998 resultados para Financiamento Externo
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The investments of Caixas and Institutos de Aposentadoria e Pensões (CAP and IAP) in homes of Natal, between the decades of 1930-60, helped to boost up the local real estate market in consolidation at the time. Inserted in the first national policy on social housing in the country, these operations have demanded the creation of a wide qualified organizational structure, which would be from the "Central Offices" of Rio de Janeiro to the decentralized units of the federal states. The professionals linked to the Local Agencies have developed, on this matter, from activities related to the design and construction of residential complexes, to the daily study of financing proposals in isolated units. As from these studies, the evaluation of shelters was essential to the effectiveness of the policy, resulting in the production of data on the market value of the properties by observing and issuing judgments upon the living quarters of different social groups. Given these considerations, the aim here is to contribute to the understanding on how to operate these real estate actions in the legitimization of boundaries about the urban space and dwellings available to workers in Natal. Therefore, the views of the city and constructions expressed by the evaluating engineers in their technical reports have been taken as the focus. Being the main primary sources of work, these reports are part of the edifices process of CAP/IAP regarding Natal, whose content is systematized in the database "Enterprises", the HCUrb Research Group. In addition, there were used local newspapers at the time and interviews with professionals as complementary sources. It was found that, in general, the evaluations have configured – in a more everyday dimension of bureaucratic routines - a vehicle, among others, circulating ideas about "home" within the social security institutions, being imbued with assumptions historically constructed about the "modern habitat". Filled in loco, the reports expose the clash between modernizing ideals in vogue and clear limitations in the city scenario at the time. Fragmented images of the town are given to read through the labels assigned to the evaluated sites – these being coated of certain "scientific" character - which both legitimated and contributed to the dynamics of appreciation/depreciation of the soil and to the socio-spatial differentiation. Contradictions were evident in the endorsement given by the technicians when financing of admittedly precarious homes for insured disadvantaged categories at the local level - such as industrial workers - while strict regulations were imposed to new construction, designed, above all, to better paid categories. By identifying raters engineers as urban agents, members of a technical-focused operating system for safety and efficiency in the real estate investments of those authorities corporatist, it is desired the usefulness of further studies on these characters, their training, professional activity and participation in the construction of discourses and practices of intervention about the city and its buildings, discussing individual and grouped interests that were left behind.
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As the beginning of the discussion about the reprimarization process of the Brazilian exportations, or about a deindustrialization process of the country foreign sales, this study purpose that the discussion, actually, should be about the existence of the commodities structural dependence as a way to face the foreign restrictions. Therefore the intention is to show that, historically, the way that the Brazilian economy has crossed for its development depends of the foreign capital, mainly in its way of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and in the balance generated by the primary products, which make us try to understand the impact of this capital for the equilibrium of the Brazilian Payment Balance and also for the economy. These points were discussed not only based on the Brazilian classic writers as Francisco Oliveira, Caio Prado Jr. and Celso Furtado, but also using the newest studies which contributes to point the causes and consequences of the external capital dependence in the actual scenario. The conclusions acquired in the end of the study, indicates the fact that the Brazilian specialization in products of low aggregated value is not recent. Brazil is, historically, a competitive country in primary products. At the same time, the country importation always was a pressure factor of the National Payments Balance, being composed by products with more aggregated value. According to some authors, this characteristic of the Brazilian Economy will be surpassed with the economic opening process, which will attract external capital making possible the modernization of the Brazilian productive sector. Therefore, we can claim that the FDI, in the way it has been inserted in the country, does not offer the opportunity to get out of the commodities dependence, as generators of the payment balances, because the country international competitive standard didn t get any important changes, keeping itself out of the step related to the global standard which has been intensified in products with more aggregated value. The changes in the national insertion standard directed to more technological products is really important to surpass the historical scenario of commodities dependence, making the country less vulnerable to external crisis.
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Background: Several theories, such as the biological width formation, the inflammatory reactions due to the implant-abutment microgap contamination, and the periimplant stress/strain concentration causing bone microdamage accumulation, have been suggested to explain early periimplant bone loss. However, it is yet not well understood to which extent the implant-abutment connection type may influence the remodeling process around dental implants. Aim: to evaluate clinical, bacteriological, and biomechanical parameters related to periimplant bone loss at the crestal region, comparing external hexagon (EH) and Morse-taper (MT) connections. Materials and methods: Twelve patients with totally edentulous mandibles received four custom made Ø 3.8 x 13 mm implants in the interforaminal region of the mandible, with the same design, but different prosthetic connections (two of them EH or MT, randomly placed based on a split-mouth design), and a immediate implant- supported prosthesis. Clinical parameters (periimplant probing pocket depth, modified gingival index and mucosal thickness) were evaluated at 6 sites around the implants, at a 12 month follow-up. The distance from the top of the implant to the first bone-to-implant contact – IT-FBIC was evaluated on standardized digital peri-apical radiographs acquired at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up. Samples of the subgingival microbiota were collected 1, 3 and 6 months after implant loading. DNA were extracted and used for the quantification of Tanerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggragatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Comparison among multiple periods of observation were performed using repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by a Tukey post-hoc test, while two-period based comparisons were made using paired t- test. Further, 36 computer-tomographic based finite element (FE) models were accomplished, simulating each patient in 3 loading conditions. The results for the peak EQV strain in periimplant bone were interpreted by means of a general linear model (ANOVA). Results: The variation in periimplant bone loss assessed by means of radiographs was significantly different between the connection types (P<0.001). Mean IT-FBIC was 1.17±0.44 mm for EH, and 0.17±0.54 mm for MT, considering all evaluated time periods. All clinical parameters presented not significant differences. No significant microbiological differences could be observed between both connection types. Most of the collected samples had very few pathogens, meaning that these regions were healthy from a microbiological point of view. In FE analysis, a significantly higher peak of EQV strain (P=0.005) was found for EH (mean 3438.65 µ∑) compared to MT (mean 840.98 µ∑) connection. Conclusions: Varying implant-abutment connection type will result in diverse periimplant bone remodeling, regardless of clinical and microbiological conditions. This fact is more likely attributed to the singular loading transmission through different implant-abutment connections to the periimplant bone. The present findings suggest that Morse-taper connection is more efficient to prevent periimplant bone loss, compared to an external hexagon connection.
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Nuestro interés en este trabajo es llevar a cabo algunas reflexiones sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y lo que allí sucede, a partir de la experiencia de plantear un mismo problema filosófico en el marco de un taller de filosofía con niños de 8 años, y en el marco de una clase universitaria de filosofía para alumnos de primer año de la carrera de Psicología. Los puntos que contrastaremos son: el abordaje diferencial del disparador de la pregunta (algunos pasajes de las obras de Descartes y Hume), la reacción de los alumnos y el tipo de respuesta elaborado por ambos grupos, así como el rol del docente en cada caso. Para finalizar, esbozaremos algunas reflexiones referidas a la influencia de la instancia de evaluación de contenidos como factor de diferenciación en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en ambos espacios
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O objetivo deste artigo é investigar o sistema federal de financiamento à inovação no Brasil, focalizando os mecanismos de apoio financeiro às empresas oferecidos pelas principais agências federais de fomento. Indaga-se se a aplicação de recursos feita pela FINEP e pelo BNDES, como principais agências, e também pelo SEBRAE, tem sido adequada para estimular a atividade de inovação nas empresas brasileiras. Verifica-se que o sistema federal de financiamento à inovação evoluiu favoravelmente nos últimos dez anos, com o aumento da oferta de recursos, com o surgimento de novos programas e mecanismos de apoio financeiro. Não obstante, ainda há fragilidades relevantes, como a instabilidade no padrão de financiamento, a pulverização e dispersão no uso de recursos, a falta de autonomia das agências, a dificuldade das empresas de pequenos e médio porte acessarem os recursos.
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O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar empiricamente os determinantes do financiamento do investimento nos países das Américas no período de 1972-2008, tendo como base teórica os modelos de hiatos nas versões de Chenery e Bruno (1962); Bacha (1982, 1989 e 1990) e Taylor (1994). Com este intuito, realiza-se uma estimação com o modelo de dados em painel na versão padrão com efeitos fixos. As variáveis explicativas de cada país seguem a abordagem de Amadeo e Giambiagi (1990). São elas: os coeficientes de poupança interna e de importação e as exportações reais. Os resultados das estimações corroboram com a concepção teórica do modelo de hiatos, ou seja, que países em desenvolvimento enfrentam limitações de poupança interna e incapacidade de importar bens intensivos em capital, fatores os quais restringem o nível de investimento dessas economias.
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As an example of what happened in Brazil in the 90s, it s noticed in Natal a new system of cooperative housing production which is done by advancing the users resources selffinancing. This system comes as an alternative for the real state market performance since the end of the National Housing Bank (BNH), in 1986. Self-financed housing cooperatives play an important social role by contributing to own housing acquisition by low-income population, without, however, becoming a mechanism of social interest housing production. It is important to consider that Brazil registers a housing deficit of 6.6 million housing units (IBGE 2000/Census), which, compared to 1991, shows an increment of 21.7% to a growth rate of 2.2% a year. This deficit figure has been deepening, mainly with the end of the National Housing Bank (BNH). The self-financed cooperative housing production broadens around the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMN) and remains as an alternative to the lack of financing in the housing / real state market. In general, the aim of this work is to analyze the role of self-financing housing cooperatives on the housing production in the RMN, in order to identify their role in the real state market, in the own housing promotion and in the housing policy. The Universe of this study is performance of four housing cooperatives - CHAF-RN, COOPHAB-RN, MULTHCOOP e CNH - that work through self-financing. It is considered here an amount of 38 undertakings launched between 1993 and 2002, including 8143 housing units. The methodology adopted consists of bibliographic, documental and field research. As a result, actions like brokerage, marketing, speculation, and the criteria to define places for undertakings and final products, show how close they are to the housing market production. As a matter of fact, this short distance explains why the self-financed cooperative production for social interest housing is still limited. This reinforces the theory that it is necessary to define and implement a subsidized housing policy to serve the low-income Brazilian population
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O ser humano vive maior parte do seu tempo em contato direto com o ambiente construído, portanto tornou-se fundamental pesquisar as relações de alteridade, qualidade de vida e pertencimento dentro de um espaço específico, a casa. Ressaltando que a casa nesta pesquisa é todo e qualquer lugar de moradia, percebe-se que ela exprime um estilo de vida, ou seja, um modo de viver e conviver, de pensar, de sentir, e de se relacionar com as pessoas e com o espaço. A partir das relações de seis moradores do Município de Rio Grande com suas respectivas casas pudemos conhecer os processos que ali ocorrem e quais são os efeitos deles na vida e atitudes de cada morador dentro e fora da morada. O estudo é fundamentado primordialmente na Educação Ambiental e na Ecologia Onírica. Mais especialmente, na Educação Estética Ambiental e Educação Estética Onírica, porém também dialoga com outras áreas do conhecimento, como a Psicologia Ambiental. Esta avalia e compreende o homem, como ele reage, interpreta e sente os espaços, e consequentemente, como ele é constituído através de todas as experiências, vivências, memórias neste meio tão íntimo que é a casa de cada um. O objetivo da pesquisa foi, a partir das relações dos moradores entre si e com o espaço da casa, conhecer qual é o significado desta na vida dos seus moradores, despertar a valorização do espaço/morada e o sentimento de pertencimento a ela, promovendo através dessa consciência uma maior qualidade de vida dentro e fora de casa.
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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa Multi-Institucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2015.
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O tema financiamento dos Municípios, tem como objetivo comprovar a existência da “grande” dependência financeira face às suas principais fontes de receitas, tais como, as transferências do Orçamento de Estado e os Impostos Municipais. Pretende-se analisar a importância dessas receitas e a forma como têm evoluído, nestes últimos anos, recorrendo a metodologias de investigação do tipo “yin” utilizando para o efeito, o método de estudo de caso. Trata-se de um estudo empírico, do tipo explanatório, através da análise quantitativa dos dados, em que a forma de tratamento dos mesmos segue as seguintes etapas: “recolha”, “análise”, “interpretação”, “conclusões” e algumas “recomendações”. Para a concretização deste trabalho, foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas de pesquisa: a definição de uma Amostra Aleatória de 5 Municípios existentes no território português, tendo por base, a atual divisão do território em NUTS, sendo selecionada a Região “Centro” e a respetiva Sub-Região de “Pinhal de Marrocos”; como instrumentos de trabalho foram escolhidos, entre outros, os Mapas de Controlo Orçamental da Receita constantes da respetiva prestação de contas e Mapas XIX das Transferências do OE; para tratamento destes dados, foram utilizadas as ferramentas do Excel para elaboração de quadros e gráficos; para a obtenção dos respetivos resultados, foram efetuadas análises comparativas para averiguar qual a evolução ocorrida durante os períodos indicados. As conclusões a retirar comprovam a grande dependência financeira já aqui referenciada e, demonstram que, o aumento ou a diminuição dessas receitas pode melhorar ou agravar a situação financeira dos municípios Palavras-chave:
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O presente artigo objetiva divulgar um incipiente recomendações sobre orçamento/financiamento das políticas públicas no Brasil e suas possibilidades de promoção da equidade de sexo/gênero e raça/etnia. Na primeira parte, sistematiza os achados de pesquisa quanto a e equidade de sexo/gênero e raça/etnia. Em um segundo momento, o texto apresenta dados inéditos sobre o financiamento tributário do orçamentário público com recorte de gênero e raça, demonstrando que o maior peso mulheres, principalmente as negras. A terceira seção enfatiza o orçamento público como uma escolha política do Estado e apresenta os Programas Selecionados (Raça, e Gênero) no Plano Plurianual (PPA) 2008-2011. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
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Se aplicó la técnica de vectores autorregresivos (VAR) a datos trimestrales del periodo 1982 a 1995, para analizar los principales efectos que generan sobre la producción y el tipo de cambio real de Costa Rica, los choques externos comerciales y financieros. Los primeros fueron aproximados por indicadores de demanda externa y de precios internacionales (PIB de EEUU y la relación de términos de intercambio del país); los segundos, por la tasa de interés estadounidense. Con respecto a otras investigaciones sobre el tema, el estudio permite tener idea sobre la magnitud, el sentido y la permanencia de los choques.La evidencia estadística sugiere que un aumento en el dinamismo de la economía mundial tiende a producir un aumento permanente y amplio en la producción nacional y una apreciación real reducida y transitoria del colón (de poco más de un año luego de ocurrido el evento).Un mejoramiento de los precios relativos de los bienes objeto de comercio internacional del país tiende a aumentar en forma limitada y por corto tiempo (medio año) el PIB doméstico y a ocasionar una apreciación del colón reducida aunque de duración importante (alrededor de dos años y medio).Un aumento de las tasas de interés externas afecta negativamente el producto real del país y, sorprendentemente, aprecia en términos reales, en forma permanente y profunda, al colón.
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Los procesos de globalización y los cada vez mayores flujos de comercio mundiales, envuelven a las economías grandes y pequeñas, en un proceso de mayor apertura comercial y de redireccionamiento de sus políticas para la captación de nuevos mercados y de flujos de inversión extranjera en mayores proporciones.Costa Rica, una economía pequeña y muy abierta, no ha sido la excepción en este proceso, así, el logro de metas claves en saldos macroeconómicos; expansión comercial; captar inversión y mejorar la competitvidad internacional, son el eje central del esquema de desarrollo actual de nuestro país.Bajo este contexto, y como un aporte al debate que ha generado el tema, se presentan las siguientes notas con miras a conocer y caracterizar en el corto plazo, la evolución del sector externo costarricense, tomando como eje central de estudio las principales cuentas de la Balanza de Pagos, en el año de 1996