocks of coarse fish and eels. Coarse fish migrations are generally local in character and although some obstructions such as weirs may allow downstream passages only, they do not cause a significant problem. Eels, like salmon and sea trout, travel both up and down river during the course of their life histories. However, the climbing power of elvers is legendary and it is not normally necessary to offer them help, while adult silver eels migrate at times of high water flow when downstream movement is comparatively easy: for these reasons neither coarse fish nor eels are considered further. The provision of fish passes is, in many instances, mandatory under the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1975. This report is intended for those involved in the planning, siting, construction and operation of fish passes and is written to clarify the hydraulic problems for the biologist and the biological problems for the engineer. It is also intended to explain the criteria by which the design of an individual pass is assessed for Ministerial Approval.

Contributions to time series data mining departing from the problem of road travel time modeling

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Efeito da hiperalimentação na lactação sobre a regulação da adiposidade corporal e sinalização da grelina no tecido adiposo branco de camundongos jovens e adultos

A obesidade é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública que cresce em todo o mundo, resultante de um desequilíbrio entre ingestão alimentar e gasto energético. O aumento da adiposidade leva ao desenvolvimento de alterações funcionais. Pode-se dizer que a obesidade é o principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas de maior prevalência como dislipidemias, doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes do tipo 2, acarretando na redução da qualidade e expectativa de vida. A Grelina é um hormônio sintetizado pelo estômago, que atua em diferentes tecidos através de um receptor específico (GHS-R1a), incluindo hipotálamo e tecido adiposo. A grelina tem uma ação direta sobre a regulação hipotalâmica da ingestão alimentar, induzindo um efeito orexígeno. Por outro lado, a grelina também modula o armazenamento de energia nos adipócitos. Esta dupla ação sugere que este hormônio pode atuar como uma ligação entre o sistema nervoso central e mecanismos periféricos. Portanto, considerando que a hiperalimentação neonatal induz obesidade na idade adulta por mecanismos desconhecidos, neste estudo foram pesquisados os efeitos da hiperalimentação no início da vida sobre o desenvolvimento da obesidade e, em particular, a sinalização da grelina no tecido adiposo em ratos jovens e adultos. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss hiperalimentados através do modelo de redução da ninhada. Para induzir a hiperalimentação as ninhadas foram reduzidas a 3 filhotes machos por lactante no 30 dia de vida pós-natal. As ninhadas controles foram ajustadas em 9 filhotes por lactante. Foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos como: massa corporal e massa do tecido adiposo visceral. A glicemia de jejum foi avaliada utilizando glicosímetro e fitas teste. A análise do conteúdo das proteínas envolvidas na via de sinalização da grelina foram detectadas pelo método de Western Blotting. Os grupos controle (C) e hiperalimentado (H) foram estudados aos 21 e 180 dias de vida. Os dados demonstram que a hipernutrição no início da vida induz um aumento significativo no peso corporal dos camundongos jovens, começando aos 10 dias, e este aumento de peso persistiu até à idade adulta (180 dias de idade). A glicemia e o peso da gordura visceral foram significativamente maiores no grupo hiperalimentado aos 21 e 180 dias, quando comparado com o grupo controle. Os níveis plasmáticos de grelina acilada apresentaram uma redução de 70% nos animais jovens e 49% adultos obesos. Além disso, no tecido adiposo branco, observamos um maior conteúdo (242%) do receptor de grelina (GHSR1a) nos animais hiperalimentados com 21 dias, e este aumento foi associado à modulação positiva do conteúdo e fosforilação de proteínas envolvidas no estoque e utilização de energia celular, tais como AKT, PI3K, AMPK, GLUT-4, e CPT1. No entanto, ao chegar à idade adulta os animais hiperalimentados não apresentaram diferença significativa no conteúdo de GHS-R1a e das proteínas AKT, PI3K, AMPK, GLUT-4, e CPT1. O conteúdo de PPARɣ foi menor no grupo obeso aos 21e 180 dias. Basicamente, mostramos que o metabolismo do tecido adiposo está alterado na obesidade adquirida no início da vida e, provavelmente, devido a essa modificação, ocorre um novo padrão da via de sinalização da grelina.

Evaluation of bioelectrical impedance analysis and Fulton’s condition factor as nonlethal techniques for estimating short-term responses in postsmolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to food availabili

We evaluated measures of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and Fulton’s condition factor (K) as potential nonlethal indices for detecting short-term changes in nutritional condition of postsmolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish reared in the laboratory for 27 days were fed, fasted, or fasted and then refed. Growth rates and proximate body composition (protein, fat, water) were measured in each fish to evaluate nutritional status and condition. Growth rates of fish responded rapidly to the absence or reintroduction of food, whereas body composition (% wet weight) remained relatively stable owing to isometric growth in fed fish and little loss of body constituents in fasted fish, resulting in nonsignificant differences in body composition among feeding treatments. The utility of BIA and Fulton’s K as condition indices requires differences in body composition. In our study, BIA measures were not significantly different among the three feeding treatments, and only on the final day of sampling was K of fasted vs. fed fish significantly different. BIA measures were correlated with body composition content; however, wet weight was a better predictor of body composition on both a content and concentration (% wet weight) basis. Because fish were growing isometrically, neither BIA nor K was well correlated with growth rate. For immature fish, where growth rate, rather than energy reserves, is a more important indicator of fish condition, a nonlethal index that reflects shortterm changes in growth rate or the potential for growth would be more suitable as a condition index than either BIA measures or Fulton�