Les Science studies : de la marginalité thématique à la refondation de la discipline

Dans cet article, nous tentons de mettre en évidence ce qui, progressivement, constitue des points de convergence relativement partagés (l'analyse des controverses, l'attention portée au contenu, la prise en compte des connaissances, des inscriptions, des objets et des instruments dans l'action) qui influent partiellement sur les problématiques et approches d'autres domaines et courants de pensée en sociologie. Des déplacements significatifs ont été opérés qui sont potentiellement porteurs d'effets profonds, encore faudrait-il qu'ils soient repris par d'autres sociologues, ce qui n'a rien d'évident tant ils posent questions. Ainsi, les Science studies (étude sociale des sciences), qui ont longtemps constitué un domaine relativement à part de la sociologie du fait de ses objets d'études, contribue au renouveau des manières de penser et de travailler dans les sciences sociales en ouvrant des champs de questionnement autour de la définition des éléments constitutifs de la société et de l'agency. n this article, we highlight what gradually becomes converging topics and issues (analyzing of controversies, consideration for the content, the objects and the instruments of the action, integration of the issues related to the knowledge) and affects the problematics and approaches into other research fields and currents of thought in sociology. Significant shifts occurred which are potential carriers of profound effects if they would be picked up by other sociologists, which is not obvious due to the profounds debates emerging from theses studies. Thus, the Science Studies, which have long been an area relatively apart from sociology because of its objects of study, participate to the renewal of ways of thinking and working in the social sciences by opening questioning around the definition of the elements of society and the agency.

Human Capital Composition and Economic Growth at a Regional Level

With this paper we build a two-region model where both innovation and imitation are performed. In particular imitation takes the form of technological spillovers that lagging regions may exploit given certain human capital conditions. We show how the high skill content of each region’s workforce (rather than the average human capital stock) is crucial to determine convergence towards the income level of the leader region and to exploit the technological spillovers coming from the frontier. The same applies to bureaucratic/institutional quality which are conductive to higher growth in the long run. We test successfully our theoretical result over Spanish regions for the period between 1960 and 1997. We exploit system GMM estimators which allow us to correctly deal with endogeneity problems and small sample bias.

Tietoliikenteen tulevaisuuden näkymiä - Etelä-Karjala 2018

Tekniikan kehitys menee vauhdilla eteenpäin ja uusi verkkotekniikoita syntyy koko ajan. Haasteita tuottavat sopivien verkkotekniikoiden löytäminen käyttöön tietylle alueelle ja joissakin tapauksissa joudutaan tyytymään kompromissiratkaisuihin. Lyhyen kantaman langattomat kommunikaatioteknologiat soveltuvat esimerkiksi haja-asutusalueille ja saaristoon, mikäli perinteisen kuidun vetäminen niille alueille ei ole mahdollista. Tässä työssä tuodaan esille niitä langallisia ja langattomia tekniikoita, jotka ovat tällä hetkellä tai tulevaisuudessa merkityksellisiä Etelä-Karjalan kannalta. Osa tekniikoista voi jäädä kokonaan pois käytöstä kymmenen vuoden sisällä tai ne voivat yhdistyä ja muuttaa muotoaan. Työn tuloksena syntyneen kartoituksen perusteella saadaan visio siitä, miltä Etelä-Karjalan tilanne näyttää vuonna 2018. Nyt on jo tiedossa Soneran puhelinlankaverkon alasajo lähivuosina ja kuidun vetäminen viemäriin viemäröintitöiden yhteydessä. Tulevaisuuden kaistankäyttötarpeet ja erilaisten palvelujen lisääntyminen edesauttavat viihdepalveluiden tarjonnan monipuolistumista. Open Access ja triple-play ovat tulevaisuuden termejä. Viihteen lisäksi myös muilla eri osa-alueilla kuten työelämässä, sairaaloissa ja kouluissa on tarvetta laajakaistaisille monipalveluille.

Offdesign operation of kraft recovery boiler

A model to solve heat and mass balances during the offdesign load calculations was created. These equations are complex and nonlinear. The main new ideas used in the created offdesign model of a kraft recovery boiler are the use of heat flows as torn iteration variables instead of the current practice of using the mass flows, vectorizing equation solving, thus speeding up the process, using non dimensional variables for solving the multiple heat transfer surface problem and using a new procedure for calculating pressure losses. Recovery boiler heat and mass balances are reduced to vector form. It is shown that these vectorized equations can be solved virtually without iteration. The iteration speed is enhanced by the use of the derived method of calculating multiple heat transfer surfaces simultaneously. To achieve this quick convergence the heat flows were used as the torn iteration parameters. A new method to handle pressure loss calculations with linearization was presented. This method enabled less time to be spent calculating pressure losses. The derived vector representation of the steam generator was used to calculate offdesign operation parameters for a 3000 tds/d example recovery boiler. The model was used to study recovery boiler part load operation and the effect of the black liquor dry solids increase on recovery boiler dimensioning. Heat flows to surface elements for part load calculations can be closely approximated with a previously defined exponent function. The exponential method can be used for the prediction of fouling in kraft recovery boilers. For similar furnaces the firing of 80 % dry solids liquor produces lower hearth heat release rate than the 65 % dry solids liquor if we fire at constant steam flow. The furnace outlet temperatures show that capacity increase with firing rate increase produces higher loadings than capacity increase with dry solids increase. The economizers, boiler banks and furnaces can be dimensioned smaller if we increase the black liquor dry solids content. The main problem with increased black liquor dry solids content is the decrease in the heat available to superheat. Whenever possible the furnace exit temperature should be increased by decreasing the furnace height. The increase in the furnace exit temperature is usually opposed because of fear of increased corrosion.

Estudio de alta resolución de las fallas activas y procesos sedimentarios asociados al Cañón de São Vicente, margen Sudoeste de Iberia

The Southwest Iberian Margin is caracterized by an intense and diffuse seismic activity due to the convergence between Eurasian and African plates...