Development and validation of the first high performance-lateral flow immunoassay (HP-LFIA) for the rapid screening of domoic acid from shellfish extracts

A lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has been developed and fully validated to detect the primary amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin, domoic acid (DA). The performance characteristics of two versions of the test were investigated using spiked and naturally contaminated shellfish (mussels, scallops, oysters, clams, and cockles). The tests provide a qualitative result, to indicate the absence or presence of DA in extracts of shellfish tissues, at concentrations that are relevant to regulatory limits. The new rapid assay (LFIA version 2) was designed to overcome the performance limitations identified in the first version of the assay. The improved test uses an electronic reader to remove the subjective nature of the generated results, and the positive cut-off for screening of DA in shellfish was increased from 10 ppm (version 1) to 17.5 ppm (version 2). A simple extraction and test procedure was employed, which required minimal equipment and materials; results were available 15 min after sample preparation. Stability of the aqueous extracts at room temperature (22 C) at four time points (up to 245 min after extraction) and across a range of DA concentrations was 100.3±1.3% and 98.8±2.4% for pre- and post-buffered extracts, respectively. The assay can be used both within laboratory settings and in remote locations. The accuracy of the new assay, to indicate negative results at or below 10 ppm DA, and positive results at or above 17.5 ppm, was 99.5% (n=216 tests). Validation data were obtained from a 2-day, randomised, blind study consisting of multiple LFIA lots (n=3), readers (n=3) and operators (n=3), carrying out multiple extractions of mussel tissue (n=3) at each concentration (0, 10, 17.5, and 20 ppm). No matrix effects were observed on the performance of the assay with different species (mussels, scallops, oysters, clams, and cockles). There was no impact on accuracy or interference from other phycotoxins, glutamic acid or glutamine with various strip incubations (8, 10, and 12 min). The accuracy of the assay, using naturally contaminated samples to indicate negative results at or below 12.5 ppm and positive results at or above 17.5 ppm, was 100%. Variability between three LFIA lots across a range of DA concentrations, expressed as coefficient of variation (% CV), was 1.1±0.4% (n=2 days) based on quantitative readings from the electronic reader. During an 8 week stability study, accuracy of the method with test strips stored at various temperatures (6, 22, 37 and 50 C) was 100%. Validation for both versions included comparisons with results obtained using reference LC-UV methods. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Effects of Undaria pinnatifida, Himanthalia elongata and Porphyra umbilicalis extracts on in vitro α-glucosidase activity and glucose diffusion

Background: Seaweeds are good sources of dietary fibre, which can influence glucose uptake and glycemic control.Objective: To investigate and compare the in vitro inhibitory activity of different extracts from Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Himanthalia elongata (Sea spaghetti) and Porphyra umbilicalis (Nori) on α-glucosidase activity and glucose diffusion.Methods: The in vitro effects chloroform-, ethanol- and water-soluble extracts of the three algae were assayed on α- glucosidase activity and glucose diffusion through membrane. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify patterns in the data and to discriminate which extract will show the most proper effect.Results: Only water extracts of Sea spaghetti possessed significant in vitro inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity (26.2% less mmol/L glucose production than control, p < 0.05) at 75 min. PCA distinguished Sea spaghetti effects, supporting that soluble fibre and polyphenols were involved. After 6 h, Ethanol-Sea spaghetti and water-Wakame extracts exerted the highest inhibitory effects on glucose diffusion (65.0% and 60.2% vs control, respectively). This extracts displayed the lowest slopes for glucose diffusion-time lineal adjustments (68.2% and 62.8% vs control, respectively).Conclusions: The seaweed hypoglycemic effects appear multi-faceted and not necessarily concatenated. According to present results, ethanol and water extracts of Sea spaghetti, and water extracts of Wakame could be useful for the development of functional foods with specific hypoglycemic properties.

Evaluating conditions for transboundary marine spatial planning: Challenges and opportunities on the island of Ireland

Transboundary cooperation is viewed as an essential element of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). While much of the MSP literature focuses on the need for, and benefits of, transboundary MSP, this paper explores the political and institutional factors that may facilitate the effective transition to such an approach. Drawing on transboundary planning theory and practice, key contextual factors that are likely to expedite the transition to transboundary MSP are reviewed. These include: policy convergence in neighbouring jurisdictions; prior experience of transboundary planning; and good working relations amongst key actors. Based on this review, an assessment of the conditions for transboundary MSP in the adjoining waters of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland is undertaken. A number of recommendations are then advanced for transboundary MSP on the island of Ireland, including, the need to address the role of formal transboundary institutions and the lack of an agreed legal maritime boundary. The paper concludes with some commentary on the political realities of implementing transboundary MSP.

Identification of arsenic species in sheep-wool extracts by different chromatographic methods

Sheep on the island of North Ronaldsay (Orkney, UK) feed mostly on seaweed, which contains high concentrations of dimethylated arsenoribosides. Wool of these sheep contains dimethylated, monomethylated and inorganic arsenic, in addition to unidentified arsenic species in unbound and complexed form. Chromatographic techniques using different separation mechanisms and detectors enabled us to identify five arsenic species in water extracts of wool. The wool contained 5.2 ± 2.3 μg arsenic per gram wool. About 80% of the arsenic in wool was extracted by boiling the wool with water. The main species is dimethylarsenic, which accounted for about 75 to 85%, monomethylated arsenic at about 5% and the rest is inorganic arsenic. Depending on the separation method and condition, the chromatographic recovery of arsenic species was between 45% for the anion exchange column, 68% for the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 82% for the cation exchange column. The SEC revealed the occurrence of two unknown arsenic compounds, of which one was probably a high molecular mass species. Since chromatographic recovery can be improved by either treating the extract with CuCl/HCl (CAT: 90%) or longer storage of the sample (CAT: 105%), in particular for methylated arsenic species, it can be assumed that labile arsenic -protein-like coordination species occur in the extract, which cannot be speciated with conventional chromatographic methods. It is clear from our study of sheep wool that there can be different kinds of 'hidden' arsenic in biological matrices, depending on the extraction, separation and detection methods used. Hidden species can be defined as species that are not recordable by the detection system, not extractable or do not elute from chromatographic columns. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Marine Collagen Reinforcement of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements: A Biological Assessment

Induction of in vivo responses by implanted biomaterials is of great interest in the medical device field. Calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) can potentially promote natural bone remodelling and ingrowth in vivo and, as such are becoming more common place in a range of orthopaedic procedures. However, concerns remain regarding their mechanical and handling properties. Compressive modulus and fracture toughness of CPCs can be improved, without compromising injectability and setting time, through the incorporation of bovine collagen fibres1. Incorporation of marine derived collagen fibres has also yielded similar improvements2. It is hypothesised that, due to its role in bone formation and function, that incorporation of collagen in CPCs will also result in biological benefits.
The biological properties of α-TCP-CPC were largely unchanged by the incorporation of marine derived collagen. However, as a result of significant improvements to the mechanical properties, its incorporation may still result in a suitable alternative to some commercially available bone cements.

Impact of biodiversity loss on production in complex marine food webs mitigated by prey-release

Public concern over biodiversity loss is often rationalized as a threat to ecosystem functioning, but biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relations are hard to empirically quantify at large scales. We use a realistic marine food-web model, resolving species over five trophic levels, to study how total fish production changes with species richness. This complex model predicts that BEF relations, on average, follow simple Michaelis-Menten curves when species are randomly deleted. These are shaped mainly by release of fish from predation, rather than the release from competition expected from simpler communities. Ordering species deletions by decreasing body mass or trophic level, representing 'fishing down the food web', accentuates prey-release effects and results in unimodal relationships. In contrast, simultaneous unselective harvesting diminishes these effects and produces an almost linear BEF relation, with maximum multispecies fisheries yield at approximate to 40% of initial species richness. These findings have important implications for the valuation of marine biodiversity.

Potential health benefits of Artemisia gorgonum extracts

Relevância etnofarmacológica: Artemisia gorgonum (Asteraceae), conhecida como “losna ou lorna”, é usada em Cabo Verde na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de inflamações, febre e gastroenterites. Estudos recentes sugerem que artimetina, isolada a partir de Artemisa gorgonum, poderia ser usada para o tratamento da malária devido à sua atividade antiplasmodial. Objetivo do estudo: Avaliação in vitro da atividade anti-microbiana e sinergética dos extratos hidroetanol (70%) e metanol de A. gorgonum (EHAG e EMAG) em bactérias do trato urinário e uma espécie de fungo. A atividade antioxidante dos extratos de hidroetanol (70%), metanol, clorofórmio e clorofórmio-metanol (1:2), e o efeito protetor de EHAG contra lesões hepáticas em ratos induzidos com CCl4 também foram analisados. Material e métodos: A atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de A. gorgonum foi testada in vitro contra sete estirpes de microrganismos, incluindo bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e uma espécie de fungo. O método DAA (Decimal assay for additivity) foi determinado para atividade antibacteriana do EHAG contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. O efeito antioxidante in vitro de vários extratos de A. gorgonum foi analisado pelo método DPPH. A lesão hepática foi induzida por injeção intrapeitoral do CCl4. Seguidamente, os ratos foram administrados oralmente com EHAG, diariamente, por um período de 7 dias. Resultados e Discussão: Foi observada atividade antibacteriana dos extratos de EHAG e EMAG contra todos os microrganismos usados neste estudo. O crescimento das estirpes de Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi o mais inibido por ambos os extratos, apresentando valores significativos, enquanto o crescimento das estirpes S. aureus e Klebsiella spp. foi o menos afetado. Candida albicans foi inibida fortemente pelo EMAG. As combinações de extrato hidroetanólico com antibióticos demonstraram atividade antibacteriana sinergética contra todos os patogénicos testados. Em contrapartida, a combinação de extrato metanólico com antibióticos permitiu observar efeitos antagónicos contra todas as bactérias, exceto Klebsiella spp. que apresentou atividade sinérgica. O EHAG e EMAG mostraram efeito significativo na eliminação do radical DPPH. A atividade hepatoprotetora foi observada em ratos previamente administrados com CCl4. Estes estudos evidenciam os potenciais benefícios de A. gorgonum.

Analysis of the organic matter associated to sea salt : definition of potential molecular markers based on the volatile composition and presence of glycosidic derivatives and polysaccharides

Sea salt is a natural product obtained from the evaporation of seawater in saltpans due to the combined effect of wind and sunlight. Nowadays, there is a growing interest for protection and re-valorisation of saltpans intrinsically associated to the quality of sea salt that can be evaluated by its physico-chemical properties. These man-made systems can be located in different geographical areas presenting different environmental surroundings. During the crystallization process, organic compounds coming from these surroundings can be incorporated into sea salt crystals, influencing their final composition. The organic matter associated to sea salt arises from three main sources: algae, surrounding bacterial community, and anthropogenic activity. Based on the hypothesis that sea salt contains associated organic compounds that can be used as markers of the product, including saltpans surrounding environment, the aim of this PhD thesis was to identify these compounds. With this purpose, this work comprised: 1) a deep characterisation of the volatile composition of sea salt by headspace solid phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCGC–ToFMS) methodology, in search of potential sea salt volatile markers; 2) the development of a methodology to isolate the polymeric material potentially present in sea salt, in amounts that allow its characterisation in terms of polysaccharides and protein; and 3) to explore the possible presence of triacylglycerides. The high chromatographic resolution and sensitivity of GC×GC–ToFMS enabled the separation and identification of a higher number of volatile compounds from sea salt, about three folds, compared to unidimentional chromatography (GC–qMS). The chromatographic contour plots obtained revealed the complexity of marine salt volatile composition and confirmed the relevance of GC×GC–ToFMS for this type of analysis. The structured bidimentional chromatographic profile arising from 1D volatility and 2D polarity was demonstrated, allowing more reliable identifications. Results obtained for analysis of salt from two locations in Aveiro and harvested over three years suggest the loss of volatile compounds along the time of storage of the salt. From Atlantic Ocean salts of seven different geographical origins, all produced in 2007, it was possible to identify a sub-set of ten compounds present in all salts, namely 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, isophorone, ketoisophorone, β-ionone-5,6-epoxide, dihydroactinidiolide, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl 2-methylpropanoate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diyl bis(2-methylpropanoate), and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. These ten compounds were considered potential volatile markers of sea salt. Seven of these compounds are carotenoid-derived compounds, and the other three may result from the integration of compounds from anthropogenic activity as metabolites of marine organisms. The present PhD work also allowed the isolation and characterisation, for the first time, of polymeric material from sea salt, using 16 Atlantic Ocean salts. A dialysis-based methodology was developed to isolate the polymeric material from sea salt in amounts that allowed its characterisation. The median content of polymeric material isolated from the 16 salts was 144 mg per kg of salt, e.g. 0.014% (w/w). Mid-infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry revealed the main occurrence of sulfated polysaccharides, as well as the presence of protein in the polymeric material from sea salt. Sea salt polysaccharides were found to be rich in uronic acid residues (21 mol%), glucose (18), galactose (16), and fucose (13). Sulfate content represented a median of 45 mol%, being the median content of sulfated polysaccharides 461 mg/g of polymeric material, which accounted for 66 mg/kg of dry salt. Glycosidic linkage composition indicates that the main sugar residues that could carry one or more sulfate groups were identified as fucose and galactose. This fact allowed to infer that the polysaccharides from sea salt arise mainly from algae, due to their abundance and composition. The amino acid profile of the polymeric material from the 16 Atlantic Ocean salts showed as main residues, as medians, alanine (25 mol%), leucine (14), and valine (14), which are hydrophobic, being the median protein content 35 mg/g, i.e. 4,9 mg per kg of dry salt. Beside the occurrence of hydrophobic volatile compounds in sea salt, hydrophobic non-volatile compounds were also detected. Triacylglycerides were obtained from sea salt by soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Fatty acid composition revealed palmitic acid as the major residue (43 mol%), followed by stearic (13), linolenic (13), oleic (12), and linoleic (9). Sea salt triacylglycerides median content was 1.5 mg per kg of dry salt. Both protein and triacylglycerides seem to arise from macro and microalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, due to their abundance and composition. Despite the variability resulting from saltpans surrounding environment, this PhD thesis allowed the identification of a sea salt characteristic organic compounds profile based on volatile compounds, polysaccharides, protein, and triacylglycerides.

Nutritional modulation of innate immune parameters in the epidermal mucus of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)=Influência da dieta nos parâmetros da resposta imunitária inata do muco de linguado (Solea senegalensis)

Dissertação mest., Biologia Marinha, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

The impact of the Arrábida Marine Park (Portugal) on the decapod crustacean Eualus cranchii: a case study

Dissertação de mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univerisdade do Algarve, 2015

Descriptive acoustic analysis of a newly-discovered marine seep

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445

Growing biofuel outdoors in Seattle: effects of natural light level and temperature on marine microalgal culture density and lipid content in contained natural exposure systems

Senior thesis written for Oceanography 445

Characterization of microalgae native to Quebec for biofuel production.

La production de biodiésel par des microalgues est intéressante à plusieurs niveaux. Dans le premier chapitre, un éventail de pour et contres concernant l’utilisation de microalgues pour la production de biocarburant sont ici révisés. La culture d’algues peut s'effectuer en utilisant des terres non-arables, de l’eau non-potable et des nutriments de base. De plus, la biomasse produite par les algues est considérablement plus importante que celle de plantes vasculaires. Plusieurs espèces on le contenu lipidique en forme de triacylglycérols (TAGs), qui peut correspondre jusqu'à 30% - 40% du poids sec de la biomasse. Ces proportions sont considérablement plus élevées que celui des huiles contenues dans les graines actuellement utilisées pour le biodiésel de première génération. Par contre, une production pratique et peu couteuse de biocarburant par des microalgues requiert de surpasser plusieurs obstacles. Ceci inclut le développement de systèmes de culture efficace à faible coût, de techniques de récupération requérant peu d’énergie, et de méthodes d’extraction et de conversion de l’huile non-dommageables pour l’environnement et peu couteuses. Le deuxième chapitre explore l'une des questions importantes soulevées dans le premier chapitre: la sélection d'une souche pour la culture. Une collection de souches de microalgues d'eau douce indigène au Québec a été établi et examiné au niveau de la diversité physiologique. Cette collection est composée de cent souches, que apparaissaient très hétérogènes en terme de croissance lorsque mises en culture à 10±2 °C ou 22±2 °C sur un effluent secondaire d’une usine municipale de traitement des eaux usées (EU), défini comme milieu Bold's Basal Medium (BBM). Des diagrammes de dispersion ont été utilisés pour étudier la diversité physiologique au sein de la collection, montrant plusieurs résultats intéressants. Il y avait une dispersion appréciable dans les taux de croissance selon les différents types de milieux et indépendamment de la température. De manière intéressante, en considérant que tous les isolats avaient initialement été enrichis sur milieu BBM, la distribution était plutôt symétrique autour de la ligne d’iso-croissance, suggérant que l’enrichissement sur BBM n’a pas semblé biaiser la croissance des souches sur ce milieu par rapport aux EU. Également, considérant que les isolats avaient d’abord été enrichis à 22°C, il est assez surprenant que la distribution de taux de croissance spécifiques soit aussi symétrique autour de la ligne d’iso-croissance, avec grossièrement des nombres égaux d’isolats de part et d’autre. Ainsi, l’enrichissement à 22°C ne semble pas biaiser les cellules vers une croissance à cette température plutôt que vers 10°C. Les diagrammes de dispersion obtenus lorsque le pourcentage en lipides de cultures sur BBM ont été comparées à des cultures ayant poussé sur EU soit à 10°C ou 22°C rendent évident que la production de lipides est favorisée par la culture sur EU aux deux températures, et que la production lipidique ne semble pas particulièrement plus favorisée par l’une ou l’autre de ces températures. Lorsque la collection a été examinée pour y déceler des différences avec le site d’échantillonnage, une analyse statistique a montré grossièrement que le même degré de diversité physiologique était retrouvé dans les échantillons des deux différents sites. Le troisième chapitre a poursuivi l'évaluation de la culture d'algues au Québec. L’utilisation de déchets industriels riches en nutriments minéraux et en sources de carbone pour augmenter la biomasse finale en microalgues et le produit lipidique à faible coût est une stratégie importante pour rendre viable la technologie des biocarburants par les algues. Par l’utilisation de souches de la collection de microalgues de l’Université de Montréal, ce rapport montre pour la première fois que des souches de microalgues peuvent pousser en présence de xylose, la source de carbone majoritairement retrouvée dans les eaux usées provenant des usines de pâte et papier, avec une hausse du taux de croissance de 2,8 fois par rapport à la croissance photoautotrophe, atteignant jusqu’à µ=1,1/jour. En présence de glycérol, les taux de croissance atteignaient des valeurs aussi élevées que µ=1,52/jour. La production lipidique augmentait jusqu’à 370% en présence de glycérol et 180% avec le xylose pour la souche LB1H10, démontrant que cette souche est appropriée pour le développement ultérieur de biocarburants en culture mixotrophe. L'ajout de xylose en cultures d'algues a montré certains effets inattendus. Le quatrième chapitre de ce travail a porté à comprendre ces effets sur la croissance des microalgues et la production de lipides. Quatre souches sauvages indigènes ont été obersvées quotidiennement, avant et après l’ajout de xylose, par cytométrie en flux. Avec quelques souches de Chlorella, l’ajout de xylose induisait une hausse rapide de l’accumulation de lipide (jusqu’à 3,3 fois) pendant les premières six à douze heures. Aux temps subséquents, les cellules montraient une diminution du contenu en chlorophylle, de leur taille et de leur nombre. Par contre, l’unique membre de la famille des Scenedesmaceae avait la capacité de profiter de la présence de cette source de carbone sous culture mixotrophe ou hétérotrophe sans effet négatif apparent. Ces résultats suggèrent que le xylose puisse être utilisé avant la récolte afin de stimuler l’augmentation du contenu lipidique de la culture d’algues, soit en système de culture continu ou à deux étapes, permettant la biorestauration des eaux usées provenant de l’industrie des pâtes et papiers. Le cinquième chapitre aborde une autre déché industriel important: le dioxyde de carbone et les gaz à effet de serre. Plus de la moitié du dioxyde de carbone qui est émis dans l'atmosphère chaque jour est dégagé par un processus stationnaire, soit pour la production d’électricité ou pour la fabrication industrielle. La libération de CO2 par ces sources pourrait être atténuée grâce à la biorestauration avec microalgues, une matière première putative pour les biocarburants. Néanmoins, toutes les cheminées dégagent un gaz différent, et la sélection des souches d'algues est vitale. Ainsi, ce travail propose l'utilisation d’un état de site particulier pour la bioprospection de souches d'algues pour être utilisé dans le processus de biorestauration. Les résultats montrent que l'utilisation d'un processus d'enrichissement simple lors de l'étape d'isolement peut sélectionner des souches qui étaient en moyenne 43,2% mieux performantes dans la production de biomasse que les souches isolées par des méthodes traditionnelles. Les souches isolées dans ce travail étaient capables d'assimiler le dioxyde de carbone à un taux supérieur à la moyenne, comparées à des résultats récents de la littérature.