943 resultados para pairing in nuclear matter


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This scoping study proposes using mixed nitride fuel in Pu-based high conversion LWR designs in order to increase the breeding ratio. The higher density fuel reduces the hydrogen-to-heavy metal ratio in the reactor which results in a harder spectrum in which breeding is more effective. A Resource-renewable Boiling Water Reactor (RBWR) assembly was modeled in MCNP to demonstrate this effect in a typical high conversion LWR design. It was determined that changing the fuel from (U,TRU)O2 to (U,TRU)N in the assembly can increase its fissile inventory ratio (fissile Pu mass divided by initial fissile Pu mass) from 1.04 to up to 1.17. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Microcystin-LR, a specific and potent hepatotoxin, was tested for its effects oil loach embryo-larval and juvenile development, The results of this study showed that loach embryos were more sensitive when exposed to microcystin-LR at a later than at an earlier stage of development, Juveniles were far less sensitive to MC-LR than were embryos and larvae. Mortality and developmental abnormality were proven to be dose-dependent and to be stage-specific sensitive. Among the abnormal changes noted were: pericardial edema and tubular heart, bradycardia, homeostasis, poor yolk resumption. small head, curved body and tail, and abnormal hatching, Liver and heart were the main targets of microcystin-LR toxicity. Ultrastructural analysis documented a complex set of sublethal effects of microcystin-LR on loach hepatocytes, chiefly including morphological alteration in nuclear and RER of loach liver cells. fit addition, microcystin-LR was lethal to loach juvenile in the subacute (7 days) exposure (LC50) = 593.3 mug/l). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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With a series of supportive experimental phenomena as induced by ion beam bombardment, energetic beaminduced athermal activation process in Si is demonstrated. This is correlated with phenomena induced by ultrafast energy exchange in condensed matter in general. A critical modelling is presented on the above process and a universal concept: the ultrafast energy exchange-induced soft mode of phonons and the lattice instability in condensed matter are proposed.

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Background: The model eukaryote, Tetrahymena thermophila, is the first ciliated protozoan whose genome has been sequenced, enabling genome-wide analysis of gene expression. Methodology/Principal Findings: A genome-wide microarray platform containing the predicted coding sequences (putative genes) for T. thermophila is described, validated and used to study gene expression during the three major stages of the organism's life cycle: growth, starvation and conjugation. Conclusions/Significance: Of the,27,000 predicted open reading frames, transcripts homologous to only,5900 are not detectable in any of these life cycle stages, indicating that this single-celled organism does indeed contain a large number of functional genes. Transcripts from over 5000 predicted genes are expressed at levels >5x corrected background and 95 genes are expressed at >250x corrected background in all stages. Transcripts homologous to 91 predicted genes are specifically expressed and 155 more are highly up-regulated in growing cells, while 90 are specifically expressed and 616 are up-regulated during starvation. Strikingly, transcripts homologous to 1068 predicted genes are specifically expressed and 1753 are significantly up-regulated during conjugation. The patterns of gene expression during conjugation correlate well with the developmental stages of meiosis, nuclear differentiation and DNA elimination. The relationship between gene expression and chromosome fragmentation is analyzed. Genes encoding proteins known to interact or to function in complexes show similar expression patterns, indicating that co-ordinate expression with putative genes of known function can identify genes with related functions. New candidate genes associated with the RNAi-like process of DNA elimination and with meiosis are identified and the late stages of conjugation are shown to be characterized by specific expression of an unexpectedly large and diverse number of genes not involved in nuclear functions.

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The gas-jet recoil transport technique is developed and improved as a new rapid and effective on-line and off beam method following "rabbit" apparatus in the study of short lives nuclei. It can transport the short half-life nuclear reaction products far from high radioactive area for collection and measurement at low background area. This technique has been widely used in the researches with accelerator and reactor. It is indispensable basic experimental technology and tool applied to nuclear reaction, spec...中文摘要:气体喷嘴反冲传输技术是继"跑兔"装置之后发展和完善起来的适合于短寿命核素研究的一种快速而有效的在线脱束方法。它能够将短寿命核反应产物传输至远离高辐射区的低本底场所进行收集和测量。该技术已在加速器和反应堆上得到了广泛的应用,是一种研究核反应、核谱学和合成与鉴别新元素、新核素的一种不可缺少的基本实验技术和工具。描述了气嘴系统的结构、基本原理、设计要求以及它的主要特性,特别是对系统的气体动力学机制以及各种参数对系统特性的影响等进行了讨论。最后,综述了它在核物理、核化学以及质谱学等领域的应用情况,并且给出了几个应用的典型例子。

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A Penning trap, which can measure the atomic masses with the highest precision, is one of the most important facilities in nuclear physics research nowadays. The precision mass data play an important role in the studies of nuclear models, mass formulas, nuclear synthesis processes in the nuclear astrophysics, symmetries of the weak interaction and the conserved vector current (CVC) hypothesis. The status of high precision mass measurement around the world, the basic principle of Penning trap and the basic information about the LPT (Lanzhou Penning Trap) are introduced.

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本论文介绍了当前中子及中子星物质中超流性研究的背景及现状、核多体理论Brueckner-Hartree-Fock及同位旋相关的Brueckner-Hartree-Fock方法,以及利用BHF和BCS理论计算中子及中子星物质中的对关联能隙方法。系统计算并描述了中子及中子星物质中子的3PF2态超流性,并重点考虑了利用介子交换流方法建立的微观三体核力所产生的影响。 我们的研究结果表明:三体核力对中子物质中3PF2态中子超流性有强烈的增强效应。 当在BCS能隙方程中采用自由粒子能谱近似时,三体核力使相应的对关联能隙峰值增加了77%(由0.64MeV增大到1.13MeV);当采用自洽BHF单粒子能谱时,三体核力导致相应的对关联能隙峰值由0.22MeV增大到0.50MeV,增加了约127%。 三体核力使中子星物质中3PF2态中子超流能隙随着密度的增大而单调递增。当采用自洽BHF单粒子能谱时不考虑三体核力时,对关联能隙峰值在密度约1.9fm-3时有峰值0.19MeV。而在这个两体力导致的能隙的峰值密度,三体核力导致相应的对关联能隙由0.19MeV增大到0.36MeV

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基于Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock(DBHF)方法的输入量是由NN散射和氘核数据确定的自由NN势,没有可调参数,这样可自洽地求解核物质的性质;同时,它给出的核物质的饱和性质(核物质的饱和能量和饱和密度)明显符合经验值。在论文的第一部分中,我们采用DBHF方法来计算研究了核物质性质的一系列物理量在核介质中的变化行为以及不同的T矩阵协变表示对这种行为的影响,譬如核物质中的自能,单粒子能量,核状态方程以及核物质的热力学自洽性等。同时从DBHF方法中给出的两核子的有效相互作用T矩阵出发,我们可以直接得出介质中核子-核子反应的总截面和微分截面,作为输运理论输入量的介质中的截面,对重离子碰撞中的各物理量有重要影响。论文的第二部分是计算研究同位旋非对称核物质的性质。作为通向研究有限核的一个中间过程,非对称核物质的研究对丰中子核物理以及核天体物理具有重要的意义。我们首先将对称的DBHF方法推广到非对称的情况,然后基于非对称的DBHF方法计算研究非对称核物质的性质,特别是不同定义的非相对论有效质量和Dirac有效质量在非对称核物质中的劈裂效应

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本论文介绍了放射性核束物理研究的现状以及当前常用的几种同位旋相关的重离子微观输运理论,对传统的 Boltzmann-Langevin 方程(BLE)考虑了同位旋相关的平均场、核子-核子碰撞截面和泡里阻塞,面且在初始化相空间的抽样中区分了中子和质子,并合模型也考虑了同位旋效应,建立了同位旋相关的 Boltzmann-Langevin 方程(IBLE)。利用IBLE对放射性核引起反应中的同位素分布,~(19)Na 的产生截面,以及中能重离子碰撞中的径向膨胀流进行了系统的研究,并对超重核的合成进行了一些初步的讨论。利用 IBLE 分别研究了不同弹核 ~(14)O,~(16)O 和 ~(18)O 在入射能量为 28.7MeV/u 下轰击不同靶核~7Be 和 ~9Be的反应,计算生成碎片的产生截面,发现用丰中子(缺中子)炮弹或丰中子(缺中子)靶进行反应,所得到的产物均有丰中子(缺中子)的碎片出现。同位素分布宽度和峰位入射体系密切相关,产生碎片的电荷数越接近于入射弹核的电荷数,则同位素分布的宽度越大,峰位偏离β稳定线值越远,其同位旋效应越明显。在28.7 MeV/u入射能量下,对反应系统 ~(17-20,22)Ne + ~(12)C 和 ~(20)Ne + ~9 进行了研究。对核素 ~(19)Na 产生截面进行计算和比较后,发现缺中子核引起的反应,具有更大~(19)Na的产生截面。通过研究反应系统 ~(40)Ca + ~(58)Ni 和 ~(40)Ca + ~(58)Fe 的径向膨胀流随入射能量的变化关系,发现径向膨胀流存在着强烈的同位旋相关性。利用径向膨胀流随入射能量的变化关系和拟和结果,从理论上证实了存在使径向膨胀流为零的特定入射能量,发现对于不同的反应体系这个能量是不同的,它随同位旋自由度的变化而变化。

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本论文基于重离子输运理论模型对当前人们感兴趣的超重核合成及非对称核物质状态方程做了研究。基于双核系统概念建立了一个描述超重核合成的理论模型。这个模型中通过求解Fokker-Planck方程来描述重离子碰撞过程的能量、角动量以及形变等的弛豫过程,从而合理地包含了重离子熔合过程中的动力学效应。在求解弹靶的质量扩散时采用了数值求解主方程的方法,避免对势能面做任何近似,因此能够充分地体现重离子熔合过程中弹靶的结构效应。本文利用这一模型计算了重离子熔合形成超重元素的最佳激发能、熔合几率、复合核的存活几率以及蒸发剩余核截面等,并给出了合成超重核的最佳弹靶组合。计算了超重核形成的最佳激发能,在符合已有最佳激发能实验数据的基础上预言了基于冷熔合反应合成114,116和118号元素的最佳激发能。计算了重离子熔合反应的熔合几率。结果表明,随着反应系统变得越来越重,重离子的熔合几率呈指数规律下降,准裂变变得越来越严重。这解释了实验上观测到的超重剩余核截面随体系的变重而急剧下降的现象。研究了重离子熔合截面的弹靶相关性。结果表明弹靶的质量非对称度越高越有利于熔合生成复合核,同时重离子熔合截面还强烈地依赖于弹靶结构。重离子的熔合过程是合成超重元素的关键因素之一,另一个影响超重核合成的因素是超重复合核的存活几率。基于统计模型,系统的研究了超重复合核存活几率的质量、能量、角动量等相关性。计算了基于冷熔合反应的蒸发剩余截面,得到的结果与实验基本符合,并预言了基于冷熔合反应生成114,116和115号元素的截面。在研究超重核蒸发剩余截面的弹靶相关性的基础上给出了合成超重核的最佳弹靶组合。计算表明,在挑选弹靶组合时使得合成的超重复合核是奇A核则会得到更高的奇数中子蒸发剩余核截面。计算给出了超重复合核的自旋布居及其对裂变位垒和鞍点态形变的依赖性。发现超重复合核的自旋布居强烈地依赖于复合核的裂变位垒,高的裂变位垒会给出宽的自旋布居;而超重复合核的自旋布居对鞍点态形变不是很敏感。另外研究了多核子转移反应合成超重元素的可能性。结果表明基于多核子转移反应合成大于108号的元素是很困难的。非对称核物质状态方程由于其对天体物理及理解奇异核结构的重要性,因此是人们长期以来一直感兴趣的研究内容,然而直到现在人们对核物质状态方程特别是高密核物质和非对称核物质状态状态方程仍了解甚少。基于Skyrme-Hartree-Fock理论以及同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(IQMD)模型研究了非对称核物质的化学不稳定性,结果表明非对称核物质可以发生化学不稳定性,且化学不稳定性发生的条件依赖于单粒子势能的密度相关形式。同时计算表明化学不稳定性是可以发生在真实的重离子碰撞过程中的,且在入射能量较高时化学不稳定性会消失。另外首次研究了高密核物质的化学不稳定性及其发生的条件。由于实验室很难达到很高密度的核物质,而中子星是由致密的极丰中子物质组成,因此提供了研究高密非对称核物质的自然实验室。基于Skyrme-Hartree-Fock理论研究了两种典型的非对称核物质状态方程(软对称势和硬对称势)对中子星中质子百分比的影响。另外研究了热中子星中质子百分比的温度相关性,发现热中子星中质子百分比随温度的升高而减小。基于IQMD模型研究了同位旋相分化现象的产生机制。通过与MSU的实验数据比较指出核物质应该有软的对称势。研究了重离子碰撞过程中的径向流现象,及其同位旋效应。计算了径向流产生的能量闭,并给出了实验上利用径向流产生的能量闭来提取非对称核物质状态方程的方法。

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相对于非对称核物质状态方程,对称核物质的状态方程己基本确定。然而不同的微观·唯象多体方法对非对称核物质状态方程(尤其是对称能)的预言很不一致。利用动量相关的标量势与矢量势(对称势)及介质修正的核子一核子散射截面,在工Buuo4输运模型框架下我们对重粒子碰撞产生的丰中子核物质的状态方程进行了研究。我们发现在低密情况下对称能E32(p/po),核物质同位旋依赖部分的等压不可压缩系数为K-55OMeF时能够较好地再现NSCL/MSU实验数据。在高密情况下π~-/π~+谱的横动量与动能分布,π~-谱的动能分布,π-的多重数,中快度前平衡核子发射的中一质比,中快度前平衡核子发射的同位旋非对称度,发射核子的中一质微分流,中一质微分椭圆流以及质子椭圆流是对对称能敏感的几个探针。其中对对称能最理想的探针是π-/π+谱的横动量与动能分布、中快度前平衡核子发射的同位旋非对称度以及发射核子的中一质微分流。利用这些对对称能敏感的观测量,通过与实验数据的对照我们就可以得出关于对称能的高密行为的重要信息。