Modellazione del trattamento a fanghi attivi del depuratore Ponte Metauro di Fano ed indicazioni gestionali per la riduzione dei consumi di energia.

Lo scopo del presente studio è quello di modellare il processo di trattamento delle acque reflue dell’impianto a fanghi attivi Ponte Metauro di Fano. In particolare, si è posta l’attenzione sulle fasi di trattamento secondario, agendo sui parametri che regolano tali processi e simulando il funzionamento ottimale dell’impianto attraverso il programma di modellazione STOAT. Oltre a modellare l’impianto, è stato anche fatto uno studio per cercare di risparmiare i consumi di energia e reagenti. La prima fase quindi è stata incentrata sulla modellazione dell’impianto, soprattutto per i trattamenti secondari, con varie simulazioni per poi arrivare ad avere una rappresentazione corretta del fenomeno che avviene nella realtà. La seconda fase invece è stata incentrata sulla ricerca di un possibile risparmio energetico per ottimizzare i consumi di energia e reagenti all’interno delle vasche.

Progettazione di sistema di distribuzione a cascata di ingranaggi a bassa emissione sonora per motore ad alte prestazioni

Il progetto è stato svolto in collaborazione con HPE COXA, azienda modenese dedicata alla progettazione e simulazione di elementi meccanici per il settore automotive. La finalità del progetto di tesi presentato è quella di progettare un sistema di distribuzione motore a cascata di ingranaggi dedicato ed adattato ad un motore termico V8, 4000cc già esistente, così da sostituire l’attuale sistema di distribuzione a catena e rocchetti. La peculiarità del meccanismo da progettare è la bassa emissione sonora, la quale deve essere ottenuta mediante modifiche al profilo della dentatura e ad un corretto dimensionamento del sistema. Per riuscire a soddisfare la richiesta, si utilizzano software di progettazione e simulazione (KissSoft e KissSys) che consentono di studiare la fase di ingranamento delle ruote permettendo di comprenderne il comportamento. Lo studio approfondisce poi tematiche riguardanti la natura delle modifiche effettuate, la resistenza strutturale, la distribuzione delle forze e delle tensioni e la progettazione di un sistema di ancoraggio e lubrificazione che permetta il corretto funzionamento. Il lavoro sarà completato poi con due appendici, le quali approfondiscono ancora più nel dettaglio alcune delle caratteristiche delle modifiche del profilo di dentature elicoidali, le quali non sono state prese in considerazione per il progetto della distribuzione.

B-R1ING MoCap: registrazione e riproduzione dei movimenti umani su avatar 3D in realtà aumentata

Già da qualche anno si è stati introdotti alla possibilità di vivere in un mondo virtuale; basta indossare un paio di visori di realtà aumentata, virtuale e mista che riproducono nell’ambiente circostante oggetti che fisicamente non esistono. Negli ultimi mesi, inoltre, questa possibilità sta diventando sempre più concreta con l’introduzione, da parte dei colossi dell’informatica, del concetto di "Metaverso": un universo parallelo completamente digitale dove sarà possibile svolgere ogni attività sociale. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di contribuire in piccola parte a questo enorme progetto creando una modalità di interazione tra utenti virtuale ma che si basa su comportamenti del tutto reali. A questo proposito il titolo dell’elaborato è: \textit{“B-R1ING MoCap: registrazione e riproduzione dei movimenti umani su avatar 3D in realtà aumentata”}. Lo scopo del progetto è quello di permettere a una persona di registrare un video in cui c’è un soggetto in movimento, salvare i movimenti del soggetto in un pacchetto dati e infine riprodurlo su un \textit{avatar} 3D che viene fatto agire in realtà aumentata. Il tutto farà parte di un’applicazione “social network” che permette l’interazione tra utenti in questo modo. Un utente può quindi registrare i movimenti umani e inviarli ad un altro utente che può riprodurre il messaggio in realtà aumentata tramite il suo smartphone. Viene introdotto così un nuovo tipo di comunicazione digitale indiretta passando dalla comunicazione scritta, ormai salda da decenni nei messaggi, alla comunicazione orale, introdotta da qualche anno tramite i messaggi vocali, alla comunicazione gestuale resa possibile dal lavoro in oggetto. Le fasi principali del progetto sono state due: una in cui, dopo aver individuato la tecnica migliore, è stato effettuato il "motion capture", un’altra in cui il movimento registrato è stato trasformato in animazione per un soggetto 3D che viene visualizzata in realtà aumentata.

Studio di fattibilità ed implementazione della tecnologia MBR per l'impianto di depurazione acque presso Caviro-Extra (Faenza-RA)

Caviro Extra è un’azienda con sede a Faenza, impegnata nella lavorazione dei sottoprodotti derivanti dalla vinificazione e nella produzione di energia sostenibile ottenuta sia dai propri scarti di lavorazione che da rifiuti agroalimentari di aziende terze. Lo stabilimento svolge autonomamente il trattamento dei reflui abbattendo le sostanze inquinanti e permettendo così lo scarico in pubblica fognatura. Lo scopo della tesi è quello di studiare la fattibilità, tramite lo studio bibliografico, dell’implementazione di un bioreattore aerobico a membrana (MBR) come soluzione impiantistica atta a fronteggiare l’alto carico idraulico ed ammoniacale gestito durante il periodo della campagna di vinificazione. In un’ottica di sostenibilità ambientale si è presentato un secondo scopo , cioè quello di andare a recuperare le acque reflue tramite osmosi inversa. Dallo studio di letteratura scientifica riguardo la capacità di nitrificazione del bioreattore a membrana si hanno risultati favorevoli. Indicando tale sistema come una soluzione efficiente e stabile che può essere applicata nella nitrificazione di acque reflue contenenti un’alta concentrazione di azoto ammoniacale. L’integrazione di un sistema MBR con un’osmosi inversa ha, altresì, dimostrato miglioramenti ulteriori della qualità dell'acqua trattata; dimostrando di fornire un’alta reiezione di nitrato come di cloruri e di solfati ad alta concentrazione iniziale come nel caso in esame e di poter essere la soluzione impiantistica per alleggerire il carico ammoniacale al settore biologico e allo stesso tempo recuperare acqua riducendo la necessità di emungimento da pozzi artesiani. L’azienda verificherà mediante l’attività di testing la reale fattibilità in termini di potenziale miglioramento di depurazione, costi operativi e semplicità di gestione attraverso l’implementazione di impianti pilota sia sulla tecnologia analizzata (MBR+RO) sia su un processo MBBR di tipo ibrido fango attivo/biomassa adesa.

Da Oriente al Nord Europa, dalla piazza alla tavola. Lo studio dei registri dei dazi come fonte per la storia dell'alimentazione. Il caso delle "vacchette" della città di Bologna (XIV-XV secolo)

Questo progetto di ricerca si pone l'obiettivo di gettare luce sul commercio delle spezie nel Medioevo, a partire dai preziosi dati contenuti nei registri del dazio di Bologna (1388-1448), nei quali venivano raccolti tutti i prodotti afferenti al cosiddetto "dazio della mercanzia" che transitavano in città per poi proseguire il viaggio verso altre destinazioni. Nel Medioevo, Bologna rappresentava un importante snodo per collegare i principali empori del mare Adriatico (prima fra tutti Venezia) con i mercati della Toscana, come Firenze, Pisa e il suo sbocco marittimo, Porto Pisano, da cui le spezie salpavano in direzione di altre regioni europee, come la Francia, l'Inghilterra, la penisola iberica e le Fiandre. I quantitativi di spezie giornalieri, mensili, annuali e totali costituiscono un dato inedito ed inaspettato: infatti, un prodotto tradizionalmente descritto dalla storiografia come raro, prezioso e difficile da reperire, affluiva in realtà con sorprendente costanza e raggiungendo volumi molto elevati. Considerando che Bologna, nonostante la sua importanza nel panorama italiano, rappresentava pur sempre uno snodo "minore" nella complessa rete di circuiti commerciali su cui erano solite viaggiare le spezie (come le grandi rotte marittime, per esempio), questi quantitativi tanto elevati di spezie ci obbligano a riflettere su quanto detto sino ad ora sul commercio di questi prodotti nel Medioevo e a mettere i dati bolognesi a confronto con quelli provenienti da altre fonti. Affiancando al tradizionale metodo storiografico un approccio "empirico", che tenga conto delle caratteristiche materiali ed organolettiche delle spezie, nonché delle informazioni provenienti da un ampio numero di fonti – non necessariamente legate al periodo preso in esame – è possibile riaprire il dibattito attorno a questo tema, che ha ancora molto da offrire alla ricerca storico alimentare.

Unified control system for three-phase electric drives operating in magnetic saturation region

The research project aims to study and develop control techniques for a generalized three-phase and multi-phase electric drive able to efficiently manage most of the drive types available for traction application. The generalized approach is expanded to both linear and non- linear machines in magnetic saturation region starting from experimental flux characterization and applying the general inductance definition. The algorithm is able to manage fragmented drives powered from different batteries or energy sources and will be able to ensure operability even in case of faults in parts of the system. The algorithm was tested using model-in-the-loop in software environment and then applied on experimental test benches with collaboration of an external company.

“Nanoglial interfaces: nanostructured materials, interfaces and devices to unveil the role of astrocytes in brain function and dysfunction”

The role of non-neuronal brain cells, called astrocytes, is emerging as crucial in brain function and dysfunction, encompassing the neurocentric concept that was envisioning glia as passive components. Ion and water channels and calcium signalling, expressed in functional micro and nano domains, underpin astrocytes’ homeostatic function, synaptic transmission, neurovascular coupling acting either locally and globally. In this respect, a major issue arises on the mechanism through which astrocytes can control processes across scales. Finally, astrocytes can sense and react to extracellular stimuli such as chemical, physical, mechanical, electrical, photonic ones at the nanoscale. Given their emerging importance and their sensing properties, my PhD research program had the general goal to validate nanomaterials, interfaces and devices approaches that were developed ad-hoc to study astrocytes. The results achieved are reported in the form of collection of papers. Specifically, we demonstrated that i) electrospun nanofibers made of polycaprolactone and polyaniline conductive composites can shape primary astrocytes’ morphology, without affecting their function ii) gold coated silicon nanowires devices enable extracellular recording of unprecedented slow wave in primary differentiated astrocytes iii) colloidal hydrotalcites films allow to get insight in cell volume regulation process in differentiated astrocytes and to describe novel cytoskeletal actin dynamics iv) gold nanoclusters represent nanoprobe to trigger astrocytes structure and function v) nanopillars of photoexcitable organic polymer are potential tool to achieve nanoscale photostimulation of astrocytes. The results were achieved by a multidisciplinary team working with national and international collaborators that are listed and acknowledged in the text. Collectively, the results showed that astrocytes represent a novel opportunity and target for Nanoscience, and that Nanoglial interface might help to unveil clues on brain function or represent novel therapeutic approach to treat brain dysfunctions.

Big data analytics for proactive and predictive maintenance in electric car battery packs

The idea behind the project is to develop a methodology for analyzing and developing techniques for the diagnosis and the prediction of the state of charge and health of lithium-ion batteries for automotive applications. For lithium-ion batteries, residual functionality is measured in terms of state of health; however, this value cannot be directly associated with a measurable value, so it must be estimated. The development of the algorithms is based on the identification of the causes of battery degradation, in order to model and predict the trend. Therefore, models have been developed that are able to predict the electrical, thermal and aging behavior. In addition to the model, it was necessary to develop algorithms capable of monitoring the state of the battery, online and offline. This was possible with the use of algorithms based on Kalman filters, which allow the estimation of the system status in real time. Through machine learning algorithms, which allow offline analysis of battery deterioration using a statistical approach, it is possible to analyze information from the entire fleet of vehicles. Both systems work in synergy in order to achieve the best performance. Validation was performed with laboratory tests on different batteries and under different conditions. The development of the model allowed to reduce the time of the experimental tests. Some specific phenomena were tested in the laboratory, and the other cases were artificially generated.

Development of advanced methods for the simulation of the reacting mixture formation in internal combustion engines with the use of machine learning algorithms

Besides increasing the share of electric and hybrid vehicles, in order to comply with more stringent environmental protection limitations, in the mid-term the auto industry must improve the efficiency of the internal combustion engine and the well to wheel efficiency of the employed fuel. To achieve this target, a deeper knowledge of the phenomena that influence the mixture formation and the chemical reactions involving new synthetic fuel components is mandatory, but complex and time intensive to perform purely by experimentation. Therefore, numerical simulations play an important role in this development process, but their use can be effective only if they can be considered accurate enough to capture these variations. The most relevant models necessary for the simulation of the reacting mixture formation and successive chemical reactions have been investigated in the present work, with a critical approach, in order to provide instruments to define the most suitable approaches also in the industrial context, which is limited by time constraints and budget evaluations. To overcome these limitations, new methodologies have been developed to conjugate detailed and simplified modelling techniques for the phenomena involving chemical reactions and mixture formation in non-traditional conditions (e.g. water injection, biofuels etc.). Thanks to the large use of machine learning and deep learning algorithms, several applications have been revised or implemented, with the target of reducing the computing time of some traditional tasks by orders of magnitude. Finally, a complete workflow leveraging these new models has been defined and used for evaluating the effects of different surrogate formulations of the same experimental fuel on a proof-of-concept GDI engine model.

Active Control of the Acoustic Field in a Vehicle Cabin

In this thesis, a thorough investigation on acoustic noise control systems for realistic automotive scenarios is presented. The thesis is organized in two parts dealing with the main topics treated: Active Noise Control (ANC) systems and Virtual Microphone Technique (VMT), respectively. The technology of ANC allows to increase the driver's/passenger's comfort and safety exploiting the principle of mitigating the disturbing acoustic noise by the superposition of a secondary sound wave of equal amplitude but opposite phase. Performance analyses of both FeedForwrd (FF) and FeedBack (FB) ANC systems, in experimental scenarios, are presented. Since, environmental vibration noises within a car cabin are time-varying, most of the ANC solutions are adaptive. However, in this work, an effective fixed FB ANC system is proposed. Various ANC schemes are considered and compared with each other. In order to find the best possible ANC configuration which optimizes the performance in terms of disturbing noise attenuation, a thorough research of \gls{KPI}, system parameters and experimental setups design, is carried out. In the second part of this thesis, VMT, based on the estimation of specific acoustic channels, is investigated with the aim of generating a quiet acoustic zone around a confined area, e.g., the driver's ears. Performance analysis and comparison of various estimation approaches is presented. Several measurement campaigns were performed in order to acquire a sufficient duration and number of microphone signals in a significant variety of driving scenarios and employed cars. To do this, different experimental setups were designed and their performance compared. Design guidelines are given to obtain good trade-off between accuracy performance and equipment costs. Finally, a preliminary analysis with an innovative approach based on Neural Networks (NNs) to improve the current state of the art in microphone virtualization is proposed.

Photoactive (supra)molecular devices in double layer membranes

Biological systems are complex and highly organized architectures governed by non-covalent interactions responsible for the regulation of essential tasks in all living organisms. These systems are a constant source of inspiration for supramolecular chemists aiming to design multicomponent molecular assemblies able to perform elaborated tasks, thanks to the role and action of the components that constitute them. Artificial supramolecular systems exploit non-covalent interactions to mimic naturally occurring events. In this context, stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems have attracted attention due to the possibility to control macroscopic effects through modifications at the nanoscale. This thesis is divided in three experimental chapters, characterized by a progressive increase in molecular complexity. Initially, the preparation and studies of liposomes functionalized with a photoactive guest such as azobenzene in the bilayer were tackled, in order to evaluate the effect of such photochrome on the vesicle properties. Subsequently, the synthesis and studies of thread-like molecules comprising an azobenzene functionality was reported. Such molecules were conceived to be intercalated in the bilayer membrane of liposomes with the aim to be used as components for photoresponsive transmembrane molecular pumps. Finally, a [3]rotaxane was developed and studied in solution. This system is composed of two crown ether rings interlocked with an axle containing three recognition sites for the macrocycles, i.e. two pH-switchable ammonium stations and a permanent triazolium station. Such molecule was designed to achieve a change in the ratio between the recognition sites and the crown ethers as a consequence of acid-base inputs. This leads to the formation of rotaxanes containing a number of recognition sites respectively larger, equal or lower than the number of interlocked rings and connected by a network of acid-base reactions.

Exploring domain-informed and physics-guided learning in image-to-image translation

Image-to-image (i2i) translation networks can generate fake images beneficial for many applications in augmented reality, computer graphics, and robotics. However, they require large scale datasets and high contextual understanding to be trained correctly. In this thesis, we propose strategies for solving these problems, improving performances of i2i translation networks by using domain- or physics-related priors. The thesis is divided into two parts. In Part I, we exploit human abstraction capabilities to identify existing relationships in images, thus defining domains that can be leveraged to improve data usage efficiency. We use additional domain-related information to train networks on web-crawled data, hallucinate scenarios unseen during training, and perform few-shot learning. In Part II, we instead rely on physics priors. First, we combine realistic physics-based rendering with generative networks to boost outputs realism and controllability. Then, we exploit naive physical guidance to drive a manifold reorganization, which allowed generating continuous conditions such as timelapses.

Numerical modeling and experimental validation of the recrystallization behaviour in the extrusion of 6XXX aluminum alloys

The microstructure of 6XXX aluminum alloys deeply affects mechanical, crash, corrosion and aesthetic properties of extruded profiles. Unfortunately, grain structure evolution during manufacturing processes is a complex phenomenon because several process and material parameters such as alloy chemical composition, temperature, extrusion speed, tools geometries, quenching and thermal treatment parameters affect the grain evolution during the manufacturing process. The aim of the present PhD thesis was the analysis of the recrystallization kinetics during the hot extrusion of 6XXX aluminum alloys and the development of reliable recrystallization models to be used in FEM codes for the microstructure prediction at a die design stage. Experimental activities have been carried out in order to acquire data for the recrystallization models development, validation and also to investigate the effect of process parameters and die design on the microstructure of the final component. The experimental campaign reported in this thesis involved the extrusion of AA6063, AA6060 and AA6082 profiles with different process parameters in order to provide a reliable amount of data for the models validation. A particular focus was made to investigate the PCG defect evolution during the extrusion of medium-strength alloys such as AA6082. Several die designs and process conditions were analysed in order to understand the influence of each of them on the recrystallization behaviour of the investigated alloy. From the numerical point of view, innovative models for the microstructure prediction were developed and validated over the extrusion of industrial-scale profiles with complex geometries, showing a good matching in terms of the grain size and surface recrystallization prediction. The achieved results suggest the reliability of the developed models and their application in the industrial field for process and material properties optimization at a die-design stage.

Functional engineering of hybrid heterostructures for application in electronic, optical and optoelectronic nanostructured devices

Interfacing materials with different intrinsic chemical-physical characteristics allows for the generation of a new system with multifunctional features. Here, this original concept is implemented for tailoring the functional properties of bi-dimensional black phosphorus (2D bP or phosphorene) and organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs). Phosphorene is highly reactive under atmospheric conditions and its small-area/lab-scale deposition techniques have hampered the introduction of this material in real-world applications so far. The protection of 2D bP against the oxygen by means of functionalization with alkane molecules and pyrene derivatives, showed long-term stability with respect to the bare 2D bP by avoiding remarkable oxidation up to 6 months, paving the way towards ultra-sensitive oxygen chemo-sensors. A new approach of deposition-precipitation heterogeneous reaction was developed to decorate 2D bP with Au nanoparticles (NP)s, obtaining a “stabilizer-free” that may broaden the possible applications of the 2D bP/Au NPs interface in catalysis and biodiagnostics. Finally, 2D bP was deposited by electrospray technique, obtaining oxidized-phosphorous flakes as wide as hundreds of µm2 and providing for the first time a phosphorous-based bidimensional system responsive to electromechanical stimuli. The second part of the thesis focuses on the study of organic heterostructures in ambipolar OLET devices, intriguing optoelectronic devices that couple the micro-scaled light-emission with electrical switching. Initially, an ambipolar single-layer OLET based on a multifunctional organic semiconductor, is presented. The bias-depending light-emission shifted within the transistor channel, as expected in well-balanced ambipolar OLETs. However, the emitted optical power of the single layer-based device was unsatisfactory. To improve optoelectronic performance of the device, a multilayer organic architecture based on hole-transporting semiconductor, emissive donor-acceptor blend and electron-transporting semiconductor was optimized. We showed that the introduction of a suitable electron-injecting layer at the interface between the electron-transporting and light-emission layers may enable a ≈ 2× improvement of efficiency at reduced applied bias.

Design and testing of innovative, artificial intelligence-based techniques to model and control the combustion process and to reduce the Co2 emissions in modern, high-performance, gasoline direct injection engines

This work deals with the development of calibration procedures and control systems to improve the performance and efficiency of modern spark ignition turbocharged engines. The algorithms developed are used to optimize and manage the spark advance and the air-to-fuel ratio to control the knock and the exhaust gas temperature at the turbine inlet. The described work falls within the activity that the research group started in the previous years with the industrial partner Ferrari S.p.a. . The first chapter deals with the development of a control-oriented engine simulator based on a neural network approach, with which the main combustion indexes can be simulated. The second chapter deals with the development of a procedure to calibrate offline the spark advance and the air-to-fuel ratio to run the engine under knock-limited conditions and with the maximum admissible exhaust gas temperature at the turbine inlet. This procedure is then converted into a model-based control system and validated with a Software in the Loop approach using the engine simulator developed in the first chapter. Finally, it is implemented in a rapid control prototyping hardware to manage the combustion in steady-state and transient operating conditions at the test bench. The third chapter deals with the study of an innovative and cheap sensor for the in-cylinder pressure measurement, which is a piezoelectric washer that can be installed between the spark plug and the engine head. The signal generated by this kind of sensor is studied, developing a specific algorithm to adjust the value of the knock index in real-time. Finally, with the engine simulator developed in the first chapter, it is demonstrated that the innovative sensor can be coupled with the control system described in the second chapter and that the performance obtained could be the same reachable with the standard in-cylinder pressure sensors.