The Effects of Civic Education on Political Knowledge

Traditionally political knowledge was regarded as an important potential outcome for civic education efforts. Most of the currently available research, however, tends to focus on non-cognitive goals, despite the fact that studies repeatedly have shown that political knowledge is an important resource for enlightened and engaged citizenship. In this article, we investigate whether civic education contributes to political knowledge levels. The analysis is based on the Belgian Political Panel Survey, a two year panel study among 2,988 Belgian late adolescents. The analysis shows that experiences with group projects at school contribute significantly to political knowledge levels two years later on. Furthermore, we can observe an interaction effect as those who are already most knowledgeable about politics, gain most from these group projects. Classes about politics, on the other hand, did not have an effect on knowledge levels. In the discussion, it is argued that civic education can have strong cognitive effects, but that these effects are not always related to classical civic education efforts.

Electoral Volatility, Political Sophistication, Trust and Efficacy

In this article we investigate voter volatility and analyze the causes and motives of switching vote intentions. We test two main sets of variables linked to volatility in literature; political sophistication and ‘political (dis)satisfaction’. Results show that voters with low levels of political efficacy tend to switch more often, both within a campaign and between elections. In the analysis we differentiate between campaign volatility and inter-election volatility and by doing so show that the dynamics of a campaign have a profound impact on volatility. The campaign period is when the lowly sophisticated switch their vote intention. Those with higher levels of interest in politics have switched their intention before the campaign has started. The data for this analysis are from the three wave PartiRep Belgian Election Study (2009).

The Relation Between Civic Education and Political Attitudes and Behavior

It is generally assumed that civic education efforts will have a positive effect on the political attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and young adults. There is less agreement, however, on the most effective forms of civic education. In the present study, we distinguish between formal civic education, an open classroom climate and active learning strategies, and we explore their effect on political interest, efficacy, trust and participation. To analyze these effects, we rely on the results of a two-year panel study among late adolescents in Belgium. The results indicate that formal civic education (classroom instruction) and active learning strategies (school council membership and, to a lesser extent, group projects) are effective in shaping political attitudes and behavior. An open classroom climate, on the other hand, has an effect on political trust. We conclude that there is no reason to privilege specific forms of civic education, as each form contributes to different relevant political attitudes and behaviors.

Election Forecasting under Opaque Conditions

Election forecasting models assume retrospective economic voting and clear mechanisms of accountability. Previous research indeed indicates that incumbent political parties are being held accountable for the state of the economy. In this article we develop a ‘hard case’ for the assumptions of election forecasting models. Belgium is a multiparty system with perennial coalition governments. Furthermore, Belgium has two completely segregated party systems (Dutch and French language). Since the prime minister during the period 1974-2011 has always been a Dutch language politician, French language voters could not even vote for the prime minister, so this cognitive shortcut to establish political accountability is not available. Results of an analysis for the French speaking parties (1981-2010) show that even in these conditions of opaque accountability, retrospective economic voting occurs as election results respond to indicators with regard to GDP and unemployment levels. Party membership figures can be used to model the popularity function in election forecasting.

Punishing Local Incumbents for the Local Economy

After decennia of research on economic voting, it is now established that the state of the economy affects voting behaviour. Nevertheless, this conclusion is the result of a focus on predominantly national-level economies and national-level elections. In this paper, we show that at a local level as well, mechanisms of accountability linked to the economy are at work. The local economic context affected voting behaviour in the 2012 Belgian municipal elections, with a stronger increase of unemployment rates in their municipality significantly decreasing the probability that voters choose an incumbent party. Additionally, we observe that voters are not opportunistically voting for incumbents who lower tax rates. Instead, voters seem to be holding local incumbents accountable for local economic conditions. We hence conclude that voters care about economic outcomes, not about what specific policies are implemented to reach these outcomes.

Transfert de voix, flux électoraux et électeurs mobiles

Ruth Dassonneville et Pierre Baudewyns révèlent que, derrière les pourcentages des résultats électoraux, se cachent bien des mouvements et transferts d’électeurs. Ils se penchent sur la « volatilité nette », c’est-à-dire sur la somme des avancées et reculs des différents partis. Ils regardent également au niveau des individus (les électeurs) et observent que les électeurs et électrices votent différemment en 2014. Sur la base de ces analyses des transferts de voix, les auteurs démontrent également que, du côté wallon, on a assisté à un certain éparpillement des votes, surtout entre les partis de gauche. En Flandre, par contre, les électeurs et électrices de centre-droit ont fortement convergé vers la N-VA. Les auteurs établissent aussi un portrait précis de qui sont les électeurs stables (« stayers ») et les électeurs mobiles (« movers »).

Une typologie des politiques d’accountability en éducation : l’incidence de l’instrumentation et des théories de la régulation

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, de nouvelles formes de reddition de comptes et d’accountability émergent dans le champ éducatif. Nous proposons une typologie de ces politiques. La typologie proposée repose sur quatre dimensions, dont deux portent sur les propriétés des outils d’action publique déployés pour mettre en place les politiques (alignement des outils et enjeux), deux autres sur les caractéristiques des théories de régulation mobilisées et implicites au déploiement de ces outils (conception de l’acteur et médiations de l’action de régulation). Quatre types de logiques, dosant différemment « reddition de comptes » et « responsabilisation » se déploient : 1) reddition de comptes dure, 2) reddition de comptes néobureaucratique, 3) reddition de comptes et responsabilisation réflexives, 4) responsabilisation douce. Ces logiques idéal-typiques sont illustrées à partir des politiques de quatre systèmes éducatifs européens et nord-américains : le Texas, le Québec, l’Écosse et la Belgique francophone.

Profil des étudiants entamant des études universitaires et analyse des choix d’études

Cet article a pour objectif de développer, à partir d’une base de données inédite portant sur les étudiants s’inscrivant pour la première fois en première année à l’université en Belgique francophone, une étude socio-graphique du profil de ces étudiants et de leurs choix d’études, en prenant en compte plusieurs variables sociologiques et académiques : le sexe, le niveau de diplôme des parents, le statut de boursier et diverses variables décrivant le parcours scolaire antérieur. Il s’agit notamment de mesurer l’écart qui nous sépare d’une situation parfaite d’« égalité des chances » d’accès aux études universitaires, où la répartition des étudiants selon le domaine ou le secteur d’études serait indépendante des « variables héritées » liées au sexe ou aux origines sociales.

O Projeto Sete Villas

A crescente valorização dos recursos patrimoniais tem adotado uma importância particular nas últimas décadas, especialmente no que diz respeito às áreas rurais. Estas áreas são vítimas de processos de descaracterização devido à ausência de dinamismo económico e à consequente perda significativa de população. A conceção de novas estratégias implica um conhecimento aprofundado do potencial endógeno destes territórios para que seja possível perceber até que ponto os elementos da paisagem e o seu substrato natural podem ser entendidos e valorizados patrimonialmente, contribuindo desta forma para o desenvolvimento local sustentável através do aproveitamento turístico. Apesar de nos últimos anos ter sido verificado um crescente interesse pelas áreas rurais, tanto para viver como para visitar, ainda persiste uma imagem negativa destes territórios. E é necessário, portanto, pensar imagens de marca fortes e coerentes que apostem no carácter diferenciador destes espaços. O objetivo desta investigação passa pela avaliação da importância que o marketing territorial pode representar no desenvolvimento de pequenos territórios com potencialidades culturais. Estas constituem uma estratégia de promoção destes locais, contribuindo significativamente para o desenvolvimento dos próprios territórios, uma vez que para o aumento da atratividade territorial poderá induzir a um maior investimento e a um maior número de visitantes. A área de estudo selecionada para uma avaliação mais aprofundada será a região do Alentejo, que desembocará num projeto cultural criativo com ênfase no distrito de Portalegre. Este Projeto tem como fundo de base, a promoção turístico-cultural de um conjunto de pequenas vilas tradicionais pertencentes ao distrito, agrupando as mesmas numa rede coletiva de identidade comum. Este processo exige um estudo elaborado no que diz respeito aos recursos de vertente e potencialidade cultural destes territórios de modo a que consigamos transformá-las numa nova imagem de marca. Mais importante que o próprio património material e imaterial já previamente reconhecido são as pequenas narrativas locais que nos esclarecem quanto à sua história e identidade dos próprios residentes. O produto final será a construção de uma nova rede turístico-cultural que agrupe estas pequenas vilas num só roteiro. Para tal, é necessária a construção de um guia cultural criativo, onde a nova imagem destes locais se constrói pelas pequenas histórias e narrativas de interesse cultural. Na prática este produto será concretizado de três formas, impresso, online, e sob a forma de uma aplicação para mobile phone.

A Operacionalidade de um Departamento de Marketing do Sheraton Porto Hotel & SPA

O relatório apresentado reflete a experiência de nove meses de estágio no departamento de marketing do Sheraton Porto Hotel & SPA. Inicia-se com uma introdução ao conceito de marketing e ao de turismo, de seguida, à sua junção, ou seja, o marketing turístico, como surgiu, a sua importância e a sua evolução ao longo dos tempos, para melhor enquadramento das atividades desenvolvidas no estágio. Também neste ponto, irei focar a importância da internet no turismo, ou seja, o seu impacto nesta atividade que todos os anos atraí milhares de pessoas ao nosso país. Por fim, irei caracterizar o fenómeno do turismo na cidade do Porto, que tem vindo a aumentar ao longo dos anos, refletindo assim, as altas taxas de ocupação hoteleira, sendo o marketing o principal impulsionador para o crescimento desta cidade. No segundo ponto do relatório será caracterizada a cadeia que me acolheu durante o estágio, Starwood Hotels & Resorts, Inc, assim como, uma das sete marcas, neste caso, Sheraton Hotels & Resorts. Farei também referência a um dos maiores programas de fidelização, SPG (Starwood Preferred Guest), e das diversas campanhas que este programa desenvolve durante o ano, onde o papel do marketeer torna-se crucial para divulgação do mesmo. Realizarei uma breve caracterização do Sheraton Porto Hotel & SPA, assim como, o seu público-alvo, ocupação e darei a minha opinião crítica sobre o local de estágio. Ainda neste capítulo, irá ser retratado todas as tarefas diárias que executei durante os nove meses de estágio, assim como os novos programas, os novos conceitos que aprendi e todos os pontos-chave que ocorrem no dia-a-dia no departamento de marketing. Para finalizar este capítulo, irei realizar uma análise crítica e refletiva de meu estágio. No último capítulo deste relatório, estarão descritas duas das principais atividades desenvolvidas durante o estágio, com o objetivo da resolução de determinados problemas nomeadamente a criação de um site durante a época de natal e passagem de ano e a criação de um novo layout e imagem para promoção do New Yorker Bar, durante o mundial de futebol 2014. Irei também dar a minha opinião crítica, assim como, algumas sugestões que poderão ser implementadas no futuro. Este trabalho pretende mostrar as atividades de um marketeer numa das maiores cadeias internacionais, assim como, a sua contextualização literária e a realização de tarefas de gestão de marketing.

Une typologie des politiques d’accountability en éducation : l’incidence de l’instrumentation et des théories de la régulation

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, de nouvelles formes de reddition de comptes et d’accountability émergent dans le champ éducatif. Nous proposons une typologie de ces politiques. La typologie proposée repose sur quatre dimensions, dont deux portent sur les propriétés des outils d’action publique déployés pour mettre en place les politiques (alignement des outils et enjeux), deux autres sur les caractéristiques des théories de régulation mobilisées et implicites au déploiement de ces outils (conception de l’acteur et médiations de l’action de régulation). Quatre types de logiques, dosant différemment « reddition de comptes » et « responsabilisation » se déploient : 1) reddition de comptes dure, 2) reddition de comptes néobureaucratique, 3) reddition de comptes et responsabilisation réflexives, 4) responsabilisation douce. Ces logiques idéal-typiques sont illustrées à partir des politiques de quatre systèmes éducatifs européens et nord-américains : le Texas, le Québec, l’Écosse et la Belgique francophone.

Profil des étudiants entamant des études universitaires et analyse des choix d’études

Cet article a pour objectif de développer, à partir d’une base de données inédite portant sur les étudiants s’inscrivant pour la première fois en première année à l’université en Belgique francophone, une étude socio-graphique du profil de ces étudiants et de leurs choix d’études, en prenant en compte plusieurs variables sociologiques et académiques : le sexe, le niveau de diplôme des parents, le statut de boursier et diverses variables décrivant le parcours scolaire antérieur. Il s’agit notamment de mesurer l’écart qui nous sépare d’une situation parfaite d’« égalité des chances » d’accès aux études universitaires, où la répartition des étudiants selon le domaine ou le secteur d’études serait indépendante des « variables héritées » liées au sexe ou aux origines sociales.

Anatomy and variability of "Cuvierichelys parisiensis", a geoemydid turtle that crosses the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Belgium

Abundant material of turtles from the early Oligocene site of Boutersem-TGV (Boutersem, Belgium), is presented here. No information on the turtles found there was so far available. All the turtle specimens presented here are attributable to a single freshwater taxon that is identified as a member of Geoemydidae, Cuvierichelys. It is the first representative of the ‘Palaeochelys s. l.–Mauremys’ group recognized in the Belgian Paleogene record. This material, which allows to know all the elements of both the carapace and the plastron of the taxon, cannot be attributed to the only species of the genus Cuvierichelys so far identified in the Oligocene, the Spanish form Cuvierichelys iberica. The taxon from Boutersem is recognized as Cuvierichelys parisiensis. Thus, both the paleobiogeographic and the biostratigraphic distributions of Cuvierichelys parisiensis are extended, its presence being confirmed for the first time outside the French Eocene record. The validity of some European forms is refuted, and several characters previously proposed as different between Cuvierichelys iberica and Cuvierichelys parisiensis are recognized as subjected to intraspecific variability.

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene strata of the Pamplona Basin and surrounding areas (Navarre, western Pyrenees)

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. This succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine turbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine deposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and other microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, Cruziana, Glossifungites and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of 78 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa and of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to those from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part of South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, although several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data of studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according to the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.

Design of information architecture of the web site of the Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Tourism of the Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas (Cuba)

The information architecture supports information retrieval by users in Web environment. The design should be center in the information user, favoring usability. The Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Tourism of the Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, lacks a site that enhances the disclosure of information to its members. Are presented as objectives of the study: 1) conduct a user survey to identify information needs of users, 2) establish guidelines for information architecture for the institution focused on users, 3) designing the information architecture for the institution and 4) designed to evaluate the proposal. Are presented as objectives of the study: 1) to realize a user study to identify the information needs of users, 2) establish guidelines for information architecture for the institution focused on users, 3) to design the information architecture for the institution and 4) to evaluate the proposal designed. To obtain results are used methods in the theoretical and empirical levels. Besides, are use techniques that favored the design and evaluation. Is designed the intranet of the Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Tourism. Is evaluated the proposed design for the validation of the results.