El reto de la escritura: el caso de la escuela Cacique Jumandy y el pueblo kichwa Rukullakta, en Napo

La condición de oralidad se mantiene aún en muchas lenguas, en numerosos lugares del mundo. Para varios de estos idiomas -generalmente, en el contexto de procesos educativos de los países que los albergan-, se han elaborado alfabetos con el fin de que sus hablantes puedan comunicarse por medio de la escritura. Sin embargo, el paso de la oralidad a esta nueva realidad de comunicación e interacción no es un proceso mecánico en el que simplemente se utiliza o “aplica” un alfabeto para expresar las ideas en un idioma determinado, ya que dicho proceso se encuentra mediado por una compleja problemática socio-lingüística y psicolingüística. Las dificultades tienen que ver, principalmente, con la falta de un léxico apropiado para expresar hechos y fenómenos del mundo actual y, a un nivel más profundo, con la flexibilidad de las lenguas para expresar conceptos que están fuera de la experiencia de vida de sus hablantes en la línea de la historia. Partiendo de estas consideraciones, en el presente libro se analizan algunos aspectos que tienen que ver con la oralidad y la escritura del kichwa y del español en un establecimiento educativo -la escuela Cacique Jumandy- en Rukullakta, localidad kichwa de la provincia del Napo, perteneciente a la Jurisdicción Intercultural Bilingüe (sistema educativo para las nacionalidades indígenas del Ecuador).

Brasil, Ecuador y la Manta-Manaos: Escenarios a considerar para una auténtica integración

El eje multimodal Manta-Manaos evoca la idea de la articulación comercial del Ecuador con Brasil y, consiguientemente, afloran sentimientos positivos sobre la integración regional sudamericana. Sin embargo, cuando se realiza un análisis más integral de las diferentes aristas que componen este megaproyecto, surgen varios escenarios y actores que deben ser considerados, si el gobierno ecuatoriano pretende alcanzar un auténtico desarrollo social, comercial y ecológico de la región amazónica, principal implicada en el corredor. El estudio profundiza dos líneas fundamentales: la primera es que los intentos de integración comercial entre Ecuador y el gigante latinoamericano deben ser conceptualizados desde la configuración económica de ambos países, reconociendo las verdaderas potencialidades y limitantes que existen. Y la segunda es que, tal y como se perfila la vía, una fractura ambiental de la Amazonía ecuatoriana es inminente, pues Ecuador no dispone de un plan de desarrollo integral que incluya principalmente el reordenamiento territorial e inclusión de los pobladores amazónicos. Crear alternativas para una integración que satisfaga los intereses comerciales, medio ambientales y humanos del Ecuador dependerá de la capacidad del gobierno para incluir a los actores, sincerar los escenarios comerciales y promover propuestas que efectivamente conduzcan a la inserción estratégica del Ecuador en el mundo.

El buen vivir o el buen sobrevivir

El presente ensayo contiene un primer esfuerzo por sistematizar algunos elementos comunes de la visión actual del buen vivir desde la perspectiva de varios pueblos indígenas amazónicos, y ha sido elaborado al cabo de varios meses de investigación de campo, mediante entrevistas, historias de vida y otras formas de investigación participativa de su autora, principalmente en la Amazonía centro‐sur.

El Buen Vivir frente a las nociones convencionales de desarrollo

El Buen Vivir, basado en la tradicional cosmovisión indígena de los pueblos andinos y amazónicos, se puede entender como un proceso hacia la mejora participativa de la calidad de la vida, a partir no solamente de un mayor acceso a bienes y servicios para la satisfacción de las necesidades humanas, sino también mediante la consolidación de la cohesión social, los valores comunitarios, y la participación activa de individuos y colectividades en las decisiones relevantes para la construcción de su propio destino y la felicidad, sobre la base de la equidad con respeto a la diversidad. Este proceso se inscribe en una relación armónica con la naturaleza, que concibe a la sociedad humana como un elemento constitutivo de una totalidad dinámica en evolución, cuya realización plena no puede exceder los límites de los ecosistemas que la han originado.

Ferrocarriles hacia el Oriente. Articulación del territorio y construcción nacional a inicios del siglo XX en el Ecuador (Estudios)

The railway lines proyect to the Eastern provinces of Ecuador that was established in the process of nation building at the beginning of the 20th Century formed an integral part of the program promoted by the liberal governmentes, that had intrest in articulating the region and control of the amazonic space. There is an analysis on the debate about the constrution of roads to the East at the beginning of Century and the development a railines to the cities of Ambato to Curaray, also sketching other railroad proyects to the East. The study contributes to redeeming the history of one of the raillines that has ocuppied significat political debates in the period and to situated some of the contradictions that were presented in the process of nation building.

La frontera global. Análisis de los flujos de narcotráfico en la frontera norte ecuatoriana

El texto trata la situación de la zona de frontera norte ecuatoriana, identificando que históricamente Ecuador es el único país que ha desempeñado un papel diferencial en la economía política del narcotráfico en los países andino-amazónicos; esto en el contexto de las guerras globales contra el narcotráfico y el terrorismo relacionadas directamente con los flujos transnacionales de narcotráfico. Desde esta perspectiva se presenta una propuesta analítica e interpretativa sobre la economía política del narcotráfico, haciendo referencia a los flujos transfronterizos de narcotráfico, manifestación mediante la cual, la compleja frontera norte-ecuatoriana se relaciona con el sistema industrial de droga que se desarrolla en los países andinoamazónicos insertándose a los circuitos y redes ilegales de la economía política internacional del narcotráfico. El establecimiento de una red de flujos transfronterizos de narcotráfico en la frontera norte ecuatoriana, constituyen la agudización de la consecución y la expansión del mercado de producción y tránsito de droga en la zona de frontera colombo-ecuatoriana. Con consecuencias problemáticas que agravan las condiciones sociales y de seguridad ciudadana de las poblaciones transfronterizas, las condiciones de corrupción y desintegración política, institucional y social.

Effects of caffeic acid and bovine serum albumin in reducing the rate of development of rancidity in oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions

The antioxidant properties of caffeic acid and bovine serum albumin in oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions were studied. Caffeic acid (5 mmol/kg emulsion) showed good antioxidant properties in both 30% sunflower oil-in-water (OW) and 20% water-in-sunflower oil emulsions (WO), pH 5.4, during storage at 50 ºC. Although bovine serum albumin (BSA) (0.2%) had a slight antioxidant effect, the combination of caffeic acid and BSA showed a synergistic reduction in the rate of development of rancidity, with significant reductions in concentration of total volatiles, peroxide value (PV) and p-anisidine value (PA) for both emulsion types. The synergistic increase in stability of the OW and WO emulsions containing BSA and caffeic acid was 102.9 and 50.4 % respectively based on TOTOX values, which are calculated as 2PV + PA, with greater synergy calculated if based on formation of headspace volatiles, The OW emulsion was more susceptible to the development of headspace volatiles by oxidation than the WO emulsion, even though the degree of oxidation assessed by the TOTOX value was similar.

Purified phenolics from hydrothermal treatments of biomass: ability to protect sunflower bulk oil and model food emulsions from oxidation

The phenolic fractions released during hydrothermal treatment of selected feedstocks (corn cobs, eucalypt wood chips, almond shells, chestnut burs, and white grape pomace) were selectively recovered by extraction with ethyl acetate and washed with ethanol/water solutions. The crude extracts were purified by a relatively simple adsorption technique using a commercial polymeric, nonionic resin. Utilization of 96% ethanol as eluting agent resulted in 47.0-72.6% phenolic desorption, yielding refined products containing 49-60% w/w phenolics (corresponding to 30-58% enrichment with respect to the crude extracts). The refined extracts produced from grape pomace and from chestnut burs were suitable for protecting bulk oil and oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. A synergistic action with bovine serum albumin in the emulsions was observed.

Post-polio syndrome: epidemiologic and prognostic aspects in Brazil

Objectives - To describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of post-polio syndrome (PPS) and identify predictors of its severity. Materials and methods - 132 patients with PPS were selected at the Neuromuscular Disease Outpatient Clinic of the Federal University of Sao Paulo. Descriptive analysis was carried out and predictors of PPS severe forms were investigated using an unconditional logistic regression. Results - The average age at onset was 39.4 years. The most common symptoms were fatigue (87.1%), muscle pain (82.4%) and joint pain (72.0%); 50.4% of the cases were severe. The following were associated with PPS severity: a < 4-year period of neurological recovery (OR 2.8), permanent damage in two limbs (OR 3.6) and residence at the time of acute polio in a city with more advanced medical assistance (OR 2.5). Conclusions - Health professionals should carefully evaluate polio survivors for PPS and be aware of the implications of muscle overuse in the neurological recovery period.

Iron deficiency anaemia and blood lead concentrations in Brazilian children

This study investigated the relationship between iron deficiency/iron deficiency anaemia, assessed by several parameters, and blood lead concentration in children. This cross-sectional study involved 384 Brazilian children, aged 2-11 years, who lived near a lead-manipulating industry. Complete blood counts were obtained by an automated cell counter. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin were determined respectively, by colorimetric, turbidimetric methods and chemiluminescence. Blood lead was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The impact of several parameters for assessment of iron status (haemoglobin, serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation, ferritin, red cell indices and red cell distribution width) and variables (gender, age, mother`s education, income, body mass index, iron intake, and distance from home to lead-manipulating industry) on blood lead concentration was determined by multiple linear regression. There were significant negative associations between blood lead and the distance from home to the lead-manipulating industry (P < 0.001), Hb (P = 0.019), and ferritin (P=0.023) (R(2)=0.14). Based on these results, further epidemiological studies are necessary to investigate the impact of interventions like iron supplementation or fortification, as an attempt to decrease blood lead in children. (C) 2011 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trends in Morbid Obesity and in Bariatric Surgeries Covered by the Brazilian Public Health System

Obesity is an increasingly serious public health problem on a global level. Morbid obesity, defined as a body mass index greater than 40 kg/m(2), is associated with increased mortality and a high burden of obesity-related morbidities. To study the prevalence of morbid obesity in Brazil, three national anthropometric surveys were reanalyzed. Data about bariatric surgeries were obtained from the Ministry of Health Hospital Information System, which is available online. A 255% rise in the prevalence of morbid obesity was observed, starting at 0.18% in 1975-1976 and growing to 0.33% in 1989 and 0.64% in 2002-2003. There was a higher rate in the South in the first two surveys, but the prevalence in the Southeast rose steadily, reaching 0.77% in 2002-2003 and overtaking the South. Since 1999, the Brazilian Unified Health System has covered surgical treatment for morbid obesity. From 2000 to 2006, there was a sixfold increase in the number of surgeries, which topped the 2,500 mark in 2006. The geographic distribution of these surgeries is heavily concentrated in the Southeast, the most developed region of Brazil, where there is also the highest prevalence of morbid obesity. This was followed by the Southern region. The figures for the rise in morbid obesity in Brazil are startling, especially the increase among men. This is a situation that calls for further study, alongside measures to encourage the adoption of healthy lifestyles. Preventive measures aimed at slowing down or reversing the obesity epidemic are urgently required.

Narrowing socioeconomic inequality in child stunting: the Brazilian experience, 1974-2007

Objective To assess trends in the prevalence and social distribution of child stunting in Brazil to evaluate the effect of income and basic service redistribution policies implemented in that country in the recent past. Methods The prevalence of stunting (height-for-age z score below 2 using the Child Growth Standards of the World Health Organization) among children aged less than 5 years was estimated from data collected during national household surveys carried out in Brazil in 1974-75 (n = 34 409), 1989 (n = 7374), 1996 (n = 4149) and 2006-07 (n = 4414). Absolute and relative socioeconomic inequality in stunting was measured by means of the slope index and the concentration index of inequality, respectively. Findings Over a 33-year period, we documented a steady decline in the national prevalence of stunting from 37.1% to 7.1%. Prevalence dropped from 59.0% to 11.2% in the poorest quintile and from 12.1% to 3.3% among the wealthiest quintile. The decline was particularly steep in the last 10 years of the period (1996 to 2007), when the gaps between poor and wealthy families with children under 5 were also reduced in terms of purchasing power; access to education, health care and water and sanitation services; and reproductive health indicators. Conclusion In Brazil, socioeconomic development coupled with equity-oriented public policies have been accompanied by marked improvements in living conditions and a substantial decline in child undernutrition, as well as a reduction of the gap in nutritional status between children in the highest and lowest socioeconomic quintiles. Future studies will show whether these gains will be maintained under the current global economic crisis.

The importance of hormone receptor analysis in osteosarcoma cells growth submitted to treatment with estrogen in association with thyroid hormone

Bone tumor incidence in women peaks at age 50-60, coinciding with the menopause. That estrogen (E2) and triiodothyronine (T3) interact in bone metabolism has been well established. However, few data on the action of these hormones are available. Our purpose was to determine the role of E2 and T3 in the expression of bone activity markers, namely alkaline phosphatase (AP) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). Two osteosarcoma cell lines: MG-63 (which has both estrogen (ER) and thyroid hormone (TR) receptors) and SaOs-29 (ER receptors only) were treated with infraphysiological E2 associated with T3 at infraphysiological, physiological, and supraphysiological concentrations. Real-time RT-PCR was used for expression analysis. Our results show that, in MG-63 cells, infraphysiological E2 associated with supraphysiological T3 increases AP expression and decreases RANKL expression, while infraphysiological E2 associated with either physiological or supraphysiological T3 decreases both AP and RANKL expression. On the other hand, in SaOs-2 cells, the same hormone combinations had no significant effect on the markers` expression. Thus, the analysis of hormone receptors was shown to be crucial for the assessment of tumor potential growth in the face of hormonal changes. Special care should be provided to patients with T3 and E2 hormone receptors that may increase tumor growth. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lyra e Kolping: comunicação e identidade de associações culturais germânicas no bairro de Campo Belo (SP)

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul.