Structure, mechanical, and electrical properties of high-density polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites processed by compression molding and blown film extrusion

The structure and properties of melt mixed high-density polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotube (HDPE/MWCNT) composites processed by compression molding and blown film extrusion were investigated to assess the influence of processing route on properties. The addition of MWCNTs leads to a more elastic response during deformations that result in a more uniform thick-ness distribution in the blown films. Blown film composites exhibit better mechanical properties due to the enhanced orientation and disentanglement of MWCNTs. At a blow up ratio (BUR) of 3 the breaking strength and elongation in the machine direction of the film with 4 wt % MWCNTs are 239% and 1054% higher than those of compression molded (CM) samples. Resistivity of the composite films increases significantly with increasing BURs due to the destruction of conductive pathways. These pathways can be recovered partially using an appropriate annealing process. At 8 wt % MWCNTs, there is a sufficient density of nanotubes to maintain a robust network even at high BURs.

The microtubule targeting agent PBOX-15 inhibits integrin-mediated cell adhesion and induces apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells

Although recent decades have seen an improved cure rate for newly diagnosed paediatric acute lymphoplastic leukaemia (ALL), the treatment options for adult ALL, T-cell ALL (T-ALL) and relapsed disease remain poor. We have developed a novel series of pyrrolo-1,5-benzoxazepine (PBOX) compounds and established their anticancer efficacy in a variety of human tumour cell types. Here, we demonstrate that PBOX-15 inhibits cell growth, and induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in both T-ALL and B-cell ALL (B-ALL) cells. In addition, prior to PBOX-15-induced apoptosis, PBOX-15 decreases ALL cell adhesion, spreading and migration. Concurrently, PBOX-15 differentially down-regulates β1-, β2- and α4-integrin expression in ALL cells and significantly decreases integrin-mediated cell attachment. PBOX-15 interferes with the lateral mobility and clustering of integrins in both B-ALL and T-ALL cells. These data suggest that PBOX-15 is not only effective in inducing apoptosis in ALL cells, but also has the potential to disrupt integrin-mediated adhesion of malignant lymphocytes, which represents a novel avenue for regulating leukaemic cell homing and migration.

Realist evaluation: an immanent critique

This paper critically analyses realist evaluation, focussing on its primary analytical concepts: mechanisms, contexts, and outcomes. Noting that nursing investigators have had difficulty in operationalizing the concepts of mechanism and context, it is argued that their confusion is at least partially the result of ambiguities, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the realist evaluation model. Problematic issues include the adoption of empiricist and idealist positions, oscillation between determinism and voluntarism, subsumption of agency under structure, and categorical confusion between context and mechanism. In relation to outcomes, it is argued that realist evaluation's adoption of the fact/value distinction prevents it from taking into account the concerns of those affected by interventions. The aim of the paper is to use these immanent critiques of realist evaluation to construct an internally consistent realist approach to evaluation that is more amenable to being operationalized by nursing researchers.

Thinking ‘Dignity’ as a basis towards inclusive development

In an era of increasing political disenfranchisement, deep economic inequalities and associated social humiliations encountered by the rapidly globalising planet, this paper seeks to chart the current thinking about the paths that civil society need to take in order to achieve distinctive peace. Here commitment as part of the universal cosmopolitan order is critical to go beyond the binaries of religious and cultural differences. The role of dignity, of interdependency, respect and understanding has become all the more critical to sustain hope and life in this age of austerity. The paper argues for an empowered citizenship, based on dignity and respect to think socially towards inclusive development.

Sources of patient knowledge and financing of cataract surgery in rural China: the Sanrao Study of Cataract Outcomes and Up-Take of Services (SCOUTS), report 6.

AIM: To study patient sources of knowledge about cataract surgical services, and strategies for financing surgery in rural China. DESIGN: Cross-sectional case series. METHODS: Patients undergoing cataract surgery by local surgeons in a government, village-level facility in Sanrao, Guangdong between 8 August and 31 December 2005 were examined and had standardised interviews an average of 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Of 313 eligible patients, 239 (76%) completed the questionnaire. Subjects had a mean (SD) age of 69.9 (10.2) years, 36.4% (87/239) were male, and 87.0% (208/239) had been blind (presenting visual acuity < or = 6/60) before surgery. Word-of-mouth advertising was particularly important: 198 (85.0%) of the subjects knew a person who had undergone cataract surgery, of whom 191 (96.5%) had had cataract surgery at Sanrao itself. Over 70% of subjects (166/239) watched TV daily, whereas 80.0% (188/239) "never" read the newspaper. Nearly two-thirds of suggestions from participants (n = 211, 59.6%) favoured either TV advertisements or word-of-mouth to publicise the programme. While the son or daughter had paid for surgery in over 70% of cases (164/233), the patient's having paid without help was the sole predictor of undergoing second-eye surgery (OR 2.27 (95% CI 1.01 to 5.0, p = 0.04)). DISCUSSION: Strategies to increase uptake of cataract surgery in rural China may benefit from enhancing word-of-mouth advertising (such as with pseudophakic motivators), using television advertising where affordable, and micro-credit or other programmes to enable patients to pay their own fees, thus increasing uptake of second-eye surgery.

Impact of posterior subcapsular opacification on vision and visual function among subjects undergoing cataract surgery in rural China: Study of Cataract Outcomes and Up-Take of Services (SCOUTS) in the Caring is Hip Project, report 5.

AIM: To study the effect of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) on vision and visual function in patients undergoing cataract surgery in rural China, and to compare this with the effect of refractive error. METHODS: Patients undergoing cataract surgery in at least one eye by local surgeons in a rural setting between 8 August and 31 December 2005 were examined with slit lamp grading of PCO 10-14 months after surgery. Subjects with any PCO associated with best-corrected visual acuity of 6/7.5 or worse, or with grade 2+ or worse PCO without visual decrement, were offered YAG laser capsulotomy. Vision and self-reported visual function were assessed, and various demographic and clinical factors potentially associated with PCO were recorded. RESULTS: Of 313 patients operated on within the study window, 239 (76%) could be contacted by telephone; study examinations were performed on 176 (74%). Examined subjects had a mean (SD) age of 69.4 (10.5) years, 116 (67%) were female, and 149 (86%) had been blind (presenting visual acuity < or = 6/60) in the operated eye before surgery. PCO of grade 1 or above was present in 34 of 204 operated eyes (16.7%). Those with PCO had significantly worse presenting vision (p = 0.007) but not visual function (p>0.3) than those without PCO. Women had a significantly higher prevalence of PCO (20.9%) than did men (8.6%, p<0.05). Of 19 eyes undergoing capsulotomy with best-corrected visual acuity measured the next day, 13 (68%) improved by one or more lines, and seven (37%) improved by two or more lines. Despite a higher uptake of capsulotomy (95%) as opposed to refraction (35%) in this cohort, the yield in terms of eyes with poor presenting visual acuity (< 6/18) that could be improved was higher for refraction (26% = 9/35) than for capsulotomy (9% = 3/35). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PCO and impact on vision and visual function in this cohort was modest 1 year after surgery. However, PCO prevalence increases with time. Follow-up of this cohort is underway to determine the effectiveness of this early intervention in identifying and treating subjects who will eventually experience clinically significant PCO.

Sexual abuse of children in low-income settings:time for action

In this article, child sexual abuse in low-income settings is reviewed, including the extent of the problem, the way children present, and how they should be managed. Liaising with other agencies, training in all aspects of sexual abuse and creating an environment that is conducive to good care by all groups involved is essential. Technical details of medical examination are not covered as appropriate guidelines are accessible.

Violência Doméstica: Manual de Recursos para a Rede de Intervenção Integrada do Distrito de Évora

A violência doméstica pode entender-se como uma forma de violência entre pessoas que coabitam um determinado espaço. Todavia e para que melhor se compreenda este fenómeno, é conveniente conhecer a evolução conceptual que se tem verificado. Pode dizer-se que a violência doméstica começou a ser objeto de discussão pública cerca da década de 50 do século XX. Numa fase inicial a preocupação predominante era com a forma desumana e por vezes brutal como mulheres e crianças eram tratadas. Todavia, a nomeação deste tipo de violência foi sofrendo alterações, sendo referida de diferentes modos, seja como violência intrafamiliar, violência contra a mulher ou violência doméstica. Atualmente considera-se que qualquer abordagem à problemática da violência ocorrida no âmbito das relações interpessoais deve ser objeto de clarificação conceptual adicional, quer como forma de se explicitar o objeto de estudo/intervenção, quer de os conceitos não serem motivo de dissensões entre os membros de uma Rede, como é o caso.

Increased physical activity and fitness above the 50th percentile prevents the institutionalization of elderly people: a cross-sectional pilot study.

Introduction Institutionalization in a nursing home restricts autonomy, most notably free will, free choice, and free action. Decreased physical activity and fitness are predictive of disability and dependence (Rikli & Jones, 2013; Tak, Kuiper, Chorus, & Hopman-Rock, 2014); however little is known about the impact of these factors on institutionalization. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the impact of physical activity and fitness and on the risk of elderly people without cognitive impairment become institutionalized. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 195 non-institutionalized (80.14.4yrs) and 186 institutionalized (83.85.2yrs) participants. Cognitive impairment was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination, physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and measures of physical fitness were determined by the Senior Fitness Test. Results: Multivariate binary logistic analysis selected 4 main predictors of institutionalization in both genders. The likelihood of becoming institutionalized increased by +18.6% for each additional year of age, while it decreased by -24.8% by each fewer kg/m2 in BMI, by -0.9% for each additional meter performed in the aerobic endurance test and by -2.0% for each additional 100MET-min/wk of physical activity expenditure (p<0.05). Values ≤50th percentile (age ≥81yrs, BMI≥26.7kg/m2, aerobic endurance ≤367.6m, and physical activity ≤693MET-min/wk) were computed using Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis as cut-offs discriminating institutionalized from non-institutionalized elderly people. Conclusion The performance of physical activity, allied to an improvement in physical fitness (mainly BMI and aerobic endurance) may prevent the institutionalization of elderly people without cognitive impairment only if they are above the 50th percentile; the following is highly recommend: expending ≥693MET-min/wk on physical activity, being ≤26.7kg/m2 on BMI, and being able to walk ≥367.6m in the aerobic endurance test, especially above the age of 80 years. The discovery of this trigger justifies the development of physical activity programs targeting the pointed cut-offs in old, and very old people. References Rikli, R., & Jones, C. (2013). Development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later years. Gerontologist, 53, 255-267. Tak, E., Kuiper, R., Chorus, A., & Hopman-Rock, M. (2014). Prevention of onset and progression of basic ADL disability by physical activity in community dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev, 12, 329-338.

Conhecer GLOBAL Atuar LOCAL

O consumo de substâncias psicoativas e os comportamentos aditivos no contexto escolar, constituem hoje um sério problema de saúde pública. A comunidade educativa é confrontada com enormes desafios no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma resposta única, integrada e pragmática para um fenómeno em constante evolução. A avaliação do perfil do uso de drogas numa dada população permite o desenvolvimento de programas mais realistas e ainda, quando a pesquisa é realizada sistematicamente, passa a representar um indicador fundamental para a avaliação dos resultados de intervenções eventualmente implementadas num dado período de tempo. Neste quadro, julgamos pertinente e oportuno a concretização deste estudo e o envolvimento de toda a comunidade escolar assim como parceiros estratégicos com atuação na área da saúde, educação, investigação e intervenção social. Objetivos: (1) Desenvolver avaliação diagnóstica, ao nível regional, sobre os hábitos, comportamentos de risco, consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas nos adolescentes em idade escolar. (2) Criar uma estrutura observacional permanente dos comportamentos aditivos dos jovens. Método: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritiva, longitudinal, realizado a 1181 alunos do7º ano de escolaridade das escolas da região Alentejo. A recolha de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de questionário online. O questionário será aplicado anualmente, aos alunos do 7º e 9º ano, no sentido de possibilitar a monitorização dos comportamentos de saúde dos adolescentes relativamente aos consumos nocivos, o que permitirá que cada grupo seja sujeito ao mesmo questionário duas vezes ao longo do seu percurso escolar (no 7º e no 9º ano). Será solicitada a colaboração de todos os atores relevantes das escolas envolvidas no projeto. Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 537 rapazes e 644 raparigas. Da amostra 34,68% consumiram bebidas alcoólicas alguma vez na vida; 39,38% utilizaram o tabaco; 18,95% cheirou demoradamente substâncias como colas, vernizes e solventes por causa dos seus efeitos; 1,81% consumiu marijuana ou haxixe ou erva; 1,03% tranquilizantes ou sedativos e 0,94 % a cocaína. Dos que já fumaram tabaco 70,98% fizeram-no a primeira vez com os amigos. As bebidas mais consumidas foram a cerveja (23,93%), seguido das bebidas destiladas (13,63%) e do vinho (7,67%). 12,18% dos estudantes tomou cinco ou mais bebidas seguidas, nos últimos trinta dias. A maioria começou a consumir bebidas alcoólicas com os amigos (19,08%) ou com um familiar (18,99%). Considerando a idade dos jovens da amostra, os resultados mostram que o acesso às substâncias psicoativas ocorreu em idades bastante precoces. Conclusão: o consumo de novas substâncias psicoativas (lícitas e ilícitas), novos padrões de consumo e novas dependências, têm importantes implicações em termos de saúde pública, ocupando hoje, no quadro das prioridades de intervenção na área da promoção da saúde, um lugar de destaque. Projetos contínuos sujeitos a avaliações rigorosas são um dos caminhos para perceber se os jovens são capazes de enfrentar os riscos e os desafios que espreitam nos vários cenários por onde se movimentam. Neste quadro, o futuro das intervenções comunitárias na área da saúde dirigidas ao meio escolar deverão ter nas evidências científicas um pilar essencial.

Conhecer GLOBAL Atuar LOCAL

O consumo de substâncias psicoativas e os comportamentos aditivos no contexto escolar, constituem hoje um sério problema de saúde pública. A comunidade educativa é confrontada com enormes desafios no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma resposta única, integrada e pragmática para um fenómeno em constante evolução. A avaliação do perfil do uso de drogas numa dada população permite o desenvolvimento de programas mais realistas e ainda, quando a pesquisa é realizada sistematicamente, passa a representar um indicador fundamental para a avaliação dos resultados de intervenções eventualmente implementadas num dado período de tempo. Neste quadro, julgamos pertinente e oportuno a concretização deste estudo e o envolvimento de toda a comunidade escolar assim como parceiros estratégicos com atuação na área da saúde, educação, investigação e intervenção social. Objetivo: - Desenvolver avaliação diagnóstica, ao nível regional, sobre os hábitos, comportamentos de risco, consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas nos adolescentes em idade escolar. - Criar uma estrutura observacional permanente dos comportamentos aditivos dos jovens. Método: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritiva, longitudinal, realizado a 1181 alunos do7º ano de escolaridade das escolas da região Alentejo. A recolha de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de questionário online. O questionário será aplicado anualmente, aos alunos do 7º e 9º ano, no sentido de possibilitar a monitorização dos comportamentos de saúde dos adolescentes relativamente aos consumos nocivos, o que permitirá que cada grupo seja sujeito ao mesmo questionário duas vezes ao longo do seu percurso escolar (no 7º e no 9º ano). Será solicitada a colaboração de todos os atores relevantes das escolas envolvidas no projecto. Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 537 rapazes e 644 raparigas. Da amostra 34,68% consumiram bebidas alcoólicas alguma vez na vida; 39,38% utilizaram o tabaco; 18,95% cheirou demoradamente substâncias como colas, vernizes e solventes por causa dos seus efeitos; 1,81% consumiu marijuana ou haxixe ou erva; 1,03% tranquilizantes ou sedativos e 0,94 % a cocaína. Dos que já fumaram tabaco 70,98% fizeram-no a primeira vez com os amigos. As bebidas mais consumidas foram a cerveja (23,93%), seguido das bebidas destiladas (13,63%) e do vinho (7,67%). 12,18% dos estudantes tomou cinco ou mais bebidas seguidas, nos últimos trinta dias. A maioria começou a consumir bebidas alcoólicas com os amigos (19,08%) ou com um familiar (18,99%). Considerando a idade dos jovens da amostra, os resultados mostram que o acesso às substâncias psicoativas ocorreu em idades bastante precoces. Conclusão: o consumo de novas substâncias psicoativas (lícitas e ilícitas), novos padrões de consumo e novas dependências, têm importantes implicações em termos de saúde pública, ocupando hoje, no quadro das prioridades de intervenção na área da promoção da 176 saúde, um lugar de destaque. Projetos contínuos sujeitos a avaliações rigorosas são um dos caminhos para perceber se os jovens são capazes de enfrentar os riscos e os desafios que espreitam nos vários cenários por onde se movimentam. Neste quadro, o futuro das intervenções comunitárias na área da saúde dirigidas ao meio escolar deverão ter nas evidências científicas um pilar essencial.

Acesso aos Cuidados de Saúde: um direito em risco?. Relatório Primavera 2015

Em Portugal a saúde tem a dignidade de ser considerada na Constituição da República (CR), no capítulo dos direitos e deveres sociais (Capítulo II). Aí se afirma que “todos têm direito à proteção da saúde e o dever de a defender e promover” (CR, artº 64, nº 1), balanceando-se assim as responsabilidades do Estado, através do dever de proteção, com as responsabilidades individuais, através do dever de defender e promover a saúde. O Estado assume o seu dever garantindo “o acesso de todos os cidadãos, independentemente da sua condição económica” (CR, artº 64, nº3, al. a). O acesso aos cuidados de saúde constitui-se assim como a forma de o Estado garantir aos cidadãos o direito à saúde.

Epidemiology of painful procedures performed in neonates: A systematic review of observational studies

Procedural pain in neonates has been a concern in the last two decades. The purpose of this review was to provide a critical appraisal and a synthesis of the published epidemiological studies about procedural pain in neonates admitted to intensive care units. The aims were to determine the frequency of painful procedures and pain management interventions as well as to identify their predictors. Academic Search, CINAHL, LILACS, Medic Latina, MEDLINE and SciELO databases were searched for observational studies on procedural pain in neonates admitted to intensive care units. Studies in which neonatal data could not be extracted from the paediatric population were excluded. Eighteen studies were included in the review. Six studies with the same study duration, the first 14 days of the neonate life or admission in the unit of care, identified 6832 to 42,413 invasive procedures, with an average of 7.5-17.3 per neonate per day. The most frequent procedures were heel lance, suctioning, venepuncture and insertion of peripheral venous catheter. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches were inconsistently applied. Predictors of the frequency of procedures and analgesic use included the neonate's clinical condition, day of unit stay, type of procedure, parental presence and pain assessment. The existence of pain protocols was not a predictor of analgesia. Painful procedures were performed frequently and often with inadequate pain management. Unlike neonate clinical factors, organizational factors may be modified to promote a context of care more favourable to pain management. © 2015 European Pain Federation - EFIC®