Controle social e políticas públicas: contribuições para aprimorar o controle social do programa nacional de alimentação escolar

The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) is a public policy in Brazil for over 60 years and represents one of the most important programs of feeding and nutrition in the world. The role of family farming as a source of employment in rural areas, food provider and for ensuring much of the Brazil’s food security is constantly present at the government's and social movement’s agendas. Law 11.947 of 2009 marked its integration in the food supply for the National School Feeding Programme. Article 14 of aforementioned law highlights that a minimum of 30% (thirty percent) of the funds transferred by the National Development Fund Education (FNDE) to the Programme must be used for the purchase of food directly from family farmers or their organizations. The national school feeding policy under the responsibility of the FNDE and is subjected to agencies of internal control, such as the General Controllership of the Union (CGU), of external control, such as the Audit Courts of the Union and the of the states, and to the social control of the school feeding councils. Those funds are transferred to the implementing agencies, which are the education offices of the states, municipalities and of the Federal District. These entities must annually present their accountings to the School Feeding Councils, which analyze them and then issue a conclusive report to the FNDE, approving with or without reservations, or rejecting them. In this sense, this research aims to propose parameters that should contribute to the improvement of the social control over purchases from family farming for the National School Feeding Programme. The study was conducted by non parametric sampling alongside the managers of the implementing entities, school feeding councils and Family Farming Organizations all across Brazil, from the databases provided by FNDE and by the National Union of Cooperatives of Family Agriculture and Solidarity Economy (Unicafes). The study points out that the legal framework of PNAE seeks to ensure the participation of family farming in the food supply for the Programme, despite allowing the executing agencies to justify the non-compliance of the minimum required in a number of ways. The survey also signalizes that the school feeding councils follow the implementation of the Programme very shyly, and points out that there is room to expand and enhance the participation of these councils and organizations of family farming in the execution of PNAE. Its effectiveness requires a constant and effective process of training of the agents involved in the Programme.

Derecho comunitario europeo sobre la publicidad y su transposición al derecho español

La publicidad comercial es la principal herramienta de marketing debienes y servicios con que cuentan los empresarios en el mercado,por el fácil acceso al destinatario y su capacidad para influenciarsu decisión de compra. Las normas sobre publicidad colindandirectamente con las disposiciones sobre competencia desleal.Por tal razón, la Unión Europea, consciente de su importanciapara el desarrollo del mercado interior, ha estructurado unconjunto de normas que regulan la publicidad comercial, y quebuscan erradicar los anuncios que conlleven actos desleales quealteren irregularmente el mercado, afectando indistintamente acompetidores y consumidores. España debía transponer al derechonacional las disposiciones normativas comunitarias, exigencia que,para ser cumplida, implicó modificaciones sustanciales y complejasal régimen publicitario preexistente.

Análise de selecção de áreas de caça por uma população de francelho (Faco naumanni) na planície de Évora

Em Portugal, apesar de haver registos históricos da reprodução desta espécie um pouco por todo o país, o francelho (Falco naumanni, Fleischer 1818) desapareceu de quase todo o território nacional estando actualmente restrito à região do Alentejo. Em 2005, 80% da população encontrava-se nas ZPE´s de Castro Verde e Vale do Guadiana (62% e 18% da população nacional, respectivamente (Catry et al. 2005). Ao longo dos últimos anos têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos trabalhos de investigação com o objectivo de conhecer as necessidades ecológicas da espécie nas diferentes colónias, de forma a tentar conciliar a prática de uma agricultura economicamente viável com a conservação de uma espécie que está dependente das práticas agrícolas tradicionais. Os conflitos entre conservação e alteração das práticas agrícolas levam a desafios na gestão deste tipo de habitats. A população de francelho da ZPE Évora, após um período de 12 anos de ausência da espécie como reprodutora na região, tem vindo a aumentar em número de casais reprodutores, desde 1995. A distribuição da espécie na ZPE de Évora, a sua evolução e os principais factores que afectam a sua reprodução foram por nós estudados no ano de 2007. Foi ainda analisada a disponibilidade de habitat de caça para o francelho na área que envolve a principal colónia de Évora de modo a poderem ser sugeridas medidas de gestão adequadas à sua conservação. Concluiu-se que a manutenção de áreas de caça e a conservação dos locais de nidificação existentes e a criação de novos locais passa inevitavelmente pela sensibilização e informação dos proprietários sobre as medidas a aplicar. O recurso a instrumentos de financiamento neste sentido será primordial; ABSTRACT: In Portugal, although there are historical records of the reproduction of this species all over the country, the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) disappeared from almost all the national territory being currently restricted to the Alentejo region. In 2005, 80% of the population was in Castro Verde and Vale do Guadiana SPA (62% and 18% of the national population, respectively) (Catry et al. 2005). Over the past few years have been developed research in order to meet the ecological needs of the species in the different colonies, trying to reconcile the practice of an economically viable agriculture and the conservation of a species that is dependent on traditional farming practices. The conflicts between conservation and changing farming practices lead to challenges in managing this type of habitat. The lesser kestrel population of the Évora SPA, after a 12 year absence of the species as breeding in the region, has being increasing in the number of breeding pairs, since 1995. The distribution of the species in the SPA of Évora, its evolution and the main factors affecting their reproduction were studied in 2007. It was also analyzed the availability of hunting habitat for the kestrel in the area surrounding the main colony of Évora so that appropriate management measures can be suggested to their conservation. It was concluded that maintaining hunting areas and conservation of existing nesting sites and the creation of new local inevitably passes through the awareness and information of the owners on the measures to be implemented. The use of financial instruments and the in this direction will be paramount.

Crop-Specific EU Aid and Smallholder Food Security in Sierra Leone

The article analyses the viability of promoting crop-specific programs as a mean to improve smallholder net farm income and food security. The case study explores the relevance of European Union Stabilisation of Export Earnings (STABEX) funds in supporting Sierra Leone’s agricultural development agenda. By analysing the drivers of food security for a number of targeted smallholders in the two most important agricultural zones of Sierra Leone, it is possible to compare the suitability of crop-specific support (in rice, cocoa and coffee) versus general aid programs (public infrastructure, on and off farm diversification opportunities, sustainable practices, access to productive assets, etc.). The results indicate that crop diversification strategies are widespread and closely related to risk minimisation and enhanced food security among smallholders. Similarly, crop-specific programs mainly focusing on commercialisation tend to overlook important constraints associated to self-consumption and productivity.

Community scholarship program

This brochure describes scholarships available to Union County residents going to USC Union and the Union Campus of Spartanburg Community College.

Estado de las enfermedades raras que cursan con discapacidad intelectual en Colombia

Las enfermedades raras o huérfano son una problemática que ha tomado mucha importancia en el contexto mundial del presente siglo, estas se han definido como crónicas, de difícil tratamiento de sus síntomas y con baja prevalencia en la población; muchas de estas enfermedades cursan con varios tipos de discapacidad, siendo el objetivo del presente trabajo el enfocarse en aquellas enfermedades raras que cursan con discapacidad intelectual. Para poder profundizar en estas enfermedades se realizó una revisión teórica sobre las enfermedades raras, así como de la discapacidad psíquica y su importancia a nivel mundial y nacional. A partir de estas definiciones, se revisaron en profundidad 3 enfermedades raras que cursan con discapacidad intelectual en el contexto colombiano, como son: el síndrome de Rett, el síndrome de Prader-Willi y el síndrome de X frágil. En cada una de estas enfermedades además se explicaron los tipos de diagnóstico, intervención, prevención, grupos de apoyo y tipos de evaluación que más se usan en el contexto nacional