抗氧化剂对大豆下胚轴GUS基因瞬时表达率的影响

大豆是我国最重要的油料作物之一，在我国的农业乃至幽民经济中占有重要地位。但是，由于我国人豆品质较差、产量较低，严重地影响着我国的大豆牛产及其在国际市场上的竞争力。农杆菌介导的转基因方法是大豆改良的最简便和最经济的方法之一，然而大豆基因转化效率低一直是大豆基因工程的主要限制因素。本研究以含有GUS报告基因和NPT II筛选基因的农杆菌1301侵染大豆子叶节和下胚轴，并用组织化学定位法测定GUS基因在叶节和下胚轴上瞬时表达，研究了抗氧化剂对提高大豆基因转化效率的影响，为建立大豆高效基因转化体系奠定基础。 以子叶节为外植体，用农杆菌侵染和共培养后进行GUS染色，观察其瞬时表达情况。在培养基中不含抗氧化剂的情况下，子叶节上未发现染色点，仅在下胚轴侧面有极少染色点。而在培养基巾含有抗氧化剂的情况下，外植体上产生了人量GUS染色点，其中大部分位于下胚轴处，子叶节部位几乎很少被染色。这说明下胚轴比f叶节更容易接受外源基因。本论文分别以子叶节和下胚轴为外植体进行研究。 以子叶节为外植体，在抗氧化剂作用下用农杆菌侵染，诱导丛生芽，在含有潮霉素的筛选培养基上培养，以筛选抗性苗。实验只得到一株抗性幼苗。 为了进一步研究抗氧化剂对GUS暴凶在下胚轴中瞬时表达的影响，我们特别以下胚轴为外植体，测定了多种条件下的瞬时表达率情况。 我们研究了共培养时间对大豆下胚轴基因瞬时表达率的影响，通过确定合适的共培养时间以获得最佳转化率。在共培养2天后，GUS基因的表达率是8%，但是在3天后，GUS基因瞬时表达率大幅度上升，达到23.4%。随后两天GUS基因瞬时表达率没有太大变化，因此，大豆下胚轴的GUS基因瞬时表达的最适共培养时间为3天。 农杆菌再悬浮液稀释浓度对大豆下胚轴GUS基因瞬时表达也有较大影响：再悬浮培养基与农杆菌菌液等体积时，GUS基因瞬时表达率最高，随稀释浓度提高，转化效率降低。这说明随农杆菌菌液浓度提高，侵染几率增加，从而提高了GUS基因的瞬时表达率。 很多研究表明大豆基因转化存在很大的品种问差异，我们选择了四种基因型差异较大的品种在上述最佳条件下分别测定了GUS基因瞬时表达率，但没有发现品种之间存在显著差异，说明抗氧化剂在大豆下胚轴基因转化中具有品种普遍适用性。 上述研究结果表明抗氧化剂能够大大促进GUS基因在下胚轴的瞬时表达，这对于今后开展大豆基因组研究和品质改良工作具有一定意义。

大百合属间杂交亲和性、离体培养及耐热生理研究

本实验以大百合和百合东方杂种系“索蚌”为材料，对大百合、百合杂交的亲和性、大百合离体培养及其耐热性进行了研究，以期为大百合与百合杂交育种及相应的耐热百合材料的筛选、种质保存、新品种快繁及栽培应用提供理论依据。 　　以大百合为母本，百合为父本，对属间杂交授粉后花粉管的行为进行观察，结果表明：大百合与百合属间杂交授粉后，百合的花粉在大百合的花柱内的伸长过程中，出现少部分花粉管末端分叉、膨胀或变细，胼胝质大量不规则沉淀，及部分花粉管在伸长过程中受阻等不亲和现象，但大部分花粉仍能够正常萌发，穿过花柱道，进入子房，到达胚珠，且能够观测到早期的胚。虽然杂交亲和性与花粉管的行为有关，但杂交的成功与否还受到受精后诸多因素的影响，还需要从胚胎学和遗传学方面进一步探讨。 　　以大百合的鳞片、叶柄和子房为外植体，进行离体培养，结果表明：大百合的鳞片和叶柄外植体均可成功地诱导小鳞茎，叶柄相对更容易。鳞茎诱导小鳞茎的最佳培养基为MS＋NAA0.5－1.0mg/ml +BA2.5mg/ml +KT2.5mg/ml +蔗糖3%＋琼脂0.7%，28周后，每个外植体平均可以分化4-11个小鳞茎;叶柄诱导小鳞茎的最佳培养基为MS＋NAA1.0－2.0mg/ +BA2.5-3.0mg/ml +KT2.5-3.0mg/ml +蔗糖3%＋琼脂0.7%，26周后，每个外植体平均可以分化3-9个小鳞茎。同时也发现，用鳞茎作为外植体，污染率较高。在大百合的子房离体培养实验中发现：BA和KT 是影响大百合子房分化途径的关键因素，其浓度分别为0.1-1.0mg/L、2.0-4.0 mg/L和高于4.0mg/L时，外植体分别分化为愈伤组织、芽和叶。外植体分化的基本培养基以N6、B5为佳。愈伤组织诱导小鳞茎的最佳培养基为MS+0.1-0.5mg/L NAA +2.5mg/L BA+2.5mg/L KT +10%蔗糖+0.7%琼脂。在1/2MS +3%的蔗糖+0.7%琼脂+1%活性炭的生根培养基上，生根率为100%。炼苗一周后移栽，长势良好。 　　对长至5－6片真叶的大百合植株在不同高温（30℃、35℃和40℃）下，分别进行4h、10h及24h(热胁迫10h，然后在22℃对照温度下缓苗14h)的热胁迫处理，测定了不同处理下，植株的净光合速率（Pn），实际光化学效率（φPS2），最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和叶片的相对电导率，游离脯氨酸含量，可溶性蛋白含量，以及叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明：大百合对30℃的高温胁迫有较好的适应能力，表现为可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸等渗透调节物质的积累，抗氧化酶活性的提高，以及缓苗后细胞膜的自我修复和光合能力的恢复;随着胁迫温度的升高（35℃、40℃）和胁迫时间的延长（4h、10h），大百合一方面对高温胁迫做出了积极的响应，另一方面，光系统的光合能力，细胞膜的稳定性，抗氧化酶的活性，也受到了一定程度的伤害，在缓苗后,细胞膜的稳定性、细胞的渗透势、抗氧化酶的活性等都在一定程度上得到恢复。 　　

Mapping chromosomal homologies between humans and two langurs (Semnopithecus francoisi and S-Phayrei) by chromosome painting

Chromosomal homologies were established between human and two Chinese langurs (Semnopithecus francoisi, 2n=44, and S. phayrei, 2n=44) by chromosome painting with chromosome-specific DNA probes of all human chromosomes except the Y. Both langur species showed identical hybridization patterns in addition to similar G-banding patterns. In total, 23 human chromosome-specific probes detected 30 homologous chromosome segments in a haploid langur genome. Except for human chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 16 and 19 probes, which each gave signals on two non-homologous langur chromosomes respectively, all other probes each hybridized to a single chromosome. The results indicate a high degree of conservation of chromosomal synteny between human and these two Chinese langurs. The human chromosome 2 probe painted the entire euchromatic regions of langur chromosomes 14 and 19. Human chromosome 1 probe hybridized to three regions on langur autosomes, one region on langur chromosome 4 and two regions on langur chromosome 5. Human 19 probe hybridized on the same pattern to one region on chromosome 4 and to two regions on langur chromosome 5, where it alternated with the human chromosome 1 probe. Human 6 and 16 probes both hybridized to one region on each of the two langur autosomes 15 and 18. Only two langur chromosomes (12 and 21) were each labelled by probes specific for two whole human chromosomes (14 and 15 and 21 and 22 respectively). Comparison of the hybridization patterns of human painting probes on these two langurs with the data on other Old World primates suggests that reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations as will as inversions could have occurred since the divergance of human and the langurs from a common ancestor. This comparison also indicates that Asian colobines are karyotypically more closely related to each other that to African colobines.

Refined genome-wide comparative map of the domestic horse, donkey and human based on cross-species chromosome painting: insight into the occasional fertility of mules

We have made a complete set of painting probes for the domestic horse by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR amplification of flow-sorted horse chromosomes. The horse probes, together with a full set of those available for human, were hybridized onto metaphase chromosomes of human, horse and mule. Based on the hybridization results, we have generated genome-wide comparative chromosome maps involving the domestic horse, donkey and human. These maps define the overall distribution and boundaries of evolutionarily conserved chromosomal segments in the three genomes. Our results shed further light on the karyotypic relationships among these species and, in particular, the chromosomal rearrangements that underlie hybrid sterility and the occasional fertility of mules.

Chromosome painting in the long-tailed field mouse provides insights into the ancestral murid karyotype

We report on the hybridization of mouse chromosomal paints to Apodemus sylvaticus, the long-tailed field mouse. The mouse paints detected 38 conserved segments in the Apodemus karyotype. Together with the species reported here there are now six species of rodents mapped with Mus musculus painting probes. A parsimony analysis indicated that the syntenies of nine M. musculus chromosomes were most likely already formed in the muroid ancestor: 3, 4, 7, 9, 14, 18, 19, X and Y. The widespread occurrence of syntenic segment associations of mouse chromosomes 1/17, 2/13, 7/19, 10/17, 11/16, 12/17 and 13/15 suggests that these associations were ancestral syntenies for muroid rodents. The muroid ancestral karyotype probably had a diploid number of about 2n = 54. It would be desirable to have a richer phylogenetic array of species before any final conclusions are drawn about the Muridae ancestral karyotype. The ancestral karyotype presented here should be considered as a working hypothesis. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora

Cross-species painting (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 23 human (Homo sapiens (HSA)) chromosome-specific painting probes (HSA 1-22 and the X) was used to delimit regions of homology on the chromosomes of the golden mole (Ghrysochloris asiaticus) and elephant-shrew (Elephantulus rupestris). A cladistic interpretation of our data provides evidence of two unique associations, HSA 1/19p and 5/21/3, that support Afrotheria. The recognition of HSA 5/3/21 expands on the 3/21 synteny originally designated as an ancestral state for all eutherians. We have identified one adjacent segment combination (HSA2/8p/4) that is supportive of Afroinsectiphillia (aardvark, golden mole, elephant-shrew). Two segmental combinations (HSA 10q/17 and HSA 3/20) unite the aardvark and elephant-shrews as sister taxa. The finding that segmental syntenies in evolutionarily distant taxa can improve phylogenetic resolution suggests that they may be useful for testing sequence-based phylogenies of the early eutherian mammals. They may even suggest clades that sequence trees are not recovering with any consistency and thus encourage the search for additional rare genomic changes among afrotheres.

The impact of chromosome sorting and painting on the comparative analysis of primate genomes

Chromosome sorting by flow cytometry is the main source of chromosome-specific DNA for the production of painting probes. These probes have been used for cross-species in situ hybridization in the construction of comparative maps, in the study of karyotype evolution and phylogenetics, in delineating territories in interphase nuclei, and in the analysis of chromosome breakpoints. We review here the contributions that this technology has made to the analysis of primate genomes. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Chromosomal rearrangements underlying karyotype differences between Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) and Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) revealed by chromosome painting

The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), a representative species of the order Pholidota, has been enlisted in the mammalian whole-genome sequencing project mainly because of its phylogenetic importance. Previous studies showed that the diploid number o

Defining the orientation of the tandem fusions that occurred during the evolution of Indian muntjac chromosomes by BAC mapping

The Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) has a karyotype of 2n=6 in the female and 7 in the male, the karyotypic evolution of which through extensive tandem fusions and several centric fusions has been well-documented by recent molecular cytogenetic studies. In an attempt to define the fusion orientations of conserved chromosomal segments and the molecular mechanisms underlying the tandem fusions, we have constructed a highly redundant (more than six times of whole genome coverage) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Indian muntjac. The BAC library contains 124,800 clones with no chromosome bias and has an average insert DNA size of 120 kb. A total of 223 clones have been mapped by fluorescent in situ hybridization onto the chromosomes of both Indian muntjac and Chinese muntjac and a high-resolution comparative map has been established. Our mapping results demonstrate that all tandem fusions that occurred during the evolution of Indian muntjac karyotype from the acrocentric 2n=70 hypothetical ancestral karyotype are centromere-telomere (head-tail) fusions.

Assessment of cattle genetic introgression into domestic yak populations using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers

Hybridization between yak Poephagus grunniens and taurine Bos taurus or indicine B. indicus cattle has been widely practiced throughout the yak geographical range, and gene flow is expected to have occurred between these species. To assess the impact of cattle admixture on domestic yak, we examined 1076 domestic yak from 29 populations collected in China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Russia using mitochondrial DNA and 17 autosomal microsatellite loci. A cattle diagnostic marker-based analysis reveals cattle-specific mtDNA and/or autosomal microsatellite allele introgression in 127 yak individuals from 22 populations. The mean level of cattle admixture across the populations, calculated using allelic information at 17 autosomal microsatellite loci, remains relatively low (mY(cattle) = 2.66 +/- 0.53% and Q(cattle) = 0.69 +/- 2.58%), although it varies a lot across populations as well as among individuals within population. Although the level of cattle admixture shows a clear geographical structure, with higher levels of admixture in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Mongolian and Russian regions, and lower levels in the Himalayan and Pamir Plateau region, our results indicate that the level of cattle admixture is not significantly correlated with the altitude across geographical regions as well as within geographical region. Although yak-cattle hybridization is primarily driven to produce F-1 hybrids, our results show that the subsequent gene flow between yak and cattle took place and has affected contemporary genetic make-up of domestic yak. To protect yak genetic integrity, hybridization between yak and cattle should be tightly controlled.

Construction, characterization and chromosomal mapping of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)

We constructed a high redundancy bacterial artificial chromosome library of a seriously endangered Old World Monkey, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) from China. This library contains a total of 136 320 BAC clones. The average insert size of BAC clones was estimated to be 148 kb. The percentage of small inserts (50-100 kb) is 2.74%, and only 2.67% non-recombinant clones were observed. Assuming a similar genome size with closely related primate species, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey BAC library has at least six times the genome coverage. By end sequencing of randomly selected BAC clones, we generated 201 sequence tags for the library. A total of 139 end-sequenced BAC clones were mapped onto the chromosomes of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey by fluorescence in-situ hybridization, demonstrating a high degree of synteny conservation between humans and Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. Blast search against human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the size of the chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribution of the BAC library. This library and the mapped BAC clones will serve as a valuable resource in comparative genomics studies and large-scale genome sequencing of nonhuman primates. The DNA sequence data reported in this paper were deposited in GenBank and assigned the accession number CG891489-CG891703.

Major histocompatibility complex class I involvement in the rejection of allogeneic erythrocytes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Major histocompatibility complex genes are thought to be involved in allogeneic graft rejection but not many reports are available on their functional analysis in fish. Analysis of available sequences of MHC genes suggests functions in antigen presentation similar to those found in higher vertebrates. In mammals, the MHC class I and class II molecules are major determinants of allogeneic graft rejection due to their polymorphism in conjunction with their antigen presenting function. In fish, MHC class H molecules are found to be involved in rejection of allogeneic scale grafts. The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of MHC class I molecules in allograft rejection. Erythrocytes were collected from donors of rainbow trout expressed different class MHC class I alleles, stained with two dyes, mixed and grafted to the recipients that were of the same sibling group as the donors. The grafts were rejected by allogeneic recipients and the MHC class I linkage group was the major determinant for the rejection.

Pseudomonas duriflava sp nov., isolated from a desert soil

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain HR2(T) was isolated from a soil sample from the Talklimaken Desert in Xinjiang Province, China. Strain HR2(T) grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0 and 30-37 degrees C in the presence of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl. An analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain HR2(T) fell within the radiation of the genus Pseudomonas, the highest level of similarity being found with respect to Pseudomonas luteola IAM 13000(T) (97.5%); the levels of sequence similarity with respect to other recognized Pseudomonas species were < 96.4%. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that the genetic relatedness between strain HR2(T) and P. luteola IAM 13000(T) was 53.2%. The G + C content of the genomic DNA of strain HR2(T) was 55.2 mol%. The major fatty acids were 18: 1, summed feature 3 and 16:0. The hydroxylated fatty acids 10:0 3-OH, 12:0 3-OH and 12:0 2-OH were also present. The data obtained in this polyphasic study indicated that this isolate represents a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas duriflava sp. nov. is proposed, The type strain is HR2(T) (=KCTC 221129(T) =CGMCC 1.6858(T)).

基因组中新遗传结构的起源与进化

生物遗传物质的多样性从根本上决定了当今地球上生命世界的丰富多 彩。然而生命在漫长的进化历程中如何从最原始的生命形态不断演变，创造 出如此巨大的多样性，是自然留给我们最吸引人的奥秘之一。因此对于分子 进化生物学或进化基因组学的研究者来说，承载生命遗传信息的基因组如何 进化一直以来都是大家关注的一个基本科学命题。本研究主要从两个方面探 讨了基因组中新遗传结构起源的分子机制和进化模式，一方面我们以实验的 方法在黑腹果蝇亚种组中大规模地对新基因进行筛选和鉴定，探讨了果蝇基 因组中新基因起源的分子机制和进化模式；另一方面我们以生物信息学手段 对啮齿类动物大鼠和小鼠进行比较基因组研究，以人和猪的转录序列作为外 群，鉴定了大量啮齿类特有的新外显子，并对这些新外显子的进化特征和产 生机制做了研究。 在果蝇基因组新基因起源与进化的研究工作中，我们综合运用了荧光原 位杂交(fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH)，Southern 印迹 (Southern blotting)，表达转录分析，生物信息确认和进化速率分析等技术和分析手段， 通过对黑腹果蝇约7000 个基因在黑腹果蝇亚种组8 个近缘物种中同源拷贝数 分布的筛选，鉴定了17 个年轻的散在重复新基因，并对这些新基因的结构、 表达和进化进行了全面的分析。结果表明，DNA 水平的重组机制产生了大量 的新的与祖先基因结构没有冗余的散在重复基因，它们的基因结构以很高的 频率形成了嵌合结构。这些新散在重复基因形成嵌合基因的机会有可能大大 高于预期。同时，我们提供了有力证据证明，重复序列特别是DNAREP1 转 座子很可能通过了非等位同源重组方式介导了散在重复基因的形成。最后， 运用多种行之有效的分析方法，我们证明绝大部分的这些新的嵌合重复基因 是有功能的。在啮齿类新外显子的起源与进化研究中，我们首先利用有完整序列信息 的人和小鼠的基因组，通过同源比对确定了人和小鼠间12,419 个直系同源的 基因组转录单元，这些基因组转录单元中71,039 个大、小鼠共有且相位定义 清晰的外显子被用作后续的分析。通过与人的基因组序列相比较，并进一步 以猪的转录组序列作为第二外群排除掉可能是在人的基因组中丢失的外显子 后，我们共确定了2,695 个啮齿类特有的新外显子。随后对这些新外显子产 生的机制、进化速率、潜在功能以及与选择性剪接之间的关系进行了讨论。 结果显示多数新外显子来自内含子的非重复序列，存在快速的碱基非同义替 换和插入缺失，功能分布上最多的是参与细胞外结合和蛋白间相互作用，提 示这些新外显子的产生可能与啮齿类与外界环境的适应性进化相关。对这些 新外显子与选择性剪接之间关系所做的分析表明，大多数的新外显子存在于 表达量较低的选择性剪接形式中，这说明这些外显子通常参与形成执行组织 特异功能的表达形式，也从一定程度上解释了这些外显子何以能够摆脱对基 因的功能限制而产生较快的进化速度。 总之，上述对果蝇基因组中新基因和啮齿类基因组中新外显子的起源和 进化的研究结果表明，基因组中通过新基因或新外显子等基因组新材料产生 新功能的进化过程是常见的和重要的遗传机制。

The role of vibration and drainage in femoral impaction bone grafting.

Vibration is commonly used in civil engineering applications to efficiently compact aggregates. This study examined the effect of vibration and drainage on bone graft compaction and cement penetration in an in vitro femoral impaction bone grafting model with the use of 3-dimensional micro-computed tomographic imaging. Three regions were analyzed. In the middle and proximal femoral regions, there was a significant increase in the proportion of bone grafts with a reciprocal reduction in water and air in the vibration-assisted group (P < .01) as compared with the control group, suggesting tighter graft compaction. Cement volume was also significantly reduced in the middle region in the vibration-assisted group. No difference was observed in the distal region. This study demonstrates the value of vibration and drainage in bone graft compaction, with implications therein for clinical application and outcome.