Topological constraints on scroll and spiral waves in excitable media

A conservation equation for topological charges of phase singularities (scroll and spiral waves) in excitable media is given. It provides some topological properties of scroll (spiral) waves: for example, the topological charge of the generated or annihilated spiral pair must be opposite. Additionally, we obtain another equation on scroll waves, which shows that singular filaments of scroll waves occur on a set of one-dimensional curves which may be either closed loops or infinite lines.

Efficient synthesis of α-alkylidene-β-lactams via NaOH-promoted intramolecular aza-Michael addition of α-carbamoyl ketene-S,S-acetals in aqueous media

A facile and efficient synthesis of substituted alpha-alkylidene-beta-lactams have been developed via a NaOH-promoted intramolecular aza-Michael addition of alpha-carbamoyl, alpha-(1-chlorovinyl) ketene-S,S-acetals and subsequent nucleophilic vinylic substitution (SNV) reaction in alcoholic aqueous media. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of immersion in various media on the sorption, solubility, elution of unreacted monomers, and flexural properties of two model dental composite compositions

Immersion in various media has different effect on the properties of dental composites, such as sorption, solubility, elution of unreacted monomers, flexural strength, and flexural elastic modulus. In the present work, the effect of immersion in various media and the relationship between the variation of these properties and the components of dental composite were investigated.

AGET ATRP of acrylamide in aqueous media

The recently developed initiation system, the activator generated by electron transfer (AGET) was used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to synthesize well-controlled polyacrylamide in aqueous media at 25 degrees C. The different reducing agents involved ascorbic acid and glucosa; well-controlled polymers were obtained when ascorbic acid was used as water-soluble reducing agent. The polymerizations targeted at degrees of polymerization in the range of 400 resulted in polymers with low polydispersity indices. Moreover, first order plots were linear.

Extraction kinetics of thorium(IV) with primary amine N1923 in sulfate media using a constant interfacial cell with laminar flow

Extraction kinetics of thorium(IV) with primary amine N1923 in sulfate media has been investigated by a constant interfacial cell with laminar flow. Studies of interfacial tension and effects of the stirring rate, temperature, and specific interfacial area on mass transfer rate show that the most probable reaction zone takes place at the liquid-liquid interface. According to the experimental data correlated as a function of the concentration of the relevant species involved in the extraction reaction, the rate equation of extracting thorium has been obtained as follows: -d[Th(IV)]((o))/dt = 10(-3.10)center dot[Th(IV)](0.89)center dot[(RNH3)(2)SO4](0.74).

Novel Hybrid Electrocatalyst with Enhanced Performance in Alkaline Media: Hollow Au/Pd Core/Shell Nanostructures with a Raspberry Surface

In this paper, a hollow Au/Pd core/shell nanostructure with a raspberry surface was developed for methanol, ethanol, and formic acid oxidation in alkaline media. The results showed that it possessed better electrocatalyst performance than hollow Au nanospheres or Pd nanoparticles. The nanostructure was fabricated via a two-step method. Hollow Au nanospheres were first synthesized by a galvanic replacement reaction, and then they were coated with a layer of Pd grains. Several characterizations such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the prepared nanostructures.

Preparation and characterization of cationic corn starch with a high degree of substitution in dioxane-THF-water media

Cationic corn starch derivatives with a high degree of substitution are prepared in alkaline solution or in mixed media of organic solvent and water with different levels of the cationic reagent, 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. The starch cationization yield is investigated, and the results indicate that the degree of substitution (DS) of the samples depends on the reaction conditions and reaction media. The maximum DS values are up to 1.37 in 1,4-dioxane alkali ne-aqueous solution. Meanwhile, the structures of the cationic starch derivatives are characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, as well as by SEM techniques.

[4+2] Annulation - Convenient Synthesis of Substituted Dihydropyranones in Aqueous Media

A facile and convenient synthesis of dihydropyranones has been developed by a formal [4+2] annulation of readily available alpha-acetyl ketene S,S-acetals with various aldehydes, involving a tandem aldol reaction and conjugate addition-elimination reaction, in the presence of NaOH in water.

Guanidine/Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed room temperature Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in aqueous media under aerobic conditions

A highly efficient Pd(OAc)(2)/guanidine aqueous system for the room temperature Suzuki cross-coupling reaction has been developed. The new water-soluble and air-stable catalyst Pd(OAc)(2)(.)(1f)(2) from Pd(OAc)(2) and 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2-n-butylguanidine (1f) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. In the presence of Pd(OAc)(2)(.)(1f)(2), coupling of arylboronic acids with a wide range of aryl halides, including aryl iodides, aryl bromides, even activated aryl chlorides, was carried out smoothly in aqueous solvent to afford the cross-coupling products in good to excellent yields and high turnover numbers (TONs) (TONs up to 850 000 for the reaction of 1-iodo-4-nitrobenzene and phenylboronic acid). Furthermore, this mild protocol could tolerate a broad range of functional groups.

Extending electrochemical activity of polyaniline to alkaline media via electrostatic interaction and sol-gel route

The electroactivity of polyaniline was extended to pH = 14 alkaline media by preparation of a novel electrostatic interaction conductive hybrid from water-borne conductive polyaniline and silica network containing carboxyl groups via sol-gel process. In addition, the obtained conductive polyaniline hybrid film displayed very low conductivity threshold percolation and demonstrated excellent stability upon cycling.