1000 resultados para Solventes - Reciclagem


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The great demand for animal protein was responsible for the increase on the broilers production and hence, the generation of waste from the poultry slaughter was increased as well, which in turn, propelled the development of techniques that allow the reuse and recycling of these wastes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of composting on the treatment and recycling of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse. The solid waste was from a commercial poultry slaughterhouse and was composed of viscera, muscle, fat, bone, blood and feathers that was mixed with a source of carbon, rice husk. Initially, a windrow with a volume of 1.5m(3) was built, and then some parameters were monitored: temperature, total solids (TS), volatile (VS), N, P, K, organic carbon (C), composting organic matter (COC), organic matter resistant to composting (MORC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), mass and volume of the windrow, most probable number (MPN) of total and fecal coliforms, as well as their reductions during the process. The maximum temperature reached in the center of the windrow was 53.3 degrees C (weekly average) since reductions of weight of TS and VS and volume during the pre-composting were 36.1, 44.3 and 23.3%, respectively and during the composting process was 21.8, 23.8 and 4.4%. The low volume reduction can be associated with high concentrations of MORC (40.1%) which can be mainly related to the quality of the carbon source. The process produced satisfactory total reductions of TS, VS and volume that were respectively, 50.1, 57.5 and 26.7%. However reductions were observed in 43% of amount of nitrogen in the final compound. Despite reductions in nitrogen content, composting proved to be an effective method in the treatment of solid waste from poultry slaughterhouse.

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Coffee husk is an abundant by-product generated by the coffee industry and it can be used for the production of-value-added phenolic compounds. Currently, this residue has no commercial use due to the presence of anti-nutritional compounds and it is returned to the soil or burned. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds in Robusta coffee husk, the adequacy of this residue as substrate for fermentation processes, as well as evaluating the influence of fungal solid state fermentation to obtain phenolic compounds from this residue. In the present study, the use of different solvents for the extraction of polyphenols was evaluated and the content was found to be in the range of 96.9-159.5 mg of galic acid (GA).g(-1) substrate, depending on the solvent used. The best solvent was acetone, therefore it was selected for extraction. Studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of solid-state fermentation in the release of phenolic compounds, using the filamentous fungi Penicillium purpurogenum. The total phenolic content increased from 159.5 up to 243.2 mg GA.g(-1) substrate as a result the solid-state fermentation.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Fabrication of optoelectronic devices requires the employment of at least one transparent electrode. Usually, commercially transparent electrodes have been made by deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) films by RF-Sputtering technique. These commercial electrodes have sheet resistance of about 100 Ω/sq and optical transmittance of 77% at the wavelength of 550 nm. The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene-sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is an alternative material to fabricate transparent electrodes due to its high conductivity (about 600 S/cm) and solubility in water. Soluble conductive materials exhibits advantages for processing of electrode layers, however there is a disadvantage during devices fabrication once materials with the same solvent of the electrode material cannot be coated one over the other. Alternatively, organic/Silica hybrid materials prepared by sol-gel process allow producing bulks and films with high chemical durability. In order to obtain transparent electrodes with high chemical durability, we introduced a blended material comprising the high UV-VIS transparency of organic/Silica sol-gel material and a high conductivity polymer PEDOT:PSS. The organic/Silica sol was obtained using two different molar concentrations (1:1 and 4:1), of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS). Amounts of PEDOT:PSS solutions were added to the sol material, resulting in different weight fractions of sol and polymer. G:T/P:P were deposit onto glass substrates by spray-coating. In order to perform electrical characterization of the blended material, gold electrodes were thermally evaporated onto the films. The electrical characterization was performed using a Keithley 2410 source/meter unity and the optical characterization, using a Cary50 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption coefficient and electric conductivity of the different compositions blends, as function of the PEDOT:PSS concentration, were...

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Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

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Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

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The management of solid waste originated from the treatment of domestic and industrial sewage in wastewater treatment plants is a current challenge in the Brazilian reality. However, the planning and the final destination of sludge end up being overlooked, causing serious damage to human health and the environment. The use of sewage sludge in the agriculture is growing in Brazil and is regulated by the Resolução CONAMA Nº 375/2006 which establishes the criteria and parameters so that the sludge can be disposed on the ground safely to the environment and the population. This study aims to define the effects of using sewage sludge in soil according to the results of the bibliographic survey of theoretical and practical studies using this waste in the recovery and conditioning of soil for agriculture and recuperation of degraded areas, and to define whether such type of sludge recycling is environmentally and socially feasible and safe. It can be said that the reuse of sewage sludge in soil meets the search requirements for an alternative that brings agronomic, environmental and economic benefits, as well as being an environmental and social healthy alternative if properly attended the laws that deal with the subject, anyway those should be reviewed and updated taking into account Brazilian soil and climate conditions, thus justifying need for more studies in the area

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The demand for esthetic restorations has resulted in an increased use of dental ceramics and is the main alternative restorative material to tooth structure due to its favorable properties. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the evolution of ceramic systems, involving different types and properties, indications, and clinical issues as aesthetic, cementing and longevity. In a detailed and advanced search in the database PubMed, 98 articles were found using the following key words: dental porcelain dental all-ceramic and ceramic according to the criteria for inclusion and exclusion left only 35 articles for review. Several ceramic systems are available in the market, making the prosthetic professionals need a constant recycling about their properties and directions, since good results are due to the selection of the best material for a particular case in all the skill of the practitioner.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil e Ambiental - FEB

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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O projeto de Extensão Espaços Livres na Escola busca contribuir com o bem estar dos usuários, permitindo a estimulação dos sentidos, através da cor, textura, sabor, fragrância, luz e som ali presentes. A “aprendizagem emocional” ocorre como uma experiência não articulada. O brincar é a maneira como as crianças estabelecem relação com o mundo físico e social, em um cenário multissensorial, estimulando o desenvolvimento da mente, corpo e espírito. Entre as características essenciais presentes no jardim educativo podemos citar a relação entre o programa de necessidades e o ambiente, na escala da criança; a relação entre a idade e quantidade de crianças, além de oferecer aos usuários uma variedade de opções e a oportunidade de fazer escolhas, possibilitando a manipulação e permitindo o contato social, inserido no espaço junto à natureza. Portanto, o objetivo principal é a elaboração de um projeto paisagístico para um espaço livre escolar que busque um melhor desempenho ecológico, além de servir como estímulo à aprendizagem e à sociabilidade entre as crianças. Após consulta à Secretaria de Planejamento da Prefeitura Municipal de Bauru, averiguou-se que a Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil Integrada – EMEII Garibaldo, localizada no jardim Santana, em Bauru – SP, fora reinaugurada, havendo interesse na implantação do projeto de extensão universitária. Tendo como ponto de partida o levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema, questionários aplicados aos funcionários, desenhos elaborados pelos alunos e a análise da edificação e de seu funcionamento, chegou-se a uma proposta de intervenção para as áreas livres como também alterações na edificação, depois de realizadas visitas técnicas à escola. Como metodologia para chegar a uma análise mais crítica do ambiente escolar, levou-se em consideração a opinião dos usuários do edifício - alunos e funcionários – sendo proposta uma atividade de desenho às crianças, evidenciando o que mais gostavam e o que menos gostavam na escola, além de desenhar como gostariam que fosse a escola. A turma selecionada para esta atividade apresentava uma faixa etária de 5 a 6 anos, num total de 17 crianças. Aos funcionários da instituição foi distribuído um questionário para que eles atribuíssem valores de acordo com as problemáticas abordadas. Foi realizada a tabulação dos questionários, com a aplicação do Diagrama de Paretto. A proposta de intervenção foi apresentada aos usuários, discutindo os principais pontos a serem revistos. O terreno da escola ocupa uma quadra completa, tendo em frente uma pequena praça. A vegetação de grande porte é suficiente para toda a área livre, no entanto foi necessário um tratamento paisagístico em escala mais reduzida, com o uso de gramíneas e arbustos de pequeno e médio porte. O uso de diferentes escalas foi importante não apenas na escolha da vegetação, mas também no emprego de diversos materiais, cores e espaços. Os resultados apresentados no projeto incluem a reforma de pisos, jardins, proposição de um novo layout para o playground e propostas para uma melhor organização dos ambientes, buscando dar ênfase à criação de uma identidade visual ao espaço, sem perder de vista a importância do ato criativo das crianças como parte do ambiente de aprendizagem. Além disso, buscou-se incentivar as atividades voltadas à sensibilização e conscientização das crianças quanto ao ambiente, estabelecendo conexões entre horticultura, paisagismo e educação ambiental, com a criação de uma pequena horta, que poderá ser abordada em aulas relacionadas à alimentação, aos sentidos, reciclagem, técnicas agrícolas e preservação do ambiente, valorizando “o fazer” dos alunos. As atividades realizadas demonstram a importância de estabelecermos vínculos entre a Universidade e a comunidade, com a aplicação das pesquisas realizadas. A experiência no ensino de Paisagismo, enriquecedora e instigante, busca levar os discentes a imprimir em seus projetos os valores estéticos, ambientais, funcionais e sociais. O Projeto de Extensão “Espaços Livres na Escola” também permite que levemos esta experiência à comunidade, buscando despertar a consciência e o respeito pela natureza, ao mesmo tempo em que estamos contribuindo, de maneira mais efetiva, na formação da paisagem urbana. No dia 30 de novembro de 2009, a análise e as propostas da extensão universitária “Espaços Livres na Escola” foram apresentadas pelo bolsista e os projetos entregues à diretora da EMEII Garibaldo, com o objetivo de contribuir para sua implementação.

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Much has been discussed lately about reusing waste in new construction materials and countless studies have been carried out based on this objective. However, before these products can be called “sustainable” and a recycling system can be effectively implemented, it is fundamental for all the aspects involved in this action to be understood, and more important, what are the true gains for the productive sector and what are the benefits for the environment if this was to occur. In order to obtain a general framework for all environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with these products, over their entire life cycle, the most appropriate methodology is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In view of the above, the objective of this work is to provide an overview of current studies of LCA, its history, its importance, its standards and the methodology employed and its applications related to civil construction. It is expected, to obtain a more complete scenario of the influences from a study of LCA, as well as establishing a contribution for the assessment of specific products and processes for civil construction, disseminating the importance of the use of this tool within the sector.