Neuronal mechanism of state control in Drosophila melanogaster

The changes in internal states, such as fear, hunger and sleep affect behavioral responses in animals. In most of the cases, these state-dependent influences are “pleiotropic”: one state affects multiple sensory modalities and behaviors; “scalable”: the strengths and choices of such modulations differ depending on the imminence of demands; and “persistent”: once the state is switched on the effects last even after the internal demands are off. These prominent features of state-control enable animals to adjust their behavioral responses depending on their internal demands. Here, we studied the neuronal mechanisms of state-controls by investigating energy-deprived state (hunger state) and social-deprived state of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, as prototypic models. To approach these questions, we developed two novel methods: a genetically based method to map sites of neuromodulation in the brain and optogenetic tools in Drosophila.

These methods, and genetic perturbations, reveal that the effect of hunger to alter behavioral sensitivity to gustatory cues is mediate by two distinct neuromodulatory pathways. The neuropeptide F (NPF) – dopamine (DA) pathway increases sugar sensitivity under mild starvation, while the adipokinetic hormone (AKH)- short neuropeptide F (sNPF) pathway decreases bitter sensitivity under severe starvation. These two pathways are recruited under different levels of energy demands without any cross interaction. Effects of both of the pathways are mediated by modulation of the gustatory sensory neurons, which reinforce the concept that sensory neurons constitute an important locus for state-dependent control of behaviors. Our data suggests that multiple independent neuromodulatory pathways are underlying pleiotropic and scalable effects of the hunger state.

In addition, using optogenetic tool, we show that the neural control of male courtship song can be separated into probabilistic/biasing, and deterministic/command-like components. The former, but not the latter, neurons are subject to functional modulation by social experience, supporting the idea that they constitute a locus of state-dependent influence. Interestingly, moreover, brief activation of the former, but not the latter, neurons trigger persistent behavioral response for more than 10 min. Altogether, these findings and new tools described in this dissertation offer new entry points for future researchers to understand the neuronal mechanism of state control.

On innate and specific aspects of human language

Mixel Aurnague, Kepa Korta and Jesus M. Larrazabal (eds.)

A Brief Grammar of Euskara, the Basque Language

This is a short grammar of the Basque language, or Euskara as it is called by its speakers. What follows is a partial description of the syntax of Euskara. The text has been arranged in the following fashion: there is an index where you can find the distribution of topics. Within each of the topics, an effort has been made to arrange information from general to specific, so that as you read into a given section, you will get into more details about the topic being under discussion. This grammar hopes to be useful to a wide variety of users. Therefore, it will probably not satisfy anyone completely: Those who want a quick 'feel' for the language will be disappointed by the slow and messy details the text dives into. Those who want a detailed, professional description will be disappointed by the lack of depth in the discussion. The text hopes to sit somewhere in the middle, and if it tells too much to those who want to know a little, and too little to those who want to know a lot, then it will have done its job.

Water quality objectives as a management tool for sustainability

The aim of this paper is to explore the potential role that quality objectives, particularly when backed by statutory force, may play in the sustainable management of river water quality. Economic valuation techniques are discussed, as well as the theory of "critical natural capital". A brief history of water quality legislation includes the implementation of the National Water Council classification in 1979, and the statutory water quality objectives introduced under the Water Resources Act 1991.

BLOG: da Internet à sala de aula

Os diários de escrita íntima constituem tipo de texto do domínio confessional. Apresentam narrativas pessoais com características específicas ao gênero, como datação, marcas de subjetividade, escrita informal e coloquialidade. Durante muitos anos, eram escritos em cadernos e guardados a sete chaves por seus autores para que não fossem lidos por outras pessoas. Por volta dos anos 80, surgiram as agendas de adolescentes. Aproveitando o modelo pré-definido industrialmente, as agendas eram preenchidas dia a dia, como um diário, mas com a novidade do acréscimo de elementos semióticos, como fotos, papéis de bala, recortes de revistas, entre outros. Além disso, traziam como diferencial a presença de um leitor participativo: os textos eram compartilhados com amigos, e bilhetes e comentários eram escritos nas páginas das agendas. Com o advento da Internet, o diário e a agenda se fundem no blog que aproveita os recursos do suporte virtual para tornar o gênero interativo, hipertextual e multimídia, acentuando o processo de leitura e de escrita nos jovens produtores de blogs. Paralelamente, a escrita se torna grande ferramenta de comunicação no ambiente virtual, adquirindo características peculiares em função da rapidez na comunicação e da economia de digitação. A partir da teoria de Bakthin sobre gêneros do discurso e do conceito de gêneros digitais de Marcuschi, a pesquisa apresenta como objeto perceber e elencar categorias pertinentes aos gêneros diário e blog para analisá-las e compará-las, na intenção de mapear um possível percurso dos diários aos blogs de adolescentes, discutindo o contraste público-privado na escrita íntima, bem como suas principais marcas linguísticas, percebendo vantagens e desvantagens de sua utilização como ferramenta auxiliar no processo de aprendizagem da escrita e da leitura de Língua Portuguesa. A pesquisa foi motivada pela discussão de que a escrita digital pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento da produção textual de jovens em formação, o que não se confirmou, visto que a estrutura sintática da língua se mantém, e que a variação acontece apenas no nível vocabular, não interferindo na comunicação. Os resultados apontam para a utilização de blogs na educação como complementação do material pedagógico e como incentivo à leitura, à escrita, à construção da argumentação e do posicionamento crítico, aproximando a escola da vida cotidiana dos estudantes