964 resultados para Cs-natrolite
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DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious lesion inflicted by ionizing radiation. Although DSBs are potentially carcinogenic, it is not clear whether complex DSBs that are refractory to repair are more potently tumorigenic compared with simple breaks that can be rapidly repaired, correctly or incorrectly, by mammalian cells. We previously demonstrated that complex DSBs induced by high-linear energy transfer (LET) Fe ions are repaired slowly and incompletely, whereas those induced by low-LET gamma rays are repaired efficiently by mammalian cells. To determine whether Fe-induced DSBs are more potently tumorigenic than gamma ray-induced breaks, we irradiated 'sensitized' murine astrocytes that were deficient in Ink4a and Arf tumor suppressors and injected the surviving cells subcutaneously into nude mice. Using this model system, we find that Fe ions are potently tumorigenic, generating tumors with significantly higher frequency and shorter latency compared with tumors generated by gamma rays. Tumor formation by Fe-irradiated cells is accompanied by rampant genomic instability and multiple genomic changes, the most interesting of which is loss of the p15/Ink4b tumor suppressor due to deletion of a chromosomal region harboring the CDKN2A and CDKN2B loci. The additional loss of p15/Ink4b in tumors derived from cells that are already deficient in p16/Ink4a bolsters the hypothesis that p15 plays an important role in tumor suppression, especially in the absence of p16. Indeed, we find that reexpression of p15 in tumor-derived cells significantly attenuates the tumorigenic potential of these cells, indicating that p15 loss may be a critical event in tumorigenesis triggered by complex DSBs.
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奇奇核作为研究准质子和准中子间相互作用的独特侯选核,近年来,人们给予了越来越多的关注。奇奇核高j组态带中观测到的低自旋旋称反转现象(Signature inversion)已成为原子核高自旋态领域中一个十分活跃的研究课题。近十年来,一系列基于二准粒子加转子模型框架的计算结果表明,奇奇核中这两个准粒子之间的相互作用与旋称反转现象的发生密切相关。相对于偶偶核和奇A核,奇奇核的能级结构更复杂一些,实验上对其高自旋态的研究比较困难,这主要体现在实验上所提供的许多奇奇核的能级纲图存在着一定程度的不确定性,例如能级的激发能位置、转动带的组态、自旋和宇称的指定,甚至在纲图结构、级联系列的核素归属等方面都有一些问题。其中,转动带能级自旋的指定直接关系到准粒子能量的劈裂属性(即正常劈裂还是反常劈裂、旋称反转发生在低自旋区还是高自旋区及旋称反转的发生位置等):自旋的奇偶性定错了,会导致本来是反转的旋称劈裂变成不反转的(反之亦然);自旋值定错了△I,会导致旋称反转的位置发生相应的漂移。由于实验上奇奇核转动带能级自旋指定的混乱局面,掩盖了旋称反转现象的客观规律,使得相关理论模型的计算结果得不到及时检验。基于激发能系统学分析方法、以顺排角动量相加性为判据,我们曾对A~160轻稀土区的πhl_(11/2)direct X vi_(13/2)转动带(17个核素)和A~130过渡区的πh_(11/2)direct XVh_(ll/2)转动带(20个核素)进行了系统研究,对其中20个核的自旋数据提出质疑、并提出了相应的修正方案,在此基础上总结了两核区旋称反转现象的系统规律。利用激发能系统学方法指定奇奇核转动带的能级自旋,主要遵循以下三点原则:①自旋奇偶性:根据推转壳模型的描述,当准粒子处于优惠态(Favored)时、较非优惠态(Unfavored)具有更大的顺排角动量。这样,通过对转动带中两signature分支系列的i_x大小的比较,可以辅助推断能级自旋的奇偶性;②顺排角动量相加性:在忽略p-n剩余相互作用条件下,奇奇核中总的顺排角动量近似等于相邻奇A核中相应组态带提取的准粒子顺排角动量之和。这样,利用i_x对自旋值比较敏感的特点,可以推断出能级自旋取值的大致范围;③激发能系统性分析:由于集体转动反映大量核子的集体行为,少数核子的改变不会对这种运动产生明显影响,利用转动惯量的组态相关特性,在一组同位素或同中子素系列链中,对应一定内禀结构的转动带,随着质子数或中子数的均匀递增,能级能量应表现光滑的变化趋势(即不发生突变)。这三个方面基于不同角度、相对独立地指定转动带自旋。其结论的统一、往往可以给出正确的自旋数据。然而,必须指出的是:系统学分析过程是一种经验方法,并不具有严格的理论基础,上述的自旋修正以及总结出的旋称反转规律,必须得到实验核谱学测量的支持。基于这一思想,针对两核区,我们分别选择情况较为阿典型的奇奇核~(158)Ho和~(124)Cs进行了集中的实验测量。本论文的主要研究目标就是要建立两核中晕带与低激发态或基态的联系,找出原纲图中错误自旋指定的原因所在,验证系统学结论的有效性,并用旋称反转的实验规律性对理论模型的系统计算结果进行检验。(一)奇奇核~(158)58Ho高自旋态的实验研究在原子能研究院的HI-13串列加速器上,通过~(152)Sm(~(11)B,5nγ)~(158)Ho融合蒸发反应(束流轰击能E_(lab)=60 MeV)、对目标核~(158)Ho的高自旋态进行布居。探测阵列由八个高纯锗探测器构成,为了提高低能射线的收集效率,使用了一个平面型高纯锗探测器。分别进行了激发函数曲线测量、γ-γ-t符合测量和剩余放射性测量。数据反演后,两重符合总记数~120x10~6。实验结果概括如下:1.建立了基态带,组态指定为:{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2-direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=5~+;2.建立了一个强度仅次于晕带的强耦合带结构(亚晕带:yrare band)。通过转动参数、跃迁几率、顺排角动量、带交叉频率等特征参量的分析,其组态指定为:{πg_(7/2)[404】7/2]~+ direct X vi_(3/2)[651]3/2~+}K~π=5~+。 尽管该带带头附近的结构还不完整,但观测到了带内几条能级退激、分别贯入到晕带和基态带,从而将晕带和亚晕带同基态联系起来,固定了晕带和亚晕带中能级的激发能位置,并通过对这些连接跃迁多极性的分析,指定了两个带中的能级自旋和宇称;3.晕带(πh_(11/2)direct X vi~(13/2))向高自旋端拓展了7条能级,最高自旋态达到26h,激发 能4.9MeV。肯定了原纲图中不确定的617kev跃迁的存在和放置,观测到了反转点(I_(inv.)≈16h),肯定了系统学研究对该核的自旋修正。基于本实验建立的连接关系,晕带中观测到的最低态(即70.8kev跃迁贯入能级)激发能为207.6kev,而对应该能级,原纲图中激发能为156.9kev。这意味着原能级纲图中,晕带向基态退激途径中漏掉了一个~5lkeV的"能隙"(Energy gap),自旋差|△I|=3。根据晕带与退激5-同质异能态的跃迁(156.9kev)的快符合关系,该"能隙"至少由两个跃迁构成。该结果否定了原纲图中对晕带带头处理的三种可能性(①70.8kev为连接跃迁,其退激的能级为带头;②70.8kev为带内跃迁,156.9kev、5-同质异能态为带头:⑨70.8kev为带内跃迁,156.9kev、5-同质异能态为带头,但带头附近仍存在尚未观测的跃迁)。不确切的连接关系是过去实验中无法正确指定晕带自旋的原因;4.建立了一个强耦合的转动带结构,其能级间距(跃迁E_γ)随角动量的增加均匀递增,组态指定为{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-direct Xvh_(11/2)[505]11/2~-}K~π=9~+;同时,观测到了另一高K激发态退激到该转动带。其内禀结构指定为:{πg_(7/2)[404]7/2~+direct Xvh_(11/2)[505]1 l/2~-}K~π=9~-;5.建立了基于156.9 kev(I~π=5~-、T_(1/2)=29 ns)同质异能态上的转动带,该带观测完整,具有较强耦合的结构特点。其内禀准粒子轨道指定为:{πh_(11/2)[523]_(7/2)~-direct X vd_(3/2)[402]3/2~+}K~π=5~-,与处于较低激发能(67.3 kev)的2~-态(T_(1/2)=27 min.)构成了一对GM伙伴态。否定了过去的实验中把该态指定为{πg_(7/2)~2+direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=2~-组态;6.观测到了一个基于65.5 kev激发态的转动带,通过理论模型预言的带头激发能及转动参数与实验值的比较、考虑到其较弱的布居强度和很低的顺排角动量、以及较强耦合的结构特点, 其组态指定为: {πd~(5/2)[402]5/2~direct X vh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=4~-。这一结果肯定了过去放射性测量中对处于较高激发能(139.2 kev)、T_(1/2)=1.85 ns、I~π=1~-激发态的讨论,即二者构成了一对GM伙伴态;7.建立了基于{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-direct X v_(7/2)[523]5/2~-}K~π=6~+激发态的强耦合转动带结构,其带头激发能为450.1 kev,与I~π=1~+、激发能为146.9 kev的同质异能态构成了一对GM伙伴态;8.在过去的放射性衰变测量中,提供了三个2~+激发态(激发能分别为117.7 kev、74.95 kev和316 kev)。其中两个2~+态(117.7和74.95 kev)同时指定具有{πh_(11/2)[523↑]7/2~-direct X vh_(9/2)[521↓]3/2~-}K~π=2~+组态。这里,我们指定1 17.7 kev的2~+激发态为{πg_(7/2)[404↓]7/2~+ direct X vi_(l3/2)[651↓]3/2~+}K~π=2+组态,即与本实验建立的亚晕带内禀激发态构成了一对GM伙伴态,而74.95 kev的2~+激发态指定为 {πh_(11/2)[523↑]7/2~-direct X vh_(9/2)[521↓]3/2~-}K~π=2~+组态,即与基态构成了一对GM伙伴态。基于本实验中K~π=9~+激发态的观测及其转动带的建立,我们指定激发能为3 1 6 kev的2~+激发态具有{πh_(11/2)[523↓]7/2~-direct X vh_(11/2)[505个]1 1/2~-}K~π=2~+组态,即这两个态构成了一对GM伙伴态;9.通过本实验、提供了~(158)Ho中各能态的跃迁强度和跃迁几率等数据。概括起来,奇奇核~(158)Ho的能级纲图大大完善了。综合本实验观测到的高自旋转动带结构和放射性测量中的部分激发态信息,我们可以整理出10对GM伙伴态,并提供了四个分别对应自旋平行和反平行耦合的GM能量漂移(GM Shift),即:{πh_(ll/2)[523]7/2~-direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=5~+、2~+,EGM=101.4 kev;{πh_(11/2)[523] 7/2~-direct X vd_(3/2)[402]3/2~+}K~π=5~-、2~-,E_(GM)=64.1 kev;{πd_(5/2)[402]5/2~+direct X vh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π =4~-、1~-,E_(GM)=113.3 kev;{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-direct Xvf_(7/2)[523]5/2~-}K~π=6~+、1~+,EGM=255.7 keV。(二)奇奇核~(124)Cs高自旋态的实验研究在原子能院的HI-13串列加速器上,利用~(116)Sn(~(11)B,3nγ)~(124)Cs融合蒸发反应(束流轰击能E_(lab.)=45 MeV),对奇奇核~(124)Cs的高自旋态进行了布居。探测阵列由10个高纯锗探测器和一个小平面探测器组成。数据反演后,总的两重符合事件数达到160x10~6。实验结果概括如下:1.高自旋转动带的信息更丰富了:建立了三个新的转动带结构,其中两个耦合带、一个退耦带,组态分别为:{πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~- direct X vhd_(5/2)[413]5/2~+}K~π=3~-、{πg_(7/2)[413]5/2~+direct X vg_(7/2)[402】5/2~+}K~π=5~+以及{πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~- direct X vd_(3/2)[400]l/2~+}K~π=1~-;2.低激发态的信息更丰富了:观测到了20多条新的低激发态跃迁,增加了10多个新的低激发态;3.转动带之间以及转动带与低激发态间耦合的信息大大丰富了:在过去的研究中观测到了三个彼此孤立、悬空的转动带结构,这里指定它们的组态为:{πh_(11/2) [550]1/2~-direct X vh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-}K~π=4~+(晕 带) ; {πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~- (direct X)vg_(7/2)[402]5/2~+}K~π=3~-(亚晕带:布居强度仅次于晕带);{πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~-(direct X)vs_(1/2)[411]1/2~+}K~π=1~-(双退耦结构)。其中,亚晕带(yrare band)通过至少三个独立的退激路径与低激发态联系起来;同时,建立了晕带与亚晕带间的多条连接关系。其它转动带分别与晕带和亚晕带联系起来,从而,在奇奇核~(124)Cs中,转动带的"悬空"不再存在,限定了各转动带中能级的激发能位援,并通过这些连接跃迁多极性的分析,分别指定了各能态的自旋和宇称。4.基于本实验建立的连接关系,晕带的最低态(124kev射线贯入能级)的激发能为618.9kev,该能量值比过去研究中的同一能级高出11.7kev。这表明原能级纲图中晕带的退激途径漏掉了一个11.7kev的"能隙"(根据Weisskopf估计,该能隙很可能由两个偶极跃迁构成)。该"能隙"的漏观测,正是导致过去实验中无法正确指定晕带自旋的原因所在;
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本论文主要讲述了作为CSR控制系统信息存储和关系协调中心的CS尺数据库系统及其BLOB、信息录入等相关内容的研究、设计和实现。我们选用Oracle作为数据库平台,并使用Rose对oracle进行建模,解决复杂的表关系和大量的表结构,完成了许多CSR系统的数据库建设。开发了操作Oracle中BLOB字段的Cokl组件,解决了高速的大数据块的存储问题。采用ASP完成了CSR数据库信息录入系统,使操作人员通过网络完成各个子系统有关信息的录入。这些都已可靠、高效、方便的用于实际的控制系统中。创造胜地提出了CSR数据库软件工程,CSR数据库命名规范,CSR数据库数据字典,CSR数据库安全策略等,以及完成了CSR数据库缩写管理系统,CSR数据库字段管理系统CSR数据库表视管理系统等。这些开发规范和管理系统在实际的数据库开发中起着指导和辅助作用。
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本文的日的是研究和解决HIRFL-CSR工程的分布式控制问题。论文在对分布式控制系统关键技术进行研究的基础上,提出了由RFL-CSR分布式控制系统的控制结构,研究了分布式实时系统设计和分布式井行算法,讨沦了嵌入式系统在HIRFL-CSR尺分布式控制系统中的应用,并对当前分布式控制系统中的关键技术进行了研究,给出了HIRFL-CSR从分布式控制系统的一个局部应用实例。论文分为七章,第一章为引言,对HIRFL-CSR工程和分布式控制系统进行了介绍,司时对课题的背景和意义进行了说明。第二章首先介绍了分布式控制系统的雄本思想和基于以太网和Internet的分布式控制系统。第三章介绍了RFL-CS尺分布式实时系统的设计。第四章介绍了分布式并行算法,提出了几个分布式并行算法的模型,并进行了分析和沦证。第五章介绍了嵌入式系统的葵本概念,在分析比较了当前主流嵌入式操作系统的基础上,介绍了嵌入式软件系统在HIRFL-CSR分布式控制系统中的移植和应用。第六章首先介绍了HIRFL-CSR尺分布式控制系统的软件实现,包括系统的层次结构,主要功能模块,以及软件实现中的卞要技术。给出了HIRFL-CSR分布式控制系统的一个局部应用实例。第七章是结束语,首先对HIRFL-CSR分布式控制系统进行了总结,分析了论文的不足和需要进一步研究的问题。整个论文实现了对HIRFL-CSR分布式控制系统的理论研究和设计,对HIRFL-CSR工程的分布式控制和现代工业控制系统的设计具有一定的指导作用。
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本文描述了在束γ谱学实验方法,并用这种方法研究了~(121)Cs核的高自旋态能级结构,观测到了~(121)Cs核中基于9/2~+质子空穴态上的△J = 1 的带和基于11/2~-准质子带,并在这两个带上鉴定出了四条新能级及六条新的γ跃迁。对这一结果进行了分析讨论。本文还讨论了一个小型BGO晶体球性能的测试方法,并给出了测试结果
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通过~(109)Ag(~(19)F, ypxn)在束流为75MeV的熔合蒸发反应,使用带BGO康普顿抑制的高纯错探测器阵列进行γ-激发函数、γ-γ符合和γ-角分布的测量,研究了~(124,125)Ba,~(124,125)Cs的能级结构,共观察和鉴别出20个新能级,29条新γ跃迁。得到了~(124)Ba核的高自旋态能级结构纲图;并首次在A-130区实验观测到了建立在组态[γh_(11/2),g_(7/2)]上的第二个负宇称带。观测到~(124)Cs高自旋态能带结构及其向基态的γ跃迁,从而使其高自旋态能级的能量和自旋指定成为可能。在此基础上建立了~(124)Cs的能级纲图。把~(125)Ba建立在H_(11/2)中子支壳上的负宇称带和建立在g_(7/2)中子壳上的正宇称带分别延伸到了35/2和23/2~+态。而对~(125)Cs则观测到了一个新的集体性很强的带
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本文主要致力于建立一个用多谱勒能移反冲距离法测寿命的主要方法。对所设计加工的多谱勒能移反冲距离法测寿命的实验装置--PLUNGER的结构特点作了详细的说明,描述了用电容法测量和监视PLUNGER的靶与阻止膜间微小距离及其变化的实验,并从中得出零点距即靶与阻止膜间所能达到的最小距离为6-9#mu#m。用激光反射法测定了PLUNGER在运动中靶与阻止膜间的平行度的改变。还叙述了该PLUNGER装置用于~(13)P束轰击~(93)Nb靶的在束实验详细过程及数据处理,给出了~(120)Xe的基带各能级寿命及~(121)Cs、~(117)I的部分能级寿命。最后讨论了探测器的立体角效应、束流照射的热效应等对寿命测量的影响
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A high quality pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane was successfully synthesized on an alpha-Al2O3 support by a novel microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis (MARS) method. Influence of synthesis conditions, such as synthesis time, synthesis procedure, etc., on the formation of hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane by MAHS method was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas permeation measurements. The synthesis of hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane by MAHS method only needed 45 min and synthesis was more than 8 times faster than by the conventional hydrothermal synthesis (CHS) method. A pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane was easily synthesized by MAHS method, while a zeolite membrane, which consisted of NaX zeolite, NaA zeolite and hydroxy-sodalite zeolite, was usually synthesized by CHS method. The effect of preparation procedures had a dramatic impact on the formation of hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane and a single-stage synthesis procedure produced a pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane. The pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane synthesized by MARS method was found to be well inter-grown and the thickness of the membrane was 6-7 mum. Gas permeation results showed that the hydrogen/n-butane permselectivity of the hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane was larger than 1000. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (DIOS-MS) is a matrix-free technique that allows for the direct desorption/ionization of low-molecular-weight compounds with little or no fragmentation of analytes. This technique has a relatively high tolerance for contaminants commonly found in biological samples. DIOS-MS has been applied to determine the activity of immobilized enzymes on the porous silicon surface. Enzyme activities were also monitored with the addition of a competitive inhibitor in the substrate solution. It is demonstrated that this method can be applied to the screening of enzyme inhibitors. Furthermore, a method for peptide mapping analysis by in situ digestion of proteins on the porous silicon surface modified by trypsin, combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-MS has been developed.
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Graphitic-nanofilaments (GNFs) supported ruthenium catalysts were prepared and characterized by NZ physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and temperature programmed reduction-mass spectroscopy (TPR-MS) and used for ammonia synthesis in a fixed bed microreactor. The TEMs of the Ru/GNFs and Ru-Ba/GNFs catalysts indicate that the Ru particles are in the range of 2-4 nm, which is the optimum size of Ru particles for the maximum number of B5 type sites. The activity of Ru-Ba/GNFs catalysts is higher than that of Ru-Ba/AC by about 25%. The methanation reaction on the Ru/GNFs catalyst is remarkably inhibited compared with a Ru/AC catalyst. High graphitization of GNFs is likely to be the reason for the high resistance to the methanation reaction. The power rate law for ammonia synthesis on Ru-Ba/GNFs catalysts can be expressed by r = Kp(NH3)(-0.4) P-N2(0.8) P-H2(-0.7), indicating that H-2 is an inhibitor for N-2 activation on the catalyst. Catalysts with the promoters Ba, K and Cs show large differences in activity for ammonia synthesis. The catalyst promoted with Ba (Ba/Ru = 0.2 molar ratio) was found to be the most active, whereas that with a K promoter was the least active. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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从辽河油田曙光污水处理厂含油废水样品中直接抽提细菌总DNA,并对总DNA中16SrRNAV3可变区序列作PCR扩增、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),与常规水质分析相结合对系统中不同处理阶段细菌种群多样性和水质之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,处理系统的不同处理阶段细菌的多样性有明显差异,既存在共同的细菌种属,也存在着各自独特的细菌种属,且细菌种群的多样性与水质CODcr和总石油烃(TPH)的浓度呈负相关,细菌种群的多样性越高,CODcr和TPH的浓度越低,反之则越高。在处理过程中,随着样品中细菌多样性的增加,种群结构之间的相似性指数(Cs)逐渐升高,最后形成了稳定的种群结构。
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Germination of non-dormant upper cocklebur (Xanthium pinsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds was stimulated by not only CS(NH2)2 but also NH2OH, KCN and NaN3. This stimulation was not via the enhancement of aerobic C2H4 production. NH2OH, KCN and NaN3 in certain concentrations promoted the initial growth of axial and/or cotyledonary parts, but the degree of growth promotion by NH2OH, NaN3 and KCN was slight compared with that by CS(NH2)2. As in the case of CS(NH2)2, however, the germinationstimulating effect of NH2OH disappeared rapidly as the preceding imbibition period was prolonged. In contrast, KCN and NaN3 were still effective in stimulating the germination of aged seeds maintained on a water substratum, as previously seen with anaerobiosis. Anaerobic induction was enhanced not only by NaN3 and KCN but also by NH2OH, KNO3, KNO2 CO(NH2)2 and CS(NH2)2 applied during the anaerobic treatment, but without causing an increase in anaerobic production of C2H4. Furthermore, KCN and NaN3, given prior to the anaerobic treatment acted additively with anaerobic induction. The germination-stimulating actions of nitrogenous compounds are discussed in comparison with those of C2H4 and anaerobiosis.
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介绍了大气散落核素 7Be、2 1 0 Pbex、1 37Cs复合在土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源领域中的研究进展 ;阐述了核素比率应用的原理、特点及其能更为敏感地反映土壤侵蚀速率和过程等优点 ;说明多元素复合示踪在推断土壤不同侵蚀过程及估算土壤侵蚀速率方面的作用 ;论述了建立两核素相关深度曲线确定泥沙起源深度的应用原理和特点及其应用范围 ,并对各种方法进行了简单的评价。
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The large uncertainties in estimates of cropland area in China may have significant implications for major cross-cutting themes of global environmental change-food production and trade, water resources, and the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Many earlier studies have indicated significant under-reporting of cropland area in China from official agricultural census statistics datasets. Space-borne remote sensing analyses provide an alternative and independent approach for estimating cropland area in China. In this study, we report estimates of cropland area from the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD-96) at the 1:100,000 scale, which was generated by a multi-year National Land Cover Project in China through visual interpretation and digitization of Landsat TM images acquired mostly in 1995 and 1996. We compared the NLCD-96 dataset to another land cover dataset at I-km spatial resolution (the IGBP DIScover dataset version 2.0), which was generated from monthly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April, 1992 to March, 1993. The data comparison highlighted the limitation and uncertainty of cropland area estimates from the DIScover dataset. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.